Monitoreo de reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de residuos de cereales : Parte I

Este trabajo se focalizó en el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con un residuo de cereales, con velocidades de carga (VC) variables durante 7 meses. El efluente fue tratado por tres piletas en serie como sistema de tratamiento (ST), reutilizándose el agua tratada dentro del reactor. Se determinó la producción de biogás acumulada (PA) y diferentes parámetros físicoquímicos en el efluente y su ST. Los resultados mostraron una PA de 217 lKgSV-1 al mes 7, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, según las variables analizadas. El efluente mostró valores altos de DBO, DQO y NH4⁺, removiéndose un 82%, 83% y 84% respectivamente con el ST. La CE se incrementó en el tiempo, probablemente debido a la recirculación del efluente y como consecuencia del incremento de la alcalinidad. Las características del efluente mostraron que puede ser riesgosa su utilización como riego.This work was focused on monitoring the degradation process in a 14.7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with cereals waste, with different loading rate for seven months. The effluent was treated by a treatment system (TS) consisted in three ponds in series; the treated water was reused in the reactor. The cumulative biogas production (CBP) and different physicalchemical parameters in the effluent and in the TS were determined. The results showed a CBP of 217 lKgVS-1 up to month 7, working in a stable condition throughout the process, according to the variables analyzed. The effluent showed high values of BOD, COD and NH4⁺, removing 82%, 83% and 84% respectively in the TS. The CE was increased, probably due to the recirculation of the effluent and as a result of the increase in the alkalinity. However, the characteristics of this effluent showed that can be risky to use as irrigation.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de un reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de la fracción orgánica de los residuos sólidos urbanos : Parte II

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con una mezcla de la fracción orgánica de residuos sólidos urbanos (FORSU) y residuos de cereales (H-S) durante 8 meses. Se determinó la producción de biogás y pH, CE, ácido grasos volátiles (AGV), alcalinidad parcial (AP), total (AT) y los indicadores de estabilidad (alfa y AGV/AT) en el efluente. Además, se determinaron la DBO, DQO, NTK, NH4⁺, %ST, %SV y diferentes iones en la CD. Los resultados mostraron una producción de 150,02 l de biogás por kg SV agregados, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, excepto en los meses 5 y 8, pudiendo evidenciarse la sensibilidad de los indicadores de estabilidad del proceso. Las características del efluente demostraron la necesidad de un tratamiento antes de la disposición final del agua residual en el suelo o en un cuerpo de agua.The aim of this work was to monitor the degradation process in a 14,7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with a mixture of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and cereals waste (CW) for eight months. Biogas production and the chemical parameters pH, conductivity (CE), volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), partial alkalinity (PA), total (TA) and indicators of stability (alpha and VFA/AT) were determined. Furthermore, the BOD, COD, TNK, NH4⁺, %TS, %VS and different ions in the CD were measured. The results showed a biogas production of 150 lKgSV-1, working in a stable condition throughout the process, except in the months 5 and 8, demonstrating the sensitivity of indicators of process stability. The characteristics of the effluent showed the need for treatment before the final disposal of waste water in the soil or in surface water.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de un reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de la fracción orgánica de los residuos sólidos urbanos : Parte II

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con una mezcla de la fracción orgánica de residuos sólidos urbanos (FORSU) y residuos de cereales (H-S) durante 8 meses. Se determinó la producción de biogás y pH, CE, ácido grasos volátiles (AGV), alcalinidad parcial (AP), total (AT) y los indicadores de estabilidad (alfa y AGV/AT) en el efluente. Además, se determinaron la DBO, DQO, NTK, NH4⁺, %ST, %SV y diferentes iones en la CD. Los resultados mostraron una producción de 150,02 l de biogás por kg SV agregados, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, excepto en los meses 5 y 8, pudiendo evidenciarse la sensibilidad de los indicadores de estabilidad del proceso. Las características del efluente demostraron la necesidad de un tratamiento antes de la disposición final del agua residual en el suelo o en un cuerpo de agua.The aim of this work was to monitor the degradation process in a 14,7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with a mixture of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and cereals waste (CW) for eight months. Biogas production and the chemical parameters pH, conductivity (CE), volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), partial alkalinity (PA), total (TA) and indicators of stability (alpha and VFA/AT) were determined. Furthermore, the BOD, COD, TNK, NH4⁺, %TS, %VS and different ions in the CD were measured. The results showed a biogas production of 150 lKgSV-1, working in a stable condition throughout the process, except in the months 5 and 8, demonstrating the sensitivity of indicators of process stability. The characteristics of the effluent showed the need for treatment before the final disposal of waste water in the soil or in surface water.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de un reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de la fracción orgánica de los residuos sólidos urbanos : Parte II

