The universalism and generosity of the lotus sutra: an emblematic reaction for a new world

The date of the Parinirva of the Buddha. Early Buddhism There is not a general agreement about the date of the Parinirva of the Buddha. There are on this respect many opinions accepted by diverse Buddhist communities and by diverse scholars. Each one of these opinions is based in traditions, arguments and texts, according to which the date of the Parinirv25a should be located between the years 368 and 965 before the beginning of the Common Era. This fact indicates the importance of the divergences regarding the matter. The great symposium celebrated at Göttingen in the year 1988, on The Dating of the Historical Buddha (whose Proceedings were published1 in three volumes with a total of one thousand two hundred pages), reached no positive result. As a work hypothesis we fix for the Parinirva circa 480 before the C.E., and, as there is a general acceptance that the Buddha lived for 80 years, we fix the date of his birth circa 560 before the C.E. During great part of His life of 80 years the Buddha was dedicated to the preaching of his Doctrine. We can give the name of “Early Buddhism” to that form of Buddhism as taught by the Buddha himself. This form is recorded in many of the texts written in Pli included in the Pli TipiakaFil: Tola, Fernando. Fundación Instituto de Estudios Budistas; ArgentinaFil: Dragonetti, Carmen Leonor. Fundación Instituto de Estudios Budistas; Argentin

Contract Farming System: A Tool to Tranforming Rural Society in Sabah.

Recent decades have seen major change in agricultural technologies as a consequence to various programs for an agricultural development in rural areas of Sabah. Villagers in Sabah have always been receptive to new agricultural technologies that promises to improve their standard of living and as a reflection from the promotion of new agricultural technologies, many peoples in rural areas in Sabah now working with a mix of traditional and modern technologies. Along with the adoption of modern technologies, there has been a rapid transformation to cash economy among rural areas in Sabah (Marten, 1990). However, most villagers in Sabah are still produce almost entirely for home consumption, although the other economic activity of rural peoples in Sabah is small-enterprises as well as “kedai kampung” or rural shop that is registered under the local registration authority. This means, meeting basic household food needs is still the priority of most farmers in Sabah. Most also produced as much as surplus as possible to meet cash needs generated by expanding public education, rural electrification, modern communication (e.g. Radio and Television), and modern transport. It confirmed that most rural societies in Sabah still run their subsistence agricultural economy as compared to cash economy, which generally in farm activities, men do the major task and the women do the very minor task. Alongside with the fact that in this post-modern world most rural society in Sabah involved in agricultural economy, rural population especially among youth has declined. This means that human force for agricultural sector is declined as well. Rural population in Sabah was declining due to migration of younger-age groups. Outward migration among them was caused by the economic purposes such as to find non-agricultural financial resources (work in government sector either in the white or blue collar works). As according to Bryden (2000) villagers often migrated because the trend in agricultural income that is reported as lower than income from other economic activities. Some of them were migrated to the urban areas when they employed as the non-government professional executive level and further their education. Some other (female) moved to follow husband. In short, they were migrated because of work-related reason and to get social fulfillment in the form of further education, social amenities and the family reason. This phenomenon in the future, out migration of youth will leave the youngsters and old folks to maintain the village and at the end, population of rural areas in Sabah will be increasingly independent. Village-base economy especially agricultural production will suffer when the active youth have left for the town. In the other hand, rural poverty profile that is currently high will be increased. Hence, commercialization of agricultural sectors in rural areas assumed as the best resolution to improve villager’s standard of living that is bring about transformation of rural agrarian society from the traditional society to modern agrarian society through contract farming system.Contract Farming System, Rural Society

Regulating the private rented sector: Millennial themes

Purpose: This paper considers the evolution of government policies regarding the provision of housing in the private rented sector and the regulation of landlord behaviour by mapping this onto known regulatory theory. It argues that the current regulatory trajectory is highly problematic both from the perspective of land law (by further attenuating the conception of property rights) and indeed regulatory compliance. Design/methodology/approach: The approach maps successive governments’ policy stance, what is known of the configuration of the sector and the current demand for housing against evolving regulatory theory (in particular compliance). The piece draws on both property theory and economic analysis. Findings: Enrolling private sector landlords to enforce policies, other than those relating to the landlord and tenant relation (as indicated by the “right to rent” provisions), and attempts at professionalizing the sector may be highly problematic. Furthermore, the growth of regulation may impose an increasing regulatory burden on a significant proportion of the sector, namely, the smaller landlord especially those owning who own only one property. Research limitations/implications: The hypothesis has not been tested aside in a generalized manner by making reference to the evidence obtained by other researchers and landlord associations. It is for other researchers who may wish to test the hypothesis empirically. Practical implications: This paper includes a view that has not (to the author’s knowledge) been expressly articulated by Government or through its policies and is one which it may wish to reflect upon. Originality/value: This paper adopts a novel stance by deploying regulatory theory with understandings of property to highlight potential adverse effects

Indagini sperimentali e modellazione degli effetti idrologici dei cambiamenti di uso del suolo in ambiente mediterraneo

A hydrological study carried out in a hillside covered with Mediterranean maquis and pasture, which replaced the previous natural cover, is presented with the goal to study the effects of the natural vegetation removal on hydraulic characteristics and the hydrological behavior of soil. In this hillslope were monitored continuously the temperature and soil moisture at different depths with TDR probes. It was also carried out the hydraulic characterization of the soil. All tests and experimental observations were carried out in parallel in the soil under the maquis and in the pasture. The results showed that the removal of the Mediterranean vegetation has altered the hydraulic characteristics, the thermal regime and the soil hydrology. Indeed, the soil in the pasture, compared to that under the maquis, has a lower porosity, a higher apparent density, and shows a lower permeability. In the pasture, in winter the soil is close to saturation and ever shows a shallow water table. By contrast, the soil beneath the maquis never reached the saturation of entire soil, also due to the low precipitation measured under the canopy

An Introduction to John Fryer\u27s Theories on Translation into Chinese: Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China

John Fryer (1839–1928) was one of the most prolific foreign translators in China during the second half of the nineteenth century. The purpose of this article is to present in detail the theoretical background of Fryer\u27s activity as a translator: the paper analyzed can be considered a summary of Fryer\u27s work for the Jiangnan Arsenal and of his theories about translation into Chinese. The four parts of Fryer\u27s speech will be examined and its implications on his translation activity will be stressed; the author of the article will point to recent interpretations and the latest studies as references to analyze the theories put forth by Fryer. The author hopes his work can represent an instrument for researchers of John Fryer and, in general, the translation activities that took place in the framework of the phenomenon known as Xixue Dongjian 西學東漸.文部科学省グローバルCOEプログラム 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点松浦章教授古稀記念号[東アジアの言語と表象

El motivo del hambre o las implicancias genéricas de una escena programática (Lucano, B.C. 4.408-414)

La superposición de las categorías de Romanus y hostis que provocó la guerra civil en Roma de fines del siglo I a. C. devino un tópico cultural que atravesó la literatura latina desde la época ciceroniana. El Bellum Ciuile de Lucano exacerba los rasgos de dicho tópico y presenta el nefas fratricida a través de una serie de episodios que subrayan el carácter antinatural de ese acontecimiento bélico del pasado. A partir de un análisis estilístico-poético, mostraremos los alcances programáticos de una breve escena (408-414). que anuncia el suicidio colectivo instigado por Vulteyo en el centro narrativo del libro 4.The superposition of Romanus and hostis categories produced by Roman civil war at the end of the 1st century BC became a cultural topic of Latin literature from Cicero’s time. Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile exacerbates the topic and presents the fratricidal nefas in several episodes which underline the unnatural aspects of that martial event of the past. From a stylistic and poetic approach I show the programmatic implications of a short scene (408-414) which announces collective suicide in book 4.Fil: Tola, Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin

A Coalition of the (un)willing? The convergence of landlord and renter interests in the “right to rent”

The Immigration Act (2014 c. 24) at Part 3 established a new regime with private landlords incurring penalties (and potentially criminal liability from 1 November 2016) if they allow a person disqualified, by reason of migration status, to live, as their only or main home, in a property let by them. Known colloquially as the “right to rent”, the provisions signal a different approach to what has been perceived by Government as an ongoing problem – that of dealing with illegal migration. They operate in two ways; by restricting those subject to immigration control, access to accommodation through letting and occupation, and by imposing onerous duties on landlords to check tenants’ migration status. Crucially, the legislation not only refocuses the object of regulation, but purports to redefine in some ways the manner in which property rights in land have been historically conceptualized – primarily as a private rather than a public legal order. The right to rent provisions arguably flip this notion by making the act of letting accommodation the subject of intense scrutiny. Further, in expanding the purchase of the legislation, conceptual and practical counterproductive effects can arise. This paper will consider how a change in the emphasis of regulation introduced by the provisions, resulted in the coalescence of opposition by landlords and renters in a way that historiclly would have been unthinkable. This is most evident in the successful recent judicial challenge to the provisions at first instance, in the case R (JCWI) v. SSHD brought by the Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants (JCWI), where both landlord and tenant or renter representative bodies combined forces. Using the lens of Foucault’s governmentality, it is possible to see how Government has sought to shift the locus of control, which through its legislative and policy stance resulted in such fierce opposition. This paper will argue that by over-ext ending itself, Government’s quest for control can lead to “unholy alliances” that were previously unthinkable

Graphological foregrounding in contemporary Yorùbá newspapers

the way and manner they exploit the paralinguistic resources of the language. The malleability of the language exploitation is achieved through the symbiotic relationship between the language structure and language function. Employing the theory of foregrounding as analytical template, this study discusses graphological patterning of s writers, as communicative tools. The study contends that the graphological techniques have pragmatic forces which are stylistically contrived by the writers to capture readers' attention and interest with a view to entertaining and informing them. The paper concludes that the techniques are products of intention