216 research outputs found

    Un cas d’urgence qui barre l’horizon du lecteur : L’abbĂ© C., de Georges Bataille

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    Cet article interroge la maniĂšre dont le texte de Bataille, s’adressant singuliĂšrement au lecteur, met en oeuvre une performativitĂ© de la fiction. Il montre en quoi L’abbĂ© C. « barre » l’idĂ©alitĂ© du sens et de la norme partagĂ©e, prĂ©cipite le lecteur dans une instabilitĂ© de lecture et nĂ©anmoins l’inscrit dans une forme de partage susceptible de « fonder » une communautĂ©. Cette lecture derridienne du texte de Bataille s’attache aux figures du texte (le double, le mensonge, l’enveloppement) ainsi qu’à la feinte que constitue le texte lui-mĂȘme pour montrer en quoi la dramatisation et la fiction se trouvent ĂȘtre chez cet auteur des formes particuliĂšres de destination en relation avec une communautĂ© d’expĂ©rience — et non communautĂ© de sens ou d’interprĂ©tation : « [J’]Ă©cris pour qui, entrant dans mon livre, y tomberait comme dans un trou, n’en sortirait plus » (Georges Bataille, L’expĂ©rience intĂ©rieure, Paris, Gallimard, 1954, p. 148). En l’espĂšce de sa lecture, c’est une certaine notion de « vie commune » que L’abbĂ© C. figure et reprĂ©sente.This article investigates how Bataille’s text, which targets a single reader, gives rises to a performance of his fiction. As well, it shows how L’abbĂ© C. negates the ideal of meaning and of a shared standard and unsettles the reader’s take on the text, all the while fostering a certain sharing that could lead to the “birth” of a community. This “derridian” approach to Bataille’s text focuses on its figurative components such as doubles, lies or surroundings. It also seeks to expose the hidden aim of the text of illustrating how Bataille’s dramatisation and fiction act as unique conduits targeting not similar meanings or interpretations, but like-minded experiences. “I write for those who, upon opening my book, would tumble down its pages like in a hole, never to climb back out,” wrote Georges Bataille in L’expĂ©rience intĂ©rieure (Paris, Gallimard, 1954, p. 148, translation). Reading L’abbĂ© C. brings forth and illustrates a certain sense of “communal life”

    De quelle totalité l'énonciation journalistique est-elle le fragment ?

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    Le discours d'information mĂ©diatique se caractĂ©rise certes par sa forme fragmentaire quant aux Ă©noncĂ©s (par dĂ©finition ouverts sur l'avenir et s’additionnant sans suite cohĂ©rente), mais encore par une forme d'Ă©nonciation « floue » parce que collective, voire institutionnelle. Nous examinons ici la maniĂšre dont, dans le discours journalistique, la dimension collective de la langue est rapportĂ©e sur la parole et sur l’acte d’énonciation. Nous considĂ©rons que l’énonciation journalistique est, Ă  plusieurs titres, inachevĂ©e, notamment en ce que sa performativitĂ© ne va pas jusqu’à la responsabilitĂ© assumĂ©e de l’énonciateur. Il s’agit de tenter d’identifier les lignes de fracture qui traversent le sujet d’énonciation journalistique et, avec elles, le partage de responsabilitĂ©s qui en est induit. Notre ambition est d’établir un lien entre la division propre Ă  l’énonciation journalistique et un questionnement sur le partage de l’espace et de la parole publics, ce qui suppose de se demander, notamment en intĂ©grant Ă  l’analyse le concept derridien de « tĂ©lĂ©iopoiĂšse », oĂč et comment se situe, dans cette disposition, la participation du destinataire

    Les théories de la réception en SIC

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    Ce court texte présente un panorama des différentes approches de la réception en SIC

    Le malentendu comme structure de la communication

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    Dans les modĂšles tĂ©lĂ©graphiques, on considĂšre que la communication fonctionne si les messages de dĂ©part et d’arrivĂ©e sont identiques. Sinon, cela signifie que le rĂ©cepteur a mal compris ou que l’émetteur s’est mal fait comprendre. Dans ce cadre, la pathologie de la communication est l’incomprĂ©hension. Ce que nous proposons ici, Ă  partir de l’analyse de situations de communication trĂšs particuliĂšres (des rencontres enchantĂ©es avec des dauphins sauvages), c’est que, Ă  l’inverse, la structure fondamentale de la communication est le malentendu. Or, c’est le refus de reconnaĂźtre ce fait (dĂ» notamment au dĂ©sir vain et dĂ©sastreux de contrĂŽler le partenaire) qui engendre des pathologies. Admettre au contraire qu’émetteur et rĂ©cepteur disposent nĂ©cessairement de versions diffĂ©rentes de l’interaction et qu’il n’y a pas de version plus objective qu’une autre, c’est replacer l’altĂ©ritĂ© au cƓur d’une communication qui est rĂ©ussie parce qu’on accepte de mal se comprendre.In telegraphic models of communication, communication is reputed to work if the message sent and the message received are the same. If they are not it is supposed that either the sender wasn’t clear, or the receiver failed to understand. In this model, misunderstanding is pathological communication. In this paper we rely on the analysis of human-animal communication (enchanting encounters with free dolphins) to show that, on the contrary, misunderstanding is the basic pattern of communication. Pathological interactions arise when people refuse to acknowledge this fact and try to control their partner. The misunderstanding model of communication that we present here takes for granted that in the communication process the sender and the receiver necessarily have different versions of what is being communicated and that none of them is truer than another. In this model otherness is central and communication succeeds because the partners agree not to (perfectly) understand each other

    Passage des frontiĂšres et contrĂŽle des publics

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    Il s'agit d'une présentation vulgarisée des différentes attitudes prises par les chercheurs par rapport à la réception des oeuvres

    Insights into palaeobotany

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    Copyright © 2023 Société botanique de France. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The attached file is the published version of the article

    Est-ce que la musique améliore les performances de mémoire chez des patients atteints de trouble cognitif léger de type amnésiques ?

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    editorial reviewedL’exploitation des capacitĂ©s prĂ©servĂ©es constitue l’une des interventions neuropsychologiques les plus rĂ©pandues pour les troubles cognitifs d’origine neurodĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative. La mĂ©moire musicale semble prĂ©servĂ©e aux stades prĂ©coces de la maladie d'Alzheimer [1]. Dans cette Ă©tude, nous testons le potentiel bĂ©nĂ©fice de la musique dans l'encodage en mĂ©moire des patients atteints de troubles cognitifs lĂ©gers (“amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment”, aMCI). InspirĂ©s par [2], nous avons crĂ©Ă© une tĂąche, impliquant l’écoute de 38 textes courts Ă©voquant des activitĂ©s quotidiennes, prĂ©sentĂ©s sous forme parlĂ©e ou chantĂ©e (19/modalitĂ©). Ensuite, un test de reconnaissance sur le thĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ral et sur les informations spĂ©cifiques des textes est rĂ©alisĂ©. Nous comparons les performances entre volontaires ĂągĂ©s sains et patients aMCI. Les rĂ©sultats ci-prĂ©sents concernent les donnĂ©es acquises jusque-lĂ  : 36 contrĂŽles et 18 aMCI (sur les 40 participants/groupe prĂ©vus d’ici la fin de l’étude). La moitiĂ© des participants rĂ©alise un jugement mĂ©ta-mnĂ©sique additionnel (“Judgment of Leaning”, JoL) en prĂ©disant leur probabilitĂ© de se rappeler du texte. Quatre ANOVAs mixtes comparant les groupes (contrĂŽle vs. aMCI) et les modalitĂ©s (chantĂ©e vs. parlĂ©e) sont rĂ©alisĂ©es sĂ©parĂ©ment selon la prĂ©sence ou non de JoL, et avec le pourcentage de succĂšs pour la reconnaissance du thĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ral ou des informations spĂ©cifiques comme variable dĂ©pendante. Comme attendu, la musique n’a pas montrĂ© d’effet significatif sur la reconnaissance d’informations spĂ©cifiques (basĂ©e sur la recollection), ni d’interaction significative avec le groupe malgrĂ© un effet principal du groupe indiquant une performance significativement infĂ©rieure pour les aMCI (p=.014 avec JoL et p<.001 sans). Cependant, pour la reconnaissance du thĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ral (basĂ©e sur la familiaritĂ©) avec JoL, nous observons un effet significatif du groupe (p<.001) ainsi qu’une interaction significative avec la modalitĂ© (p=.036). Les analyses post-hocs rĂ©vĂšlent une diffĂ©rence significative entre contrĂŽles et aMCI quand les textes sont parlĂ©s (p<.001), mais pas chantĂ©s (p=.131). En conclusion, nos rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires permettent de rĂ©pliquer l’effet bĂ©nĂ©fique de la musique sur les processus de familiaritĂ©, mais pas de recollection, corroborant [2]. De plus, nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que les performances mnĂ©siques des patients aMCI pour le thĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ral se normalisent (gain moyen=10.5%) lorsque l’encodage en musique est combinĂ© avec un jugement mĂ©ta-mnĂ©sique

    Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

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    Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

    Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

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    Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe
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