Gas Displacement and Aggregate Stability of Soils

When surface soils are dry, O? and N? are adsorbed on the external mineral surfaces. In the process of wetting the soil, water molecules displace the adsorbed O? and N? molecules to the gas phase where they can be measured, as was done in this study. These gases, released from the adsorbed phase, join entrapped air in the gaseous phase as the primary factor disintegrating aggregates when soils are wet quickly. Adsorption of N? and O? occurs on surface soils during hot dry afternoons as the water molecules leave the surface. During cool nights, relative humidities commonly rise above 50%, allowing more strongly adsorbed H?O molecules to displace adsorbed O? and N?. Release of this adsorbed N? and O? causes aggregates wetted by immersion during hot afternoons to be less stable than aggregates of the same soil wetted in the morning

An early history of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

After 60 years of intense fundamental research into T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, we have gained a detailed knowledge of the cells involved, specific recognition mechanisms and post-recognition perforin-granzyme-based and FAS-based molecular mechanisms. What could not be anticipated at the outset was how discovery of the mechanisms regulating the activation and function of cytotoxic T cells would lead to new developments in cancer immunotherapy. Given the profound recent interest in therapeutic manipulation of cytotoxic T cell responses, it is an opportune time to look back on the early history of the field. This Timeline describes how the early findings occurred and eventually led to current therapeutic applications

Mahatma Gandhi and the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Strategic Civil Disobedience and Great Britain’s Great Loss of Empire in India

This paper examines the relationship between statutory monopoly and collective action as a multi-person assurance game culminating in an end to British Empire in India. In a simple theoretical model, it is demonstrated whether or not a collective good enjoys (or is perceived to enjoy) pure jointness of production and why the evolutionary stable strategy of non-violence was supposed to work on the principle that the coordinated reaction of a ethnically differentiated religious crowd to a conflict between two parties (of colonizer and colonized) over confiscatory salt taxation would significantly affect its course. Following Mancur Olson (1965) and Dennis Chong (1991), a model of strategic civil disobedience is created which is used to demonstrate how collective action can be used to produce an all-or-nothing public good to achieve economic and political independence

Barbarians at the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Art, Race and Religion

A critical historiographical overview of art historical approaches to early medieval material culture, with a focus on the British Museum collections and their connections to religion

Gas Displacement and Aggregate Stability of Soils

When surface soils are dry, O? and N? are adsorbed on the external mineral surfaces. In the process of wetting the soil, water molecules displace the adsorbed O? and N? molecules to the gas phase where they can be measured, as was done in this study. These gases, released from the adsorbed phase, join entrapped air in the gaseous phase as the primary factor disintegrating aggregates when soils are wet quickly. Adsorption of N? and O? occurs on surface soils during hot dry afternoons as the water molecules leave the surface. During cool nights, relative humidities commonly rise above 50%, allowing more strongly adsorbed H?O molecules to displace adsorbed O? and N?. Release of this adsorbed N? and O? causes aggregates wetted by immersion during hot afternoons to be less stable than aggregates of the same soil wetted in the morning