PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA ANAK USIA DUA TAHUN DALAM BAHASA SEHARI - HARI

Abstrak. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pemerolehan bahasa anak usia dua tahun dalam bahasa sehari- hari melalui kajian sintaksis, kata sifat, kata benda dan kata kerja. Setiap anak memperoleh bahasa ibu pada tahap pertama kehidupannya.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemerolehan bahasa pada anak usia dua tahun dalam kajian sintaksis, kata sifat, kata benda dan kata kerja. Melalui kajian ini akan diketahui pemerolehan bahasa dari segi sintaksis yang sudah dapat diproduksi oleh Muhammad Naufal Hardiwinata sebagai subjek penelitian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Pada data penelitian ini menggunakan kebahasaan lisan yang direkam. Langkah yang dilakukan adalah data yang berupa rekaman yang ditranskripsikan ke dalam bentuk tulisan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemerolehan bahasa Haikal dari segi pemerolehan dan produksi sintaksis dapat dinyatakan Haikal sudah bisa merangkai kata-kata secara sederhana, mulai dari satu, dua sampai empat kata, dan akhirnya membentuk kalimat. Dalam pemerolehan bahasa Haikal dari segi kata sifat, kata benda dan kata kerja sudah baik. Kata Kunci: Pemerolehan Bahasa, anak, sintaksis, kata kerja, kata                      benda dan kata sifat. Abstract. This study discusses the acquisition of two-year-old children's language in everyday language through syntactic studies, adjectives, nouns and verbs. Every child gets their mother tongue in the first stage of their life. The purpose of this study is to find out the acquisition of language in two-year-old children in the study of syntax, adjectives, nouns and verbs. Through this study, it is known that the acquisition of language in terms of syntax can be produced by Muhammad Naufal Hardiwinata as a research subject. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. In this research data uses recorded oral language. The steps taken are data in the form of records which are transcribed into written form. The results of this study indicate that the acquisition of Haikal language in terms of acquisition and syntactic production can be stated Haikal can arrange words simply, ranging from one, two to four words, and finally form sentences. In acquiring the Haikal language in terms of adjectives, nouns and verbs are good.Keywords: Obtaining Language, children, syntax, verbs, nouns and                   adjectives

Adverse Events Associated with BNT162b2 and AZD1222 Vaccines in the Real World: Surveillance Report in a Single Italian Vaccine Center

Aim: Despite huge efforts in developing specific drugs, vaccination represents the only effective strategy against COVID-19. Efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines were established during clinical trials. Nonetheless, it is very important to perform continuous surveillance. This observational study aimed to report potential Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) following the first dose of two different COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b2 and AZD1222. Methods and Results: Subjects who underwent vaccination at the vaccine center of the University Hospital of Salerno, Italy, were interviewed using an ad hoc questionnaire. AZD-vac group (n = 175) who received AZD1222 had a higher number of AEFI than the BNT-vac group (n = 1613) who received BNT162b2 (83% vs. 42%). The most frequent AEFI associated with AZD1222 and BNT162b2 were fever and pain at the injection site, respectively. The AZD-vac group used drugs to contrast AEFI more frequently than the BNT-vac group. In the BNT-vac group, there was a higher incidence of AEFI in women than in men (26.2% vs. 15.8%, p = 0.01), while no gender-related difference was observed in the AZD-vac group. Conclusions: AZD1222 and BNT162b2 vaccines show a good safety profile. Based on our results and literature data, there are no reasons to justify the reluctance that persists towards immunization

Buenos Aires e le villas. Il radicamento dell'informale

LAUREA MAGISTRALE“Buenos Aires e le Villas. Il radicamento dell’informale” Abstract Tra la fine del XIX sec e l’inizio del XX sec, l’Argentina ha visto crescere esponenzialmente la propria popolazionea causa delle migrazioni. Prima le migrazioni bianche europee, fortemente volute dal governo centrale. A partire degli anni’40 avviene un cambio di rotta e il paese inizia a vedere il cambiamento nell’aspetto degli immigranti: sono gli uomini e le donne delle provincie più remote del paese, e anche dei paesi limitrofi. Le migrazioni massiccie e la velocità con cui sono avvenute sono tra le cause della formazione degli insediamenti informali che, ormai, sono diventati parte del paesaggi urbano di molte città, sopratutto in America Latina. “Villa Miseria” è il termine utilizzato per definire questo fenomeno urbano che è emerso principalmente nelle grandi città di Buenos Aires, Cordoba e Rosario. Le tesi si pone come un excursus storico-sociologico intento a studiare la nascita e le caratteristiche di questo fenomeno urbano e il cambio di atteggiamento della società nei confronti di questa realtà nel corso del XX sec all’interno della città di Buenos Aires. Attraverso un’analisi del fenomeno generale in ambito latinoamericano e le teorie che argomentano il concetto stesso di slum, architettura di emergenza e di diritto alla città. Dopo si passa a un capitolo di analisi storica che descrive i piani urbani della città e delle politiche abitative nelle varie “epoche” del secolo scorso in Argentina, dal peronismo alle dittature militari. Il tentativo è di delineare la nascita e la trasformazione dell’identità villera, di come poco a poco l’atteggiamento della società è cambiato iniziando ad accettare e a riconoscere “il diritto alla città” di questa fascia di popolazione. Per ricostruire la storia recente degli anni ’90, in cui si raccontano i progetti di recupero dell’informalità in vari punti dell’America Latina, e degli anni successivi alla grande crisi economica che ha colpito il paese nel 2001, la tesi arricchisce del contributo di sei interviste a persone che lavorano e vivono a contatto diretto con queste realtà. A conclusione dell’elaborato si è voluto proporre uno studio delle strategie urbane per gli spazi pubblici all’interno della Villa 21-24, nella zona sud di Buenos Aires, che intende ricreare attraverso la partecipazione e lo sport, un sentimento comunitario attraverso appropriazione degli spazi. Si vuole superare così la condizione di ghetto, riaprire il barrio alla città, e la città agli abitanti.Buenos Aires and the villas. Settling the informal In the period between the XIX and the XX century, Argentina saw the growth of his population because of the migrations. Before the european white ones, strongly wanted from the central government. In the 40’s change the directions of those migrants arriving in the country: men and women arriving from all the far lands of the country, and also from the bordering countries. Massive migrations and the velocity of them were the reason of the rise of informal settlements, that are part of the landscape of most of latinamerican countries. “Villa miseria” is the noun used to describe this phenomenon birth in the biggest argentinian cities. The thesis wants to be a historic and sociologic excursus that try to study the origins and the characteristics of this urban phenomenon and the change of attitude of the society in rapport of those, during the XX century in the city of Buenos Aires. Analyzing this fact , common at all the South America, and some theories about the concept of “slum”, emergency architecture and right to the city. After an historic chapter describing the urban plans of the city and the housing politics in the different periods of the last century in Argentina, from peronism to the dictatorships. I try to explore the birth and the transformation of the identity of the people of the slum, and how society changed in rapport of them, recognizing and accepting the “right to the city” of them. For recent history, in 90’s and post 2001 crisis the thesis uses the interview instrument and let talk the protagonists or workers of the villas, that describe what is happening. Concludes this work a small urban strategy proposal for public spaces in the Villa 21-24, in the south Buenos Aires, that aim to create, by sports and participation, the sense of community through space appropriation. Go beyond the ghetto condition, re-opening the barrio to the city, and the city to the inhabitants

Risk assessment of look‒alike, sound‒alike (LASA) medication errors in an Italian hospital pharmacy: A model based on the ‘Failure Mode and Effect Analysis’

Introduction: Look alike/sound alike (LASA) drugs errors can take place in hospital wards, and they can place patients at risk for adverse events and death. This study was aimed to realize a risk assessment model for preventing LASA drugs distribution errors by the ‘S.Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona’ hospital pharmacy, in Salerno, Italy. Methods: We used the ‘Failure Mode and Effect Analysis’ (FMEA) technique in combination with the Recommendations released by the Italian Ministry of Health in 2010. Our analysis led to the identification of the potential failure modes, together with their causes and effects, using the risk priority number (RPN) scoring system. A paired T test was used to compare means of RPN 1 and RPN 2, respectively before and after their application, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of corrective actions. Results: In total, 6 phases, 16 steps, and 13 different potential failure modes were identified. The highest ranked failure modes, with an RPN score of 48 pertained to wrong drug dosage selection. Some of the critical failure modes in sample processing (phases n.1, 2, 3, and 4) were improved by 69.7% in the RPN by focusing on automated technology systems. T test showed that the difference between RPN 1 and RPN 2 was statistically significant for all corrective measures provided by our action plan. Conclusions: Our study showed a lot of potential failure modes related to LASA drugs distribution system provided by the hospital pharmacy. Information technology solutions can be effective to reduce this risk, but the potential for error will remain unless these systems are carefully implemented