N,N′-(4-Chloro­benzyl­idene)dipyrimidin-2-amine

The title compound, C15H13ClN6, contains two pyrimidine rings and one benzene ring, where the dihedral angle between the planes through the pyrimidine rings is 81.57 (10)°, and those between the pyrimidine rings and the benzene ring are 84.02 (8) and 89.46 (7)°, indicating that the three rings are almost perpendicular. In the crystal, inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into infinite chains along (100)

A cross-sectional study of relationship between self-esteem and self-concept of students of medical sciences

Background: Identification of the role of factors such as self-esteem and self-efficacy and the investigation of their relationship among students can bring about improvement of educational planning and enhance the teaching outcome. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy among the students of medical sciences.Methods: The present study is an analytical-descriptive which was conducted as a cross-sectional study on 394 students of Fasa University of Medical Sciences in 2016. In order to collect the data two questionnaires were used namely, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI) and Rogers Self-concept Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22. The researchers used descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-test, chi-square one-way ANOVA, and correlation to analyze the data.Results: The mean and the standard deviation of self-esteem scores of female and male students were 38.23±6.80 and 37.51±6.67 respectively. The mean and the standard deviation of self-concept scores of female and male students were 9.49±3.53 and 9.43±4.14 respectively. The mean of self-concept scores of students of different majors had statistically significant difference with each other (0.011), whereas there was no statistically significant difference in self-esteem scores among students with different majors (0.442).Conclusions: Considering the statistically significant difference in students’ self-concept scores in different majors, it is suggested that we take right approaches to the improvement and enhancement of individuals’ self-concept and the creation of positive feedback

The relationship between severity of epilepsy and sleep disorder in epileptic children

Background: Sleep disturbances are one of the most common behavioral problems in childhood. Sleep problems have an even greater prevalence in children with epilepsy and are one of the most common comorbid conditions in childhood epilepsy.Methods: The present study was a descriptive- correlation study with the general goal of determining the effects of epilepsy on sleep habits of epileptic children in Hamadan, Iran, in 2014. Sampling was done using convenience sampling techniques. Data was collected by using The Early Childhood Epilepsy Severity Scale (E-Chess) and Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). It was analyzed by using SPSS (20) and descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The mean score of sleep habits were 55/08 ± 6/71. Bedtime resistance (12/14 ± 2/93), parasomnias (11/02 ± 1/84) and sleep anxiety (8/29 ± 2/46) were the most frequent sleep disorders in the studied sample. Based on Pearson’s r, there were significant positive bidirectional relationships between bedtime resistance (rs = 0.129, p < 0.019), parasomnias (rs = 0.298, p < 0.005), sleep disordered breathing (rs = 0.295, p < 0.005), CSHQ total score (rs = 0.144, p < 0.022) on the one hand, and children’s epilepsy severity on the other.Conclusion: Sleep problems should not be overlooked, and a comprehensive review of the sleep habits of this group of patients should be conducted.

The effect of traditional music on mental status of chronic schizophrenic patients: a clinical trial study

Background and aims: Music therapy is a simple and inexpensive method for the treatment of some psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of traditional music on the mental state of hospitalized chronic schizophrenia patients. Methods: In this clinical trial, 30 schizophrenia patients in the intervention group received routine treatment and attended music therapy sessions and 30 patients in the control group received routine treatment alone. Group music therapy sessions with traditional music were conducted 5 times a week for 2 months. Demographic questionnaire and Andreasen’s positive and negative symptoms questionnaires were completed at baseline and after the completion of music therapy sessions. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS version 16.0 using independent and paired t tests. Results: The mean scores of delusion (P=0.001) and bizarre behavior (P=0.036) and the total score of the SAPS (P=0.001) significantly decreased after intervention in the music therapy group. However, in the control group, the differences in the total and individual domain scores of the SAPS were not significant (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the control and music therapy groups in the total and individual domain scores of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) before and after the intervention (P>0.05). Additionally, before and after the study, the mean score of avolition in the music therapy group was significantly lower compared to the control group (P=0.03). The mean score of alogia in the music therapy group was significantly lower compared to the control group (P=0.01). Conclusion: Music therapy is effective in improving most of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and some of its negative aspects, and therefore can be used as a complementary therapy along with drug therapy. Keywords: Schizophrenia, Positive symptoms, Negative symptoms, Music therap

Protective effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Teucrium polium on Mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity

زمینه و هدف: ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدانی موجود در گیاهان دارویی نماینده های مناسبی برای حفاظت در برابر مسمومیت ناشی از آلاینده های صنعتی هستند. در تحقیق حاضر اثر حفاظتی عصاره آبی الکلی برگ گیاه کلپوره (Teucrium polium) بر مسمومیت کلیوی ناشی از کلرید جیوه ارزیابی گردید. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی از 28 سر موش سوری نر استفاده شد. حیوانات به طور تصادفی در 4 گروه شاهد، گروه دریافت کننده کلرید جیوه، گروه دریافت کننده کلرید جیوه همراه با عصاره کلپوره و گروه دریافت کننده عصاره کلپوره تقسیم شدند. دوزهای کلرید جیوه و عصاره کلپوره به ترتیب mg/kg 5/1 و mg/kg 200 روزانه به مدت 8 روز به صورت داخل صفاقی تزریق شدند. در پایان، نمونه‌های خونی تهیه و مسمومیت کلیوی توسط اندازه‌گیری غلظت سرمی اوره و کراتینین با استفاده از روش اسپکتروفتومتری و کیت‌های اختصاصی بطور غیر مستقیم اندازه‌گیری شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آزمون آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و متعاقب آن تست Tukey در نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شد. یافته ها: کلرید جیوه سبب افزایش معنی داری در غلظت سرمی اوره و کراتینین در مقایسه با گروه شاهد شد (05/0

1-(2-Pyrid­yl)-N,N′-dipyrimidin-2-ylmethane­diamine

In the title compound, C14H13N7, inter­molecular N—H⋯N and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into infinite one-dimensional chains along (100). A C—H⋯π inter­action also occurs in the crystal

Major and minor criteria for gastric dystemperaments in Persian Medicine: Sari gastric dystemperament criteria-I (SGDC-I)

<div class="msocomtxt" id="com1" language="JavaScript" onmouseout="msoCommentHide('com1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('anchor1','com1')">Background: Gastric disorders are one of the most common human ailments, which impose a huge economic burden on countries. In Persian Medicine (PM), it is possible to predict the susceptibility to gastric diseases with diagnosis of gastric Mizajes (temperaments) and dystemperaments. The semiology of gastric dystemperaments has been investigated in PM textbooks, although the value of each sign and symptom is not mentioned. Consequently, this research is designed to determine the major and minor criteria for classifying gastric dystemperaments on the basis of valid manuscripts and with the help of PM specialists in the present era. Methods: This was a consensus-based study consisting of four phases. In the first phase, reference PM textbooks were studied. Symptoms and signs of gastric dystemperaments were collected and listed in four groups. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews with a sample of PM experts were carried out. Phase three included a focused group discussion with experts. Eventually, findings were integrated from the three study phases in a two-day meeting in Sari City. Results: Selected criteria included eight major and eight minor criteria for hot-cold dystemperament, as well as six major and eight minor criteria for wet-dry gastric dystemperament. Conclusion: Modern lifestyles and the interfering factors are responsible for some changes in diagnostic signs and symptoms according to PM. This was the first step to coordinate PM diagnostic criteria for gastric dystemperaments. Further studies are recommended to reach a unique protocol in the field of PM diagnostics. The next step includes design and validation of national diagnostic tools. &#160

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe