11,064 research outputs found
Review of Early instructed second language acquisition: Pathways to competence; Editors: Joanna Rokita-Jaśkow, Melanie Ellis; Publisher: Multilingual Matters, 2019; ISBN: 9781788922494; Pages: 257
In a large scale survey of teachers’ perceptions of the challenges they face in teaching English to young primary school learners (Copland, Garton, & Burns, 2014), some of the key issues that are identified are as follows: teaching speaking, using only English in the classroom, enhancing motivation, maintaining discipline, catering for different individual needs (including special educational needs), dealing with parents, and teaching grammar as well as reading and writing. The relevance of Early Instructed Second Language Acquisition, edited by Rokita-Jaśkow and Ellis, is clearly shown by the fact that it addresses most of these central issues
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Mitochondrial disease associated with complex I (NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase) deficiency.
Mitochondrial diseases due to a reduced capacity for oxidative phosphorylation were first identified more than 20 years ago, and their incidence is now recognized to be quite significant. In a large proportion of cases the problem can be traced to a complex I (NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase) deficiency (Phenotype MIM #252010). Because the complex consists of 44 subunits, there are many potential targets for pathogenic mutations, both on the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Surprisingly, however, almost half of the complex I deficiencies are due to defects in as yet unidentified genes that encode proteins other than the structural proteins of the complex. This review attempts to summarize what we know about the molecular basis of complex I deficiencies: mutations in the known structural genes, and mutations in an increasing number of genes encoding "assembly factors", that is, proteins required for the biogenesis of a functional complex I that are not found in the final complex I. More such genes must be identified before definitive genetic counselling can be applied in all cases of affected families
LTAG analysis for pied-piping and stranding of wh-phrases
In this paper we propose a syntactic and semantic analysis of complex questions. We consider questions involving pied piping and stranding and we propose elementary trees and semantic representations that allow to account for both constructions in a uniform way
A Model for the Thermal Expansion of Ag(111) and other Metal Surfaces
We develop a model to study the thermal expansion of surfaces, wherein phonon
frequencies are obtained from ab initio total energy calculations. Anharmonic
effects are treated exactly in the direction normal to the surface, and within
a quasiharmonic approximation in the plane of the surface. We apply this model
to the Ag(111) and Al(111) surfaces, and find that our calculations reproduce
the experimental observation of a large and anomalous increase in the surface
thermal expansion of Ag(111) at high temperatures [P. Statiris, H.C. Lu and T.
Gustafsson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3574 (1994)]. Surprisingly, we find that this
increase can be attributed to a rapid softening of the in-plane phonon
frequencies, rather than due to the anharmonicity of the out-of-plane surface
phonon modes. This provides evidence for a new mechanism for the enhancement of
surface anharmonicity. A comparison with Al(111) shows that the two surfaces
behave quite differently, with no evidence for such anomalous behavior on
Al(111).Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Z. Chem. Phy
Theory of Adsorption on Metal Substrates
Contents:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Concepts and definitions
5.3 The tight-binding picture of bonding
5.4 Adsorption of isolated adatoms
5.5 Alkali-metal adsorption: the traditional picture of on-surface adsorption
5.6 Substitutional adsorption and formation of surface alloys
5.7 Adsorption of CO on transition-metal surfaces - a model system for a
simple molecular adsorbate
5.8 Co-adsorption [the example CO plus O on Ru(0001)]
5.9 Chemical reactions at metal surfaces
5.10 The catalytic oxidation of CO
5.11 Summary outline of main pointsComment: 73 pages including 44 figures. A version with high-resolution figures
and related publications can be found at
http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/paper.htm
Mechanism of efficient carbon monoxide oxidation at Ru(0001)
We performed density-functional theory calculations using the generalized
gradient approximation for the exhange-correlation functional to investigate
the unusual catalytic behavior of Ru under elevated gas pressure conditions for
the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction, which includes a particularly high CO_2
turnover. Our calculations indicate that a full monolayer of adsorbed oxygen
actuates the high rate, enabling CO_2 formation via both scattering of
gas-phase CO molecules as well as by CO molecules adsorbed at oxygen vacancies
in the adlayer, where the latter mechanism is expected to be very efficient due
to the relatively weak adsorption energy of both CO and O, as well as the close
proximity of these reactants. In the present paper we analyse the bonding and
electronic properties associated with the reaction pathway for CO_2 production
via the scattering reaction. We find that the identified ``bent'' transition
state is due to electron transfer into the unoccupied 2 pi orbitals of the CO
molecule which reduces the Pauli repulsion between the impinging CO and the
O-covered surface. Bond formation to CO_2 then proceeds by electron transfer
back from the CO 2 pi orbitals into the bonding region between CO and the
adsorbed O atom.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures. J. Vac. Sci. and Techn., in press (submitted
September 1996
Steering and ro-vibrational effects in the dissociative adsorption and associative desorption of H_2/Pd(100)
The interaction of hydrogen with many transition metal surfaces is
characterized by a coexistence of activated with non-activated paths to
adsorption with a broad distribution of barrier heights. By performing
six-dimensional quantum dynamical calculations using a potential energy surface
derived from ab initio calculations for the system H_2/Pd(100) we show that
these features of the potential energy surface lead to strong steering effects
in the dissociative adsorption and associative desorption dynamics. In
particular, we focus on the coupling of the translational, rotational and
vibrational degrees of freedom of the hydrogen molecule in the reaction
dynamics.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, subm. to the Proceedings of ISSP-18, June 1996,
Poland, to appear in Prog. Surf. Sc
Theory of alkali metal adsorption on close-packed metal surfaces
Results of recent density functional theory calculations for alkali metal
adsorbates on close-packed metal surfaces are discussed. Single adatoms on the
(111) surface of Al and Cu are studied with the self-consistent surface
Green-function method by which the pure adsorbate-substrate interaction may be
analyzed. Higher coverage ordered adlayers of K on Al(111), Na on Al(111), and
Na on Al(001) are treated using the ab-initio pseudopotential plane
wave method which affords the prediction of coverage dependent stable and
metastable adsorbate geometries and phase transitions of the adsorbate layers.
Together, these studies give insight and understanding into current key issues
in alkali metal adsorption, namely, the nature of the adsorbate-substrate bond
at low coverage and the occurrence of hitherto unanticipated adsorbate
geometries, and the associated electronic properties.Comment: to be published in Surface Reviews and Letters, 18 pages, 18 figure
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