The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits

Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel; P < 5 x 10(-8)), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution.A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiological changes and therap

MISE EN ÉVIDENCE EXPÉRIMENTALE DE L'INFLUENCE DES IMPURETÉS SUR LA VITESSE DE MIGRATION DES JOINTS DE GRAINS DANS LA RECRISTALLISATION DE L'ALUMINIUM

La vitesse de migration des joints de grains a été mesurée lors de la recristallisation de tôles d'aluminium de composition variée fortement déformées par laminage à froid. Parmi les éléments d'addition étudiés, le fer a une action retardatrice particulièrement importante, même à de très faibles teneurs et la quantité de fer présente en solution solide a une influence sur la vitesse de migration des joints de grains. Pour les faibles concentrations en fer, on peut observer, suivant la vitesse de mise en température, deux vitesses de migration des joints de grains, très différentes. Le béryllium et le zirconium ajoutés à de l'aluminium raffiné ont un effet opposé : le béryllium en précipitant le fer augmente la vitesse de migration des joints de grains tandis que le zirconium lorsqu'il est ségrégé dans les joints peut fortement réduire cette vitesse. On discute les résultats expérimentaux obtenus à la lumière des théories de Cahn et de Lücke et Stüwe sur la migration des joints de grains avec entraînement des impuretés en solution solide. On montre que pour de nombreux éléments, il existe un bon accord entre la théorie et l'expérience. Pour certains éléments cependant l'accord paraît moins satisfaisant.Grain boundary migration rate has been experimentally determined in cold rolled aluminium sheets of various impurity content. Among impurities examined, iron has an important effect even for small concentrations and the amount of iron in solid solution determines the grain boundary migration rate. Depending on the heating rate, two different migration rates can be observed for small iron concentrations. Additions of Be or Zr to high purity aluminium have opposite effects : Be by precipitating iron increases the grain boundary migration rate while Zr when segregated to grain boundaries can strongly reduce the migration rate. We compare the experimental results to the predictions of the impurity drag theory. Good agreement is obtained for only some of the elements

The RIB dynamics of the SPIRAL 2 transfer line

International audienc

The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project

The PREDICTS project—Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)—has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity