Türkiye’de çevirmenlik mesleği ve çevirmen sertifikasyon sistemi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Milattan önceki yıllara dayanan tarihiyle dünyanın en eski mesleklerinden biri olan çevirmenlik, küreselleşme ile birlikte özellikle 20. yüzyıldan sonra daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulan ve ön plana çıkan bir meslek dalı haline gelmiştir. Bu sebeple, hem çevirmenler hem de çevirmenlik birer araştırma öznesi olmaya başlamış, çevirmen eğitimi, çeviri ve yayın dünyası ve bu dünyada çevirmenin rolü, konumu, çevirmenlerin çalışma koşulları ve yaşadığı problemler, mesleğin geçirdiği süreç ve gelişimi, yerel ve uluslararası temelde çeviri piyasaları, kalite standartları ve sektörel gelişmeler gibi konular tartışılmaya ve araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, çevirmenlik mesleğinin ülkemizdeki durumunu meslekleşme kriterleri doğrultusunda incelemektedir ve eğitim faaliyetleri, meslek örgütleri, mesleki etik kuralları ve prosedürler ve sertifikasyon/belgelendirme başlıklarından oluşan bu kriterlerden henüz somut bir uygulamanın yapılmadığı sertifikasyon ve belgelendirme konusuna odaklanmaktadır. Ülkemizde bu konuda geniş kapsamlı çalışmaların yürütüldüğü bir süreç söz konusudur. Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu (MYK) tarafından başlatılan ve yürütülen bu ulusal yeterlilik sistemi oluşturma sürecinin temel ayaklarından biri de yeterliliklere yönelik ölçme ve değerlendirme yapılmasıdır. Ulusal yeterlilik sistemi kapsamında, ülkemizde henüz çevirmenlik mesleği ile ilgili somut olarak sonuçlanan tek aşama çevirmenlik için ulusal standardın oluşturulmasıdır. Bu aşamayı takiben mesleğe ilişkin ulusal yeterlilikler tamamlanarak ortaya çıkarılacaktır. Sürecin son aşaması olan ölçme ve değerlendirme ve belgelendirme, yeterliliklere uygun olarak yapılacak olup, henüz bu konuda yalnızca sertifikasyon kurumlarının taşıması gereken genel şartlar ve koşulların çizildiği yasal mevzuat oluşturulmuştur ancak çevirmenlik için bir uygulama söz konusu değildir. Bu sebeple, çalışmanın odak noktası çevirmen sertifikasyonudur ve sertifikasyon konusunda farklı ülkelerde yapılan uygulamalar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, çevirmenlik mesleği için ulusal yeterlilik sistemi kapsamında gerekli olan faaliyetlerin yürütülebilmesi amacıyla MYK tarafından oluşturulan çalışma grubu paydaşlarına göre, ülkemizde oluşturulması planlanan çevirmen sertifikasyon sisteminin nasıl olması gerektiği de 14 soruluk bir görüşme formu ile araştırılmıştır. Bu konuda elde edilen bulgular yurt dışında yapılan uygulamalarla harmanlanarak tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çevirmenlik, Sertifikasyon/Belgelendirme, Çevirmen Sertifikasyon Sistemi, Sertifikasyon Sınavı, Meslekleşme, Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu,Meslek ÖrgütleriTranslation profession, one of the oldest professions in the world with its history dating back before common era, has become a more in-demand and prominent profession, especially after the 20th century. For this reason, both translators and translation profession have become research topics, the role of translator education, translation and publishing world and translator in this world, the position, the working conditions of translators and the problems they are experiencing, the process and development of the profession, quality standards and sectoral developments have started to be discussed and investigated. This study examines the situation of translation profession in our country in accordance with the criteria of professionalization including such titles as training facilities, professional organizations, professional ethic rules and procedures and certification and especially focuses on the certification which has not yet been implemented. Extensive work is carried out within the National Qualification System, one of the main pillars of which is the measurement and evaluation of qualifications by the Vocational Qualification Authority (VQA) in Turkey. Within the framework of the National Qualification System, the only stage that has already been completed in our country is the establishment of the national standard for translatorship. Following this stage, the national qualifications related to the profession will be completed and revealed. The final phase of the process is the assesment and evaluation of the national qualifications. Though there is no specific application for the assesment and certification for the profession currently, legal regulations specifying the general criteria and conditions that certification bodies should meet have been set up. For this reason, the focus of the study is translator certification, and applications in different countries within this respect were investigated. In addition, how the translation certification system can be carried out and applied in our country according to the stakeholders of the commission established by the VQA in order to carry out the activities required for the translation profession within National Qualitification System, has been searched via a 14-question interview form. Findings were blended with the practices around the world and discussed. Keywords: Translation profession, Certification, Translator Certification System,Certification Exam, Professionalization, Vocational Qualification Authority, Translator Associatio

Validity and reliability study of the scale of health professionals’ intentions/behaviors regarding reporting intimate partner violence

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, sağlık çalışanlarının kadına yönelik eş şiddeti bildirimi yapma niyeti/davranışlarını belirleyen geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Yöntem: Metodolojik çalışma, İzmir ve Denizli'de dört kamu, iki üniversite hastanesinin kadın doğum ve acil servislerinde Ocak-Mart 2015 tarihleri arasında 258 hemşire/ebe ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen sosyodemografik soru formu ve Planlı Davranış Teorisine dayalı olarak likert tipi (1-7 puan) oluşturulan ölçek ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 15.0 ve LİSREL 8.7 istatistik programı kullanılmıştır. Ölçek içerik geçerliği için kapsam geçerlik indeksi, yapı geçerliği için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Güvenilirlik için madde analizleri ve iç tutarlılık analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma için etik kuruldan ve ilgili kurumlardan yazılı, katılımcılardan sözel izin alınmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılanların %65.9'u hemşire, %34.1'i ebedir. Yaş ortalamaları 34.37?8.43 olup, %64.7'si lisans düzeyinde eğitime sahiptir. İçerik geçerliliği için sekiz uzmanın görüşleri alınarak kapsam geçerlik indeksi .94 bulunmuştur. Madde-toplam puan korelasyon katsayıları .457-.833 arasında, Cronbach's alpha katsayısı ?= .962'dir. Sonuç: Doğrulayıcı faktör analizine göre modelin veri-model uyumu yeterlidir. Faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin tek faktörlü ve 21 madde içeren bir yapıda kullanımının uygun olacağı belirlenmiştir. Ölçeğin daha geniş örneklem gruplarında sınanması önerilebilir.Aim: The aim of the study is to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure health professionals' intentions and behaviors regarding reporting intimate partner violence. Methods: This methodological study was conducted with 258 nurses/midwives in maternal and emergency services of four public hospitals and two university hospitals in Izmir and Denizli from January to March 2015. Data were collected with a sociodemographic questionnaire developed by the researchers and a Likert-type (1-7 points) scale based on the theory of planned behavior, and analyzed using statistics programs SPSS 15.0 and LISREL 8.7. Scale content was tested with a content validity index, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test construct validity. The internal consistency and item analysis were used for reliability. Written consent was obtained from ethics committee and the other related institutions, along with oral consent from participants in the study. Results: The participants comprised 65.9% nurses and 34.1% midwives. They had a mean age of 34.37?8.43, and 64.7% have bachelor's degree. For content validity the assessments of eight specialists were reviewed and the content validity index was found to be .94. Item-total point correlation coefficients were between .457 and .833; Cronbach's alpha coefficient was ?= .962. Conclusion: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that model data fit is sufficient, and factor analysis showed that the scale is suitable to be used as single factorial including 21 items. The scale may be recommended for larger sample groups

The Effects of the Melatonin Treatment on the Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Diabetic Eye and Brain

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of complications in diabetes mellitus. Antioxidant therapy has been thought to decrease oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to explore the effects of melatonin (MLT) on oxidative stress in diabetic rat eye and brain tissue by using immunohistochemical methods. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin, (STZ, 55 mg/kg/i.p) in adult rats. MLT was given 10 mg/kg/i.p once a day for 2 weeks beginning from the sixth week. Six weeks later, rats were divided into three groups: control (CR), STZ-induced diabetic (STZ), and STZ-induced diabetic group received melatonin (STZ+MLT). Although no significant difference was observed with respect to antioxidant status, NOS activity tended to be higher in the untreated diabetic rats than in the treated rats. It was observed that MLT treatment improved the histopathological changes including apoptosis and oxidative stress in brain and eye in diabetic rat

XRCC4 rs6869366 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to both nicotine dependence and/or schizophrenia

Background: Oxidative stress induced DNA damage has been assumed to contribute to the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia (Sch). Smoking prevalence was more common in patients with Sch. The X-ray repair cross-complementation group 4 (XRCC4) gene plays an important role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether XRCC4 rs6869366 polymorphism has a relationship both in nicotine dependence (ND) and Sch+ND risk. Methods: One hundred and four patients with Sch+ND, 133 subjects with ND only and 70 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. XRCC4 rs6869366 polymorphism was analyzed using PCR-RFLP assay. Results: The frequency of XRCC4 rs6869366 GG genotype was more common in the ND and Sch+ND group than controls (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). XRCC4 rs6869366 TT genotype was lower in both ND and Sch+ND group compared to controls (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Also, XRCC4 rs6869366 G allele was higher in Sch+ND group than controls (p = 0.001) while XRCC4 rs6869366 T allele was lower in ND group than healthy controls (p=0.001). XRCC4 rs6869366 GT genotype was lower in ND group than control group (p = 0.003). Discussion: These results suggested that the XRCC4 rs6869366 polymorphism G related genotype/allele was associated with susceptibility to both ND and Sch+ND in a Turkish population

Effect of monoamine oxidase B A644G variant on nicotine dependence and/or schizophrenia risk

Objectives: Schizophrenia (Sch) is a severe and chronic mental illness. Smoking prevalence is higher in patients with Sch than general population. We aimed to investigate the effects of MAOB gene A644G variant on nicotine dependence (ND) and Sch+ND risk in Turkish population and to evaluate by bioinformatic analysis. Methods: Present study included 161 individuals with ND, 223 patients with Sch+ND, and 96 non-smoker controls. MAOB A644G variant was analyzed using PCR-RFLP method. As the MAOB gene is located on the X chromosome, each gender was analysed separately. Results: The total distributions of AA, AG and GG genotypes of MAOB gene A644G were 44.7%, 22.4% and 32.9% in the ND group, 45.3%, 25.1% and 29.6% in the Sch+ND group and, 44.8, 22.9% and 32.3% in non-smoker controls. No significant differences were observed between groups for the MAOB A644G genotype and allele frequencies when female group compared to male group (p > 0.05). Examination of disease associations of SNPs from each miRNA gene region in GWAS databases yielded results for aging, bipolar disorder, autoimmune, and neurological diseases. Discussion: Our results indicate that the MAOB gene A644G variant is not associated with ND and/or Sch susceptibility in the Turkish population

Regular aerobic exercise increased VEGF levels in both soleus and gastrocnemius muscles correlated with hippocampal learning and VEGF levels

Physical exercise improves learning and memory abilities by increasing the levels of several growth factors in the hippocampus. One growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is primarily produced in the muscles and not only increases in the periphery during exercise but can also cross the blood-brain barrier. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of regular aerobic chronic exercise on different types of muscle fibers and the relationships between learning/memory and muscle induced-VEGF. Following a one-week adaptation period, male rats underwent treadmill training at a speed of 8 m/min for 30 min daily, 3 days a week for 6 weeks. Memory functions were evaluated using the Morris water maze. VEGF, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers and VEGF levels were also measured in the hippocampus. Exercise positively affected both learning and memory and also increased VEGF levels in both muscle fiber types. Muscle VEGF levels positively correlate with hippocampal learning and hippocampal VEGF levels. Exercise reduced both SOD and MDA levels in type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers, whereas GPx levels decreased only in type 2 muscle fibers. Our findings suggest that regular aerobic exercise elevates VEGF levels and diminishes oxidative stress in both fiber types. Exercise-induced VEGF levels in both type 1 and 2 muscle fibers appear to be associated with the positive effect of exercise on learning and memory function and is accompanied by an increase in VEGF levels in the hippocampus. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanism by which fiber type-specific VEGF mediates hippocampal neurogenesis and angiogenesis

Analysis of intestinal and nasopharyngeal microbiota of children with meningococcemia in pediatric intensive care unit: INMACS-PICU study

This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Diagnostic Microbiology.Microbiota composition might play a role in the pathophysiology and course of sepsis, and understanding its dynamics is of clinical interest. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an important cause of community-acquired serious infection, and there is no information regarding microbiota composition in children with meningococcemia. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the intestinal and nasopharyngeal microbiota composition of children with IMD.[Materials and Methods]: In this prospective, multi-center study, 10 children with meningococcemia and 10 age-matched healthy controls were included. Nasopharyngeal and fecal samples were obtained at admission to the intensive care unit and on the tenth day of their hospital stay. The V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified following the 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation.[Results]: Regarding the alpha diversity on the day of admission and on the tenth day at the PICU, the Shannon index was significantly lower in the IMD group compared to the control group (p = 0.002 at admission and p = 0.001, on the tenth day of PICU). A statistical difference in the stool samples was found between the IMD group at Day 0 vs. the controls in the results of the Bray–Curtis and Jaccard analyses (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively). There were differences in the intestinal microbiota composition between the children with IMD at admission and Day 10 and the healthy controls. Regarding the nasopharyngeal microbiota analysis, in the children with IMD at admission, at the genus level, Neisseria was significantly more abundant compared to the healthy children (p < 0.001). In the children with IMD at Day 10, genera Moraxella and Neisseria were decreased compared to the healthy children. In the children with IMD on Day 0, for paired samples, Moraxella, Neisseria, and Haemophilus were significantly more abundant compared to the children with IMD at Day 10. In the children with IMD at Day 10, the Moraxella and Neisseria genera were decreased, and 20 different genera were more abundant compared to Day 0.[Conclusions]: We first found alterations in the intestinal and nasopharyngeal microbiota composition in the children with IMD. The infection itself or the other care interventions also caused changes to the microbiota composition during the follow-up period. Understanding the interaction of microbiota with pathogens, e.g., N. meningitidis, could give us the opportunity to understand the disease’s dynamics.This study was supported by the Eskisehir Osmangazi University Scientific Research Grant (2018/11046).Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions