Seasonal Occurrence of Pine Root Collar Weevil, \u3ci\u3eHylobius Radicis\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Red Pine Stands Undergoing Decline

A trapping scheme was devised for sampling the pine root collar weevil, Hylobius radicis, in mature red pine plantations in Wisconsin. Adult weevils were trapped throughout the 1986 field season, and the method appears sensitive enough to discern temporal and spatial trends. The number of weevils caught was higher in stands symptomatic of the general condition currently labelled Red Pine Decline and Mortality. In some stands there was a strong tendency for trap catches to be particularly high near certain trees. Seasonal trends and sex ratios were compared with published reports of H. radicis activity in Michigan

Use of a Monitoring System to Evaluate Pesticide Efficacy and Residual Activity Against Two Pine Root Weevils, \u3ci\u3eHylobius Pales\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3ePachylobius Picivorus\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Christmas Tree Farms

Hylobius pales, the pales weevil, and Pachylobius picivorus, the pitch-eating weevil, comprise part of a weevil complex which affects plantation pine production in the Lake States. Common control practices on Christmas tree farms include calendar applications of persistent insecticides. The resulting environmental risks could be minimized by repeating applications only when needed. A sampling method using ethanol-and turpentine-baited pitfall traps was used here to assess the efficacy and monitor persistence of chemical sprays. Trap catch in lindane-treated field plots and untreated controls were compared over two years. Unsprayed controls had significantly higher weevil populations than treated plots. Spray efficacy continued for three years following tion. Weevil population growth in relation to insecticide efficacy and degradation is discussed

\u3ci\u3eMicroctonus Pachylobii\u3c/i\u3e (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): New Host Record From \u3ci\u3eHylobius Radicis\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Additional Notes on Its Biology

The endoparasite Microctonus pachylobii was discovered parasitizing a new weevil host, Hylobius radicis. Thirteen of the 154 H. radicis adults collected were parasitized (8.5%). The median numbers of parasites per weevil were 26 (x =22.5) during the period April through June, and 4 (x =9.4) during August and September. The median male:female sex ratio was 0.91 (x =0.65). Males emerged approximately 1 day earlier than females. Median parasite mortality while in the cocoon was 10.2% per parasitized weevil (x = 11.8%). Microctonus pachylobii was not found parasitizing two previously recorded weevil hosts from field samples, Hylobius rhizophagus and H. pales, and a laboratory study suggests that the parasite may have difficulty parasitizing the latter species

Effects of Hybrid Poplar (Salicaceae) Clone and Phenology on Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Performance in Wisconsin

Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) developmental interactions with two hybrid Populus species clones were studied in laboratory trials. Significant differences in larval performance were found between clones and within the same clone at different phenological states. No larvae were able to complete development on clone NM6. All gypsy moth larvae feeding on clone NC5271 survived when leafflush was synchronized with gypsy moth eclosion in early May. However, neonates feeding on NC5271 foliage in July experienced in- creased mortality. Weights of surviving gypsy moth larvae feeding on NC5271 foliage in May versus July were not significantly different

Use of Ethanol-and-Turpentine-Baited Flight Traps to Monitor \u3ci\u3ePissodes\u3c/i\u3e Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Christmas Tree Plantations

Pissodes nemorensis and Pissodes strobi are major pests of pine production in eastern North America. Ethanol-and-turpentine baited traps were used here to monitor weevil populations in a Scotch pine Christmas tree plantation in Wisconsin. Baited pitfall traps were ineffective in trapping either weevil species. However, baited flight traps at 0.8 and 1.6 m above ground effectively captured flying weevils of both species, 70% of which were P. nemoren­sis. Females of both species were more attracted than males to the ethanoll turpentine baits. Significantly more female P. nemorensis and total P. nemorensis were trapped at a height of 0.8 m than 1.6 m. There was no significant difference in male P. nemorensis response to the different heights, nor was there a significant difference in response to trap height by P. strobi

New Host Records and Developmental Notes on the Pear Slug \u3ci\u3eCaliroa Cerasi\u3c/i\u3e (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), Feeding on \u3ci\u3eCotoneaster\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eChaenomeles\u3c/i\u3e Species.

The pear slug. Caliroa cerasi was collected and reared to adulthood on flowering quince and three species of Cotoneaster. This is the first record of C. cerasi attacking any member of the genus Chaenomeles and the first confirmation of feeding on Cotoneaster in North America. Adult emergence, oviposition, and larval development were evaluated under both laboratory and field conditions. Females lay an average of 48 eggs, with about two-thirds of the oviposition occurring during their first 24 hours. A method for monitoring adult emergence in the field was developed

Enforcements in Financial Disputes: A Case for an Interbank Award Clearing Framework

Resolving disputes resulting from high speed and fast-moving financial transactions has become an essential requirement for the stability of global financial markets as proven by previous crises. In the 2007 crisis, millions of investors ended with worthless investment agreements. The public did not believe they could pursue claims in state courts and had no faith in the operating regulatory systems. Delays in the enforcement of compensatory awards drained the concept of justice of its meaning. Bankers were bailed out instead of being made to pay for acts of recklessness, information asymmetry and mis-selling. The result was panic and a run on investment banks and the financial crisis ensued. The question is whether an arbitration process that guarantees immediate payment of arbitral awards can accelerate recovery from a crisis and alleviate the burden on state bailouts using taxpayers’ money? Empirical research show that enforceable and swift dispute resolution for financial disputes can establish certainty in the financial markets and assist in deterring imbedded acts of moral hazard within the financial sector. This in turn will impede the main ingredient for financial crises generated within the financial institutions sector and reduce the possibility of recurrences of financial crises such as that of 2007/2008. It is against this background that this thesis is proposing the instant monetizing mechanism of arbitral awards that result from banking disputes. The purpose behind the choice of the financial sector as a pilot for such a proposal is the ready availability of interbank clearing networks. Such networks can play an important role re-injecting funds back into the market through the ease of monetizing the awards and instantly transferring funds to claimant investors. Applying this concept particularly in the financial sector will clear backlogs of investors’ funds that will unfailingly find their way back into the financial markets through the banks. Recycling the funds back into the markets will instantly speed the markets’ recovering cycle and avert deep crises. This thesis acknowledges the role of arbitration in the settlement of financial disputes and the integral role that the enforcement of financial dispute can have in facilitating financial stability in a crisis. It recognises that an arbitration process is as effective as the swiftness by which its awards are enforced. It, as such, argues that a framework that can use existing interbank clearing networks to enforce and clear arbitral awards will efficiently address investors’ disputes. In turn it will help stabilize financial markets by removing uncertainty. The proposed framework will identify possibilities of clearing, trading and discounting arbitral awards while guaranteeing the maintenance of liquidity within the financial markets. Once implemented, the framework will remain innovative as it will operate through already functioning networks using up-to-date clearing technology such as blockchain. As the clearing networks continue to develop in to match the speed by which financial markets progress, the award clearing framework will remain as fast and innovative

Tolerance of Plant Monoterpenes and Diterpene Acids by Four Species of Lymantriidae (Lepidoptera) Exhibiting a Range of Feeding Specificities

Lymantriidae (Lepidoptera) is a family of leaf-feeding insects that includes some of the most damaging forest pests worldwide. Species within this family vary widely in feeding specificity. We evaluated the ability of four species, Douglas fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough), nun moth (Lymantria monacha L. ), rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua (L.)), and white- marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma (J. E. Smith)), to contend with one of the most ubiquitous and effective groups of plant defense compounds, terpenoids. We selected these species to provide a range of feeding specificities on conifer hosts, from obligate to occasional. We evaluated the effects of three monoterpenes (bornyl acetate, limonene, and myrcene) and two diterpene acids (isopimaric acid and neoabietic acid) on larval performance. Although these four species differ in their feeding ranges, utilization of conifers as hosts, and other life history processes, each shows a relatively high tolerance for conifer terpenes. The mean relative growth rates, relative consumption rates, and development times were not affected by these monoterpenes and diterpene acids when administered at concentrations present in the foliage of conifers in which they are most abundant. The most likely explanation seems to be metabolism, as a) no limonene or myrcene were recovered from frass or larvae, and b) borneol, an apparent metabolite of bornyl acetate, was recovered from frass of Douglas fir tussock moth, rusty tussock moth, and white-marked tussock moth, and from tissues of Douglas fir tussock moth and white-marked tussock moth

Orientation of \u3ci\u3eHylobius Pales\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3ePachylobius Picivorus\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Visual Cues

Pitfall traps with above-ground silhouettes of various colors and diameters were used in field tests to evaluate the role of vision in host orientation by adult pales weevils, Hylobius pales, and pitch-eating weevils, Pachylobius picivorus. White traps (11 em outer diameter) baited with ethanol and turpentine caught significantly more weevils than similarly baited black or green traps (11 cm outer diameter). Trap diameter (range of 6-22 cm outer diameter) did not affect trap catch. Pitfall traps can be used to monitor root weevil populations in young pine plantations and Christmas tree farms, where they are major pests. These results demonstrate that visual and chemical cues can be integrated to improve trap efficiency

Where do bosons actually belong?

We explore a variety of reasons for considering su(1,1) instead of the customary h(1) as the natural unifying frame for characterizing boson systems. Resorting to the Lie-Hopf structure of these algebras, that shows how the Bose-Einstein statistics for identical bosons is correctly given in the su(1,1) framework, we prove that quantization of Maxwell's equations leads to su(1,1), relativistic covariance being naturally recognized as an internal symmetry of this dynamical algebra. Moreover su(1,1) rather than h(1) coordinates are associated to circularly polarized electromagnetic waves. As for interacting bosons, the su(1,1) formulation of the Jaynes-Cummings model is discussed, showing its advantages over h(1).Comment: 9 pages, to appear in J. Phys. A: Math. Theo