Investigating the potential of magnetic are oscillated GMWA - welding for hard surfacing applications

The flux cored arc welding process has some characteristic features and is therefore established in the industry to fabricate hardfacing. One advantage of the process is the possibility to vary the alloy content of the weld metal by manipulating the chemical composition of the filler material. Moreover, it is possible to produce self shielding electrodes, which show advantages for outdoor applications. One the other hand this process creates high dilution rates. One possibility to avoid this effect is to apply a magnetic field in order to deflect the welding arc. In this thesis, the influence of a transversal magnetic field on the weld seam formation during FCAW was investigated. An increase of the weld width and a simultaneous decrease of the penetration depth was achieved at a certain deflection. The influence of the magnetic oscillation was found to be stronger for short circuit mode than for pulsed mode. Furthermore, high frequencies in combination with a high magnetic flux density caused a reduced process stability and consequently a worsening of the weld bead appearance. Apart from that, the drop detachment was inhibited, when a strong magnetic field was applied during pulsed and spray mode.Das Metallschutzgasschweißen mit Fülldrahtelektrode ist ein in der Industrie verbreitetes Verfahren zur Herstellung von Hartpanzerungen. Charakteristisch ist die gezielte Beeinflussung des Schweißprozesses und der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Schweißguts durch die Auswahl der Füllstoffe. Des Weiteren können dem Fülldraht Stoffe hinzugegeben werden, wodurch das Schweißen ohne Schutzgas durchgeführt werden kann. Nachteilig ist jedoch der hohe Aufmischungsgrad bei diesem Verfahren. Eine Möglichkeit, diesem Effekt entgegenzuwirken, besteht darin, den Lichtbogen durch das Anlegen eines Magnetfelds in eine oszillierende Bewegung zu versetzen. Der Einfluss eines oszillierenden transversalen Magnetfeldes auf die Nahtausbildung beim MSG-Schweißen mit Fülldraht wurde untersucht. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass der Einbrand verbreitert und die Einbrandtiefe durch die gezielte Auslenkung verringert werden konnte. Der Einfluss des magnetischen Pendelns ist beim Kurzschlusslichtbogen kleiner als beim Impulslichtbogen. Bei hohen Frequenzen und hoher Flussdichte wurde außerdem eine Verringerung der Prozessstabilität und eine daraus resultierende Verschlechterung der Schweißnahtausbildung festgestellt. Außerdem führte ein starker Einfluss des Magnetfelds zu einer erschwerten Tropfenablösung beim Impluls- und Sprühlichtbogen.Tesi

Einfluss zusätzlich induzierter Temperaturfelder beim Laserstrahlschweißen dünner Bleche

Während des Laserstrahlschweißens entstehen thermisch induzierte Dehnungen und Spannungen, die zu Verschiebungen der Fügepartner im Prozess führen. Diese Verschiebungen werden durch den Einsatz von Spannsystemen in der Produktion unterbunden. Jedoch sind diese Systeme zumeist nur für eine einzelne Schweißaufgabe ausgelegt. Aufgrund der zumeist massiven Bauweise der Systeme und des anwendungsspezifischen Einsatzes dieser ergeben sich hohe Kosten. Somit ist man bestrebt, die Spannsysteme einfacher zu gestalten und damit Bewegungsfreiheiten der Fügepartner im Prozess zu akzeptieren. Um nun die auftretende Querverschiebung zu minimieren, können zusätzliche Wärmequellen oder Wärmesenken genutzt werden, um Einfluss auf das Temperaturfeld und damit auf das Dehnungsfeld zu nehmen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde daher zunächst der Einfluss variierender Schweißparameter (Schweißgeschwindigkeit, voreingestellter Spalt) bei einer einseitig gespannten Fügekonfiguration am I-Stumpfstoß untersucht. Dazu erfolgten Untersuchungen vordergründig am hochlegierten Stahl 1.4301. Unter Verwendung eines Diodenlasers wurde der Einfluss einer zusätzlichen Wärmequelle auf die Verschiebung im Prozess und das gesamte Verzugsverhalten charakterisiert und bewertet. Der Abstand der beiden Wärmequellen zueinander, die Laserleistung und die Spotabbildung wurden dazu variiert. Die Untersuchungen wurden zunächst an einer Blechdicke von 1 mm durchgeführt und sie wurden im Anschluss an die Blechdicken 0,5 mm und 2 mm übertragen. Es ist festzuhalten, dass durch den Einsatz der zweiten Wärmequelle die Verschiebung minimiert und damit längere Schweißnahtlängen erzielt wurden. Jedoch trat ein höherer Beulverzug auf, der auf die vermehrten Längsspannungen im Bauteil zurückzuführen ist. Die Wirkungsweise der zweiten Wärmequelle wurde unter Anwendung der FE-Methoden und einer analytischen Beschreibung näher beleuchtet. Unter Anwendung einer CO2-Düse wurde die Wärmesenke abgebildet, um das sich ausbildende Temperaturfeld zu verkleinern. Ebenfalls wurde der Einfluss der Senke auf die Querverschiebung im Prozess und auf den globalen Verzug nach dem Schweißprozess charakterisiert und bewertet. Für die drei zuvor genannten Blechdicken zeigt sich dabei, dass die Verschiebung im Prozess minimiert und damit eine vollständige Durchschweißung erzielt wurde. Auch nimmt der Gesamtverzug der Bauteile ab. Darüber hinaus fanden vergleichende Untersuchungen an der Aluminiumlegierung EN AW 5754 statt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die hier im Vergleich zum Stahl höhere Verschiebungen auftraten. Durch den Einsatz der Wärmequelle wurde keine Reduzierung der Verschiebung erzielt. Jedoch wurde unter Anwendung der Wärmesenke eine Minimierung der Verschiebung erreicht und damit längere Schweißnahtlängen realisiert.During laser beam welding, thermally induced strains and stresses occur, which lead to displacements of joining partners. These displacements are prevented by the use of clamping systems in production. However, these systems are designed only for one welding task. Due to the mostly massive construction of the systems and their application-specific use, the costs are high. For that reason, efforts are being made to simplify the clamping systems and thus to accept freedom of movement of the joining partners in the process. If there was a possibility to influence the temperature profile and consequently the strain profile by using an additional heat sink or a heat source in a way that the displacements during welding were minimized, the clamping systems could be made less massive and thus more cost-effective. Within the scope of this work, firstly the influence of varying welding parameters (welding speed, preset gap) on a one-sided free clamping situation at the butt joint configuration was investigated. For this purpose the investigations were carried out primarily on a high-alloy steel (1.4301). The influence of the heat source on a displacement in the process and the overall distortion behavior was characterized and evaluated using a diode laser. The mutual distance of two heat sources, the laser power and the spot size were varied for this purpose. The investigations were first performed on a sheet thickness of 1 mm and they were subsequently transferred to sheet thicknesses of 0,5 mm and 2 mm. It should be noted that by using the second heat source the displacement was minimized and thus longer weld lengths were achieved. However, a higher buckling distortion occurred which can be attributed to the increased longitudinal stresses in the component. By using the FE methods and the analytical calculation models, the influence of the heat source was further explained. With the help of a CO2-nozzle, the heat sink was represented in order to reduce the developing temperature profile. Moreover, the influence of the heat sink on the displacement in the process and after the test was characterized and evaluated. It was found that the use of the heat sink leads to reduced displacement in the process and an overall reduced distortion of the components. In addition, comparative investigations were carried out on aluminum alloy EN AW 5754. It was found that the displacements were higher compared to steel. No reduction in the displacement was achieved by using the heat source. However, a minimization was achieved with the use of the heat sink and thus longer weld lengths were obtained

Optimization Strategies for Laser Welding High Alloy Steel Sheets

A known phenomenon during laser welding of thin sheets is the deformation caused by thermally induced stresses. This deformation can result in a change of the gap width between the welded parts, which leads to an unstable welding process. Inducing displacements by using a second heat source will compensate for the change in gap width, hence optimizing the welding process. The base material is 1 mm thick austenitic stainless steel 1.4301, which is welded by a CO2 laser. The second heat source is a diode laser. The gap between the welded parts was set between 0.05 mm and 0.1 mm. The influence of the second heat source on the welding process and the welding result is described. The usage of a second heat source allows a higher gap width to be set prior to the welding process. The results of the numerical simulation were found to be corresponding to those of the experiments

Learning to learn: Non-equilibrium design protocols for adaptable materials

Evolution in time-varying environments naturally leads to adaptable biological systems that can easily switch functionalities. Advances in the synthesis of environmentally-responsive materials therefore open up the possibility of creating a wide range of synthetic materials which can also be trained for adaptability. We consider high-dimensional inverse problems for materials where any particular functionality can be realized by numerous equivalent choices of design parameters. By periodically switching targets in a given design algorithm, we can teach a material to perform incompatible functionalities with minimal changes in design parameters. We exhibit this learning strategy for adaptability in two simulated settings: elastic networks that are designed to switch deformation modes with minimal bond changes; and heteropolymers whose folding pathway selections are controlled by a minimal set of monomer affinities. The resulting designs can reveal physical principles, such as nucleation-controlled folding, that enable adaptability

Free Volume cannot Explain the Spatial Heterogeneity of Debye-Waller factors in a Glass-Forming Binary Alloy

We examine the relation between the free volume per particle and the variance of the particle position, equivalent to a local Debye-Waller (DW) factor for a 2D glass-forming alloy using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the latter quantity exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity despite involving trajectories two orders of magnitude shorter than those typically used to measure such heterogeneities. We find that the free volume exhibits no significant spatial correlation with the local DW factor. We conclude that the spatial variation in local free volume is not the cause of the short time dynamic heterogeneity.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure