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con una mezcla de la fracción orgánica de residuos sólidos urbanos (FORSU) y residuos de cereales (H-S) durante 8 meses. Se determinó la producción de biogás y pH, CE, ácido grasos volátiles (AGV), alcalinidad parcial (AP), total (AT) y los indicadores de estabilidad (alfa y AGV/AT) en el efluente. Además, se determinaron la DBO, DQO, NTK, NH4⁺, %ST, %SV y diferentes iones en la CD. Los resultados mostraron una producción de 150,02 l de biogás por kg SV agregados, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, excepto en los meses 5 y 8, pudiendo evidenciarse la sensibilidad de los indicadores de estabilidad del proceso. Las características del efluente demostraron la necesidad de un tratamiento antes de la disposición final del agua residual en el suelo o en un cuerpo de agua.The aim of this work was to monitor the degradation process in a 14,7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with a mixture of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and cereals waste (CW) for eight months. Biogas production and the chemical parameters pH, conductivity (CE), volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), partial alkalinity (PA), total (TA) and indicators of stability (alpha and VFA/AT) were determined. Furthermore, the BOD, COD, TNK, NH4⁺, %TS, %VS and different ions in the CD were measured. The results showed a biogas production of 150 lKgSV-1, working in a stable condition throughout the process, except in the months 5 and 8, demonstrating the sensitivity of indicators of process stability. The characteristics of the effluent showed the need for treatment before the final disposal of waste water in the soil or in surface water.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de residuos de cereales : Parte I

Este trabajo se focalizó en el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con un residuo de cereales, con velocidades de carga (VC) variables durante 7 meses. El efluente fue tratado por tres piletas en serie como sistema de tratamiento (ST), reutilizándose el agua tratada dentro del reactor. Se determinó la producción de biogás acumulada (PA) y diferentes parámetros físicoquímicos en el efluente y su ST. Los resultados mostraron una PA de 217 lKgSV-1 al mes 7, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, según las variables analizadas. El efluente mostró valores altos de DBO, DQO y NH4⁺, removiéndose un 82%, 83% y 84% respectivamente con el ST. La CE se incrementó en el tiempo, probablemente debido a la recirculación del efluente y como consecuencia del incremento de la alcalinidad. Las características del efluente mostraron que puede ser riesgosa su utilización como riego.This work was focused on monitoring the degradation process in a 14.7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with cereals waste, with different loading rate for seven months. The effluent was treated by a treatment system (TS) consisted in three ponds in series; the treated water was reused in the reactor. The cumulative biogas production (CBP) and different physicalchemical parameters in the effluent and in the TS were determined. The results showed a CBP of 217 lKgVS-1 up to month 7, working in a stable condition throughout the process, according to the variables analyzed. The effluent showed high values of BOD, COD and NH4⁺, removing 82%, 83% and 84% respectively in the TS. The CE was increased, probably due to the recirculation of the effluent and as a result of the increase in the alkalinity. However, the characteristics of this effluent showed that can be risky to use as irrigation.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Monitoreo de reactor anaeróbico semi-continuo para el tratamiento de residuos de cereales : Parte I

Este trabajo se focalizó en el monitoreo del proceso degradativo en un reactor anaeróbico de 14,7 m3 alimentado con un residuo de cereales, con velocidades de carga (VC) variables durante 7 meses. El efluente fue tratado por tres piletas en serie como sistema de tratamiento (ST), reutilizándose el agua tratada dentro del reactor. Se determinó la producción de biogás acumulada (PA) y diferentes parámetros físicoquímicos en el efluente y su ST. Los resultados mostraron una PA de 217 lKgSV-1 al mes 7, trabajándose en condiciones estables durante todo el proceso, según las variables analizadas. El efluente mostró valores altos de DBO, DQO y NH4⁺, removiéndose un 82%, 83% y 84% respectivamente con el ST. La CE se incrementó en el tiempo, probablemente debido a la recirculación del efluente y como consecuencia del incremento de la alcalinidad. Las características del efluente mostraron que puede ser riesgosa su utilización como riego.This work was focused on monitoring the degradation process in a 14.7 m3 anaerobic reactor fed with cereals waste, with different loading rate for seven months. The effluent was treated by a treatment system (TS) consisted in three ponds in series; the treated water was reused in the reactor. The cumulative biogas production (CBP) and different physicalchemical parameters in the effluent and in the TS were determined. The results showed a CBP of 217 lKgVS-1 up to month 7, working in a stable condition throughout the process, according to the variables analyzed. The effluent showed high values of BOD, COD and NH4⁺, removing 82%, 83% and 84% respectively in the TS. The CE was increased, probably due to the recirculation of the effluent and as a result of the increase in the alkalinity. However, the characteristics of this effluent showed that can be risky to use as irrigation.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio : a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries

Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and nonHDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. Results: Since similar to 1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at similar to 0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as similar to 0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to similar to 26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.Peer reviewe

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1.13-1.16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7.41 trillion (7.11-7.74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27.5% [26. 5-28.5] reduction) and females (37.7% [35.4-39.9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0.99 billion (0.98-1.00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7.69 million (7.16-8.20) deaths and 200 million (185-214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20.2% [19.3-21.1] of male deaths). 6.68 million [86.9%] of 7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7.69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a dear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe