Contemporary China and Traditional China : From the Viewpoint of Institutional Economics and Social Systems Theory

現代中国の経済や社会をトータルに理解するために、金観涛・劉青峰 (1983) の「超安定システム」の理論を取り上げ、制度経済学と社会システム論の観点から現代中国と伝統中国とのつながりを考察した。明らかになった点は、次の６点である。①改革開放政策導入以降の高パフォーマンスは、標準的経済理論が提唱する移行経済の処方箋に沿う制度改革と政策を実施した結果であるが、他方ではそれと根本的に矛