The Plurality of Consciousness

There are many, distinct phenomena that have gone under the name “consciousness,” and there are many corresponding problems that have all been labeled “the problem of consciousness.” This paper distinguishes several of these distinct problems of consciousness, and proposes solutions to each of them

The Changing Methods in the Teaching of English Composition Since 1850

During the depression public education has been subjected to serve criticism by the taxpayers who are demanding retrenchment in the schools. Some critics have asserted that the methods of teaching and the subject matter of such basic courses as English have undergone few changes since those days of the little red school house when a teacher could be hired for a song . These statements have raised in the minds of those most interested such questions as - What have been the changes in the methods of the teaching of English composition since 1850

Alexander Hamilton\u27s Florida Policy

Alexander Hamilton had a greater interest in Florida and spoke of it more often than any other prominent American of his period. While still living in the West Indies, he worked for Beckman and Cruger at Christiansed, and during a part of that time he was in charge of their commercial activities. Whenever he looked at a map of North America, which he often did in the course of his activities, he saw first of all the peninsula of Florida pointing out toward his homeland. Throughout his life Hamilton was aware of the importance of Florida in the future of the United States

Self-esteem, social comparison and discrimination: a reappraisal and development of Tajfel's social identity theory

Six main empirical studies are reported. Study 1 employed the "thinkaloud" procedure in the minimal group paradigm (MGP) and concludes that social categorization is insufficient to cause social identity or intergroup discrimination, and that no theoretical explanation of minimal group behaviour is adequate to explain the variety of strategies employed within that paradigm. Study 2 employed both "Tajfel matrices" and new "allocation grids" in the MGP and concludes that two distinct forms of intergroup discrimination need to be distinguished: one which maximizes in-group profit consistent with positive in-group distinctiveness, and another which maximizes positive in-group distinctiveness by accompanying in-group profit with out-group derogation. In Study 3 subjects completed three sets of Tajfel matrices in the MGP: individually, in "sub-groups" , then again individually. Mean intergroup discriminatory behaviour polarized and mean intergroup equitable behaviour depolarized between the first and the latter two conditions. The best account of the results was concluded to be a normative one. Study 4 demonstrated that the self-esteem hypothesis within social identity theory (SIT) is best tested using a state measure of specific social identity contingent self-esteem and concludes that this hypothesis has to date been both inadequately formulated and inadequately tested. Study 5 compared predictions from SIT with those from Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model concerning the consequences of social comparison outcomes and concludes that a modified version of the former theory is best able to account for the results obtained at both group and individual levels of comparison. Study 6 investigated a host of issues within SIT and concludes that the theory is too simplistic in respect of many of its key notions and propositions. A general discussion argues that a modified version of SIT can be developed which improves on Tajfel's "original" social identity theory by more adequately specifying the processes by which group phenomena are manifest

Sums of Two Generalized Tetrahedral Numbers

Expressing whole numbers as sums of figurate numbers, including tetrahedral numbers, is a longstanding problem in number theory. Pollock's tetrahedral number conjecture states that every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of at most five tetrahedral numbers. Here we explore a generalization of this conjecture to negative indices. We provide a method for computing sums of two generalized tetrahedral numbers up to a given bound, and explore which families of perfect powers can be expressed as sums of two generalized tetrahedral numbers

A User\u27s Manual for: A Clear Sky Solar Radiation Generator for the Personal Computer

Occasional Papers in Geography Publication No. 3 This program is primarily designed as an interactive instructional aid for students concerned with select aspects of shortwave radiation climatology. On the basis of user supplied temporal and geographic information the algorithm will produce instantaneous values of diffuse, direct, global, reflected, net shortwave and extraterrestrial radiation. Daily totals are also generated by numerical approximation of the area under the curve as described by each of these quantities. In addition, an optional routine to compute the instantaneous values of solar elevations and azimuths is included to further define the nature of astronomical relationships for the site under investigation. The overall structure of the program is such that the appropriate variables can be easily and conveniently manipulated to provide an accurate estimate of the shortwave radiative balance at a given point with a minimal knowledge of the relevant mathematics and of FORTRAN computer programming. It is hoped that the interested student will investigate the range of possibilities offered by this routine and use it as a stepping stone to the understanding of the many fundamental concepts involved in shortwave radiative transfer and its geographical distribution.https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/geog_occasionalpaper/1001/thumbnail.jp

State of Aging in Portland

Introduction From 2006-2019, the Age-Friendly Portland Initiative operated as a city-university- community partnership that began in 2006, resulting from a global World Health Organization (WHO) research project. In 2010, the City of Portland joined the WHO Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities and in 2012, it also joined the AARP Network of Age-Friendly States and Communities. The Action Plan for an Age- friendly Portland was passed by Resolution by Portland City Council in 2013 (Resolution No. 37039) and contains 10 domains: (1) housing; (2) transportation; (3) outdoor spaces and buildings; (4) employment and the economy; (5) civic participation and volunteering; (6) social participation; (7) respect and social inclusion; (8) health services; (9) community services; and (10) communication and information. From 2006-2019, the age-friendly efforts were coordinated by two of the co-authors of this paper – Margaret B. Neal and Alan DeLaTorre – and in 2019, the City of Portland funded a program manager position within the Bureau of Planning and Sustainability; Alan DeLaTorre moved from Portland State University to the City in December 2019, and currently manages the program. About this Study The State of Aging in Portland study highlights historical, current, and projected trends related to older adults and the age structure in the city of Portland and the greater metropolitan area. Although the primary focus has been the city of Portland, we have also looked at trends with respect to broader metropolitan area, including the seven counties that include and surround Portland city. Some analyses have looked at the city, compared to its inner and outer suburbs, while others compare Portland to other mid-size cities in the U.S. These approaches are meant to highlight trends and to provide researcher a roadmap for future research. The study is intended to inform staff at the City of Portland, partners in the aging network, and other stakeholders interested in and involved with making our community a better place to grow up and grow old. Although the original WHO conceptualization of age-friendly research defined the study population to be 60, we have generally used age 65 when discussing older adults in this report. However, we have used many different age groupings to analyze and display data; furthermore, we have examined trends from birth to death, in some sections, and understand the aging experience is not uniform and is influenced by many factors. This study and the partnerships that have made it possible, have emphasized equity through intersections with age, such as race and disability, both of which are critically important to understanding aging and health. Other factors such as gender, housing tenure, and household size and composition, and more have been examined. Accompanying this report are five learning modules in PowerPoint format that correspond to the sections of this report: (1) Population, (2) Race, (3) Disabilities, (4) Housing, and (5) Livability. Each of those learning modules should be viewed as a presentation as they are animated; those modules provide deeper analyses, as compared with this summary report