Accidental Outcomes Guide Punishment in a “Trembling Hand” Game

How do people respond to others' accidental behaviors? Reward and punishment for an accident might depend on the actor's intentions, or instead on the unintended outcomes she brings about. Yet, existing paradigms in experimental economics do not include the possibility of accidental monetary allocations. We explore the balance of outcomes and intentions in a two-player economic game where monetary allocations are made with a “trembling hand”: that is, intentions and outcomes are sometimes mismatched. Player 1 allocates $10 between herself and Player 2 by rolling one of three dice. One die has a high probability of a selfish outcome, another has a high probability of a fair outcome, and the third has a high probability of a generous outcome. Based on Player 1's choice of die, Player 2 can infer her intentions. However, any of the three die can yield any of the three possible outcomes. Player 2 is given the opportunity to respond to Player 1's allocation by adding to or subtracting from Player 1's payoff. We find that Player 2's responses are influenced substantially by the accidental outcome of Player 1's roll of the die. Comparison to control conditions suggests that in contexts where the allocation is at least partially under the control of Player 1, Player 2 will punish Player 1 accountable for unintentional negative outcomes. In addition, Player 2's responses are influenced by Player 1's intention. However, Player 2 tends to modulate his responses substantially more for selfish intentions than for generous intentions. This novel economic game provides new insight into the psychological mechanisms underlying social preferences for fairness and retribution

Minds and morals

In this paper, I argue that an externalist theory of thought content provides the means to resolve two debates in moral philosophy. The first—that between judgement internalism and judgement externalism—concerns the question of whether there is a conceptual connection between moral judgement and motivation. The second—that between reasons internalism and reasons externalism—concerns the relationship between moral reasons and an agent’s subjective motivational set. The resolutions essentially stem from the externalist claim that concepts can be grasped partially, and a new moral theory, which I call ‘moral externalism’, emerges

The disease management program for type 2 diabetes in Germany enhances process quality of diabetes care - a follow-up survey of patient's experiences

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In summer 2003 a disease management program (DMP) for type 2 diabetes was introduced on a nationwide basis in Germany. Patient participation and continuity of care within the DMP are important factors to achieve long-term improvements in clinical endpoints. Therefore it is of interest, if patients experience any positive or negative effects of the DMP on their treatment that would support or hamper further participation. The main objective of the study was to find out if the German Disease Management Program (DMP) for type 2 diabetes improves process and outcome quality of medical care for patients in the light of their subjective experiences over a period of one year.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cohort study with a baseline interview and a follow-up after 10.4 ± 0.64 months. Data on process and outcome measures were collected by telephone interviews with 444 patients enrolled and 494 patients not enrolled in the German DMP for type 2 diabetes. Data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analyses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>DMP enrolment was significantly associated with a higher process quality of care. At baseline enrolled patients more often reported that they had attended a diabetes education course (OR = 3.4), have ≥ 4 contacts/year with the attending physician (OR = 3.3), have at least one annual foot examination (OR = 3.1) and one referral to an ophthalmologist (OR = 3.4) and possess a diabetes passport (OR = 2.4). Except for the annual referral to an ophthalmologist these parameters were also statistically significant at follow-up. In contrast, no differences between enrolled and not enrolled patients were found concerning outcome quality indicators, e.g. self-rated health, Glycated hemoglobin (GHb) and blood pressure. However, 16-36% of the DMP participants reported improvements of body weight and/or GHb and/or blood pressure values due to enrolment - unchanged within one year of follow-up.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In the light of patient's experiences the DMP enhances the process quality of medical care for type 2 diabetes in Germany. The lack of significant differences in outcome quality between enrolled and not enrolled patients might be due to the short program duration. Our data suggest that the DMP for type 2 diabetes should not be withdrawn unless an evidently more promising approach is found.</p

The twilight of the Liberal Social Contract? On the Reception of Rawlsian Political Liberalism

This chapter discusses the Rawlsian project of public reason, or public justification-based 'political' liberalism, and its reception. After a brief philosophical rather than philological reconstruction of the project, the chapter revolves around a distinction between idealist and realist responses to it. Focusing on political liberalism’s critical reception illuminates an overarching question: was Rawls’s revival of a contractualist approach to liberal legitimacy a fruitful move for liberalism and/or the social contract tradition? The last section contains a largely negative answer to that question. Nonetheless the chapter's conclusion shows that the research programme of political liberalism provided and continues to provide illuminating insights into the limitations of liberal contractualism, especially under conditions of persistent and radical diversity. The programme is, however, less receptive to challenges to do with the relative decline of the power of modern states

Constitutivism

A brief explanation and overview of constitutivism