Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some 1-cyclohexylidine/ cycloheptylidine-4-substitued semicarbazide derivatives

Aryl semicarbazide derivatives are reported to possess anticonvulsant activity. On the other hand unsubstituted and small substituents (less than 3 carbon atom) containing cyclohexanones prevented both pentylenetetrazole and MES induced seizures. Similarly cycloheptanone fused with benzodiazepine and furan produced anticonvulsant compounds. Therefore looking into the above facts in the present study, we have synthesized 12 derivatives of 1-cyclohexylidine/cycloheptylidine-4-substitued semicarbazide derivatives and screened them for anticonvulsant activity. The synthesis of compounds was achieved as follows: The various para substituted (H, CH3, F,Cl,Br, I) anilines were converted to aryl ureas by reacting with sodium cyanate in the presence of glacial acetic acid. These aryl ureas and aryl semicarbazides were synthesized by allowing them to react with hydrazine hydrate. Finally the aryl semicarbazides were condensed with cyclohexanone/ cycloheptanone in the presence of sodium acetate to give title compounds. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for anticonvulsant activity by MES method using carbamazepine as standard and it was observed that all the compounds possess anticonvulsant activity comparable to carbamazepine. Carbamazepine had shown the abolition in the hind limb extensor tonic convulsion after 2 sec. whereas few compounds i.e. 1-cyclohexylidine-4-(4-fluorophenyl) semicarbazide, 1-cycloheptylidine-4-(4- fluorophenyl) semi-carbazide and 1-cycloheptylidine-4-phenylsemicarbazide were more active than standard. Overall it was found that cycloheptyl containing compounds were more active than cyclohexyl containing compounds. The unsubstitued compounds were more active than halo derivatives i.e. electron withdrawing groups, and halo compounds were more active than methyl derivatives i.e. electron donating group (CH3). The order of activity for cyclohexanone and cycloheptanone derivatives is as follows: H \u3eF \u3eCl \u3eBr \u3eI \u3eCH3. Among the halo derivatives, the activity decreased with increasing molecular weight of halo substituents

Enhancing the Reasoning Capabilities of Natural Language Inference Models with Attention Mechanisms and External Knowledge

Natural Language Inference (NLI) is fundamental to natural language understanding. The task summarises the natural language understanding capabilities within a simple formulation of determining whether a natural language hypothesis can be inferred from a given natural language premise. NLI requires an inference system to address the full complexity of linguistic as well as real-world commonsense knowledge and, hence, the inferencing and reasoning capabilities of an NLI system are utilised in other complex language applications such as summarisation and machine comprehension. Consequently, NLI has received significant recent attention from both academia and industry. Despite extensive research, contemporary neural NLI models face challenges arising from the sole reliance on training data to comprehend all the linguistic and real-world commonsense knowledge. Further, different attention mechanisms, crucial to the success of neural NLI models, present the prospects of better utilisation when employed in combination. In addition, the NLI research field lacks a coherent set of guidelines for the application of one of the most crucial regularisation hyper-parameters in the RNN-based NLI models -- dropout. In this thesis, we present neural models capable of leveraging the attention mechanisms and the models that utilise external knowledge to reason about inference. First, a combined attention model to leverage different attention mechanisms is proposed. Experimentation demonstrates that the proposed model is capable of better modelling the semantics of long and complex sentences. Second, to address the limitation of the sole reliance on the training data, two novel neural frameworks utilising real-world commonsense and domain-specific external knowledge are introduced. Employing the rule-based external knowledge retrieval from the knowledge graphs, the first model takes advantage of the convolutional encoders and factorised bilinear pooling to augment the reasoning capabilities of the state-of-the-art NLI models. Utilising the significant advances in the research of contextual word representations, the second model, addresses the existing crucial challenges of external knowledge retrieval, learning the encoding of the retrieved knowledge and the fusion of the learned encodings to the NLI representations, in unique ways. Experimentation demonstrates the efficacy and superiority of the proposed models over previous state-of-the-art approaches. Third, for the limitation on dropout investigations, formulated on exhaustive evaluation, analysis and validation on the proposed RNN-based NLI models, a coherent set of guidelines is introduced

Vaginal hysterectomy a safe option in non-descent uterus as compared to abdominal hysterectomy

Background: The objective of present study was to compare the advantage of vaginal hysterectomy over abdominal hysterectomy in non-descent uterus.Methods: A non-randomized controlled trial was carried out in the Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar and associated hospital from October 2015 to September 2017. A total of 150 cases were included in the study. Out on 150, 75 underwent vaginal hysterectomy for non-descent uterus and other 75 underwent abdominal hysterectomy for similar indications.Results: Among total 150 cases, 75 were underwent non-descent vaginal hysterectomy and similar number of cases underwent abdominal hysterectomy. Common age group was 35-54 years. Commonest indication was DUB (48.7%). Postoperatively, complications were more common in those who underwent abdominal hysterectomy such as ambulation (18 hours), incidence of nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, bladder injury and wound infection were less in vaginal hysterectomy compared to abdominal hysterectomy. It was also observed that blood transfusion requirement, operative timing and hospital stay (3 days) were less in vaginal hysterectomy group.Conclusions: Vaginal hysterectomy for benign gynecological disorders is a safe, effective, least invasive and is associated with lesser complications as compare to abdominal hysterectomy. Today in the era where patient is more cosmetically concern, vaginal hysterectomy for non-descent uterine disorder needs to be considered as good and safe option

Characterization of foam flow in pipes using two flow regime concept

The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of foam flow behavior in pipes in a wide range of experimental conditions, including two pipe materials (stainless steel and nylon pipes with about 0.36 - 0.38 inch in inner diameter and 12 ft in length), three surfactant formulations (Cedepal FA-406, Stepanform-1050, and Aquet-944), and three surfactant concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 5 wt%). The concept of “two foam-flow regimes”, consisting of high-quality regime and low-quality regime, is at the heart of interpreting the experimental data. The experimental results in horizontal pipes showed the presence of two distinct high-quality and low-quality foam-flow regimes which could be identified by both pressure responses and direct visual observations. The high-quality regime was characterized by unstable and oscillating pressure responses represented by slug flow, while the low-quality regime was characterized by stable pressure responses represented by either plug flow or segregated flow. These two distinct flow regimes, separated by a locus of fg* in the contour plot, were shown to have different sensitivities to the change in gas and liquid velocities: (1) foam rheology in the high-quality regime was sensitive to both gas and liquid velocities because of the resulting changes in lengths of foam-slug and free-gas sections adjusted to the new flow conditions, and (2) foam rheology in the low-quality regime was sensitive to gas velocity because of finer foam texture at higher shear rates, and was relatively insensitive to liquid velocity because of lubricating effect and drainage effect. The results at different inclination angles showed that foam rheology was not significantly altered by the inclination angle as long as the slug-flow or plug-flow pattern was formed because of a viscous-force dominant environment. However, if flow conditions fell within the segregated-flow pattern, foam rheology was governed by the gravitational force rather than the viscous force, and therefore the flow characteristics were sensitive to inclination angles. These findings were supported by visual observations as well as pressure responses. The implication of these experimental findings is discussed for applications such as foam-assisted underbalanced drilling processes and foam-fracturing treatments in the petroleum industry

ALLEVIATION OF VOLTAGE LIMIT VIOLATIONS USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

This paper presents an algorithm for the selection of corrective control actions for bus voltage and generator reactive power in a power system. A genetic algorithm (GA) using linear approximation of load flow equations and a heuristic selection of participating controls were combined in a search method for the minimum number of control actions. The calculation time in this method was proven to be small enough to allow real-time application of the algorithm. The GA was compared with a integer programming-based solution method and showed a considerably reduced calculation time. The results show that the heuristic method of pre-selecting a set of control devices, together with the GA for finding the ultimate set of required control actions, produce a sufficient solution to the voltage/reactive power problem

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPSIN INHIBITOR PROTEIN FROM SEEDS OF MOMORDICA DIOICA

Objective: To purify the trypsin inhibitor protein from the seeds of Momordica dioica and characterize the protein for its stability and effect on trypsinactivity.Methods: The total protein was extracted from the seeds of M. dioica, and the purification of the protein was performed by ion exchangechromatography and ultrafiltration technique. The antitrypsin activity assay of the purified inhibitor protein was carried out using N-benzoylDL-arginine-p-nitroanilide(BAPNA)as the chromogenicsubstrateatvariouspHandtemperaturerangestodeterminethestability oftheprotein.Theinhibitoryeffectofpurified proteinon trypsin activitywascharacterizedbyenzyme kinetic study.Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresisanalysiswasperformedunderthenon-reducingcondition todeterminethepresenceofinhibitorproteininvariousfractionsof elutesandits molecular mass.Results: The purified protein from M. dioica seeds showed almost 96.17±0.034% trypsin activity inhibition and 0.96±0.00 U trypsin inhibitory activity(TIA) at 30°C and pH 8. This trypsin inhibitory protein from M. dioica (MdTi) was found to be stable over a temperature range of 30-100°C and the pHrange of 3-10 retaining the antitrypsin activity. The molecular mass of MdTi was found to be ̴12 kDa. From the enzyme kinetics, it was found that Kmvalue remains unaffected with decrease in the Vmax of trypsin in presence of inhibitor.Conclusion: M. dioica seeds were found to posses serine protease inhibitor protein. The protein was purified and characterized as thermostable aswell as pH tolerant trypsin inhibitor with high TIA. It can be well explored for its use in the agriculture industry for pest management as well as thetherapeutic applications.Keywords: Serine proteases, Trypsin inhibitor, Momordica dioica, Trypsin inhibitory protein from Momordica dioica, Non-competitive inhibition

Providing Security for Storing and Sharing Video Data in Cloud

Social networking has become a part of daily life of every smart phone user. Sharing real time images and videos produces huge amount of traffic as well as data every day. Tremendous amount of video data is stored and shared through multiple web and mobile application. This has given the rise to the need of secure infrastructure to store and share the user’s private videos. In this paper, we propose an infrastructure which allows users to store and share their video data securely over cloud. Only the authenticated user can get access to the shared videos. Any user who does not have rights to access the video will not be able to get any information about the video. The security of video data is guaranteed even if the storage is hacked