Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42\ub74% vs 44\ub72%; absolute difference \u20131\ub769 [\u20139\ub758 to 6\ub711] p=0\ub767; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5\u20138] vs 6 [5\u20138] cm H2O; p=0\ub70011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30\ub75% vs 19\ub79%; p=0\ub70004; adjusted effect 16\ub741% [95% CI 9\ub752\u201323\ub752]; p<0\ub70001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0\ub780 [95% CI 0\ub775\u20130\ub786]; p<0\ub70001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status. Funding: No funding

Intestinal tuberculosis in immunocompetent/HIV negative patients: case report of two patients

In the past, extrapulmonary tuberculosis affected approximately 70% of patients with advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. However, with the advent of highly effective therapy, intestinal tuberculosis has become rare ― even more unusual in patients without immunodeficiency, HIV and pulmonary disease. The purpose of this study was to report the case of two patients diagnosed with intestinal tuberculosis and no immunodeficiency, HIV or lung disease. The first patient was diagnosed by colonoscopy performed in a mass located in the ileocecal region. After the tuberculosis treatment, the patient presented improvement regarding the mass and symptoms. The diagnosis of the second patient was achieved only with surgical resection of the lesion in proximal transverse colon. It is important for health professionals to know that intestinal tuberculosis should be considered as differential diagnosis of intestinal diseases, also for immunocompetent patients, even regarded as a rare disease.No passado, a tuberculose extrapulmonar acometia cerca de 70% dos pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar avançada. Porém, com o surgimento da terapia de alta eficácia, a tuberculose intestinal tornou-se de ocorrência mais rara - sendo ainda mais incomum de ocorrer em pacientes sem imunodeficiência, HIV e doença pulmonar. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o caso de dois pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose intestinal, sem sinais de imunodeficiência, HIV ou doença pulmonar. A primeira paciente foi diagnosticada por meio de biópsias realizadas por colonoscopia em uma massa localizada em região ileocecal; após o tratamento da tuberculose a paciente apresentou melhora da lesão e dos sintomas. O diagnóstico do segundo paciente só foi obtido com a ressecção cirúrgica da lesão em cólon transverso proximal. É importante que os profissionais da saúde saibam que a tuberculose intestinal deve ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial de patologias intestinais, até mesmo em pacientes imunocompetentes, mesmo sendo rara

Granular cell tumor of colon: a case report

Granular cell tumor rarely affects the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms are often unspecific and the diagnosis is reached accidentally by colonoscopy. We report the case of a 42-year-old patient diagnosed with granular cell carcinoma of the colon based on an incidental finding in colonoscopy, who was treated successfully by endoscopic excision of the tumor

Staging of colorectal cancer in the private service versus Brazilian National Public Health System: what has changed after five years?

INTRODUCTION: Cancer is a disease that affects a large population, being the colorectal cancer one of the most prevalent. The early diagnosis of these neoplasms represents a better life expectancy. The high cost of diagnostic tests and the low socioeconomic status are considered factors leading to delayed diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: Assess the difference between colorectal cancer staging in patients of private clinics and patients of the Brazilian National Health Service (SUS) and assess the changes in cancer staging in the past five years. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted with 53 patients divided in two groups (SUS and private clinic) diagnosed with colorectal cancer and treated in 2009. Staging of patients diagnosed in 2009 was compared with data from patients diagnosed in 2004, already published in 2005. RESULTS: Both groups were similar in gender and age. Regarding the staging of patients, no statistical difference was observed between the two groups (p=0.147). When comparing the staging of patients diagnosed in 2009 with that of patients studied in 2004, patients diagnosed in 2009 presented early stages (II and III) in relation to patients analyzed in 2004 (III and IV), pINTRODUÇÃO: O câncer é uma doença que afeta grande parte da população, sendo o câncer colorretal um dos mais prevalentes. O diagnóstico precoce dessas neoplasias resulta em uma melhor expectativa de vida. O alto custo dos exames diagnósticos e o baixo nível socioeconômico são apontados como fatores que levam ao atraso no diagnóstico. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a diferença no estadiamento de câncer colorretal no momento do diagnóstico de pacientes oriundos da clínica privada e pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), assim como, avaliar as mudanças no estadiamento nos últimos cinco anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 54 pacientes divididos em dois grupos (SUS e clínica privada) diagnosticados no ano de 2009. Os estadiamentos dos pacientes diagnosticados em 2009 foram comparados com os dados de pacientes diagnosticados em 2004, já publicados em 2005. RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos eram similares em gênero e idade. Em relação ao estadiamento dos pacientes não houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos (p=0,147). Na comparação entre os pacientes de 2009 e os pacientes estudados em 2004 se evidencia que os pacientes de 2009 apresentaram-se com estádios mais precoces (II e III) em relação aos pacientes de 2004 (III e IV), p<0,001. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença no estadiamento dos pacientes do SUS comparado ao estadiamento dos pacientes da clínica privada. Os pacientes tratados no ano de 2009 se apresentaram com estádios mais precoces em relação aos tratados em 2004

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p&lt;0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p&lt;0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status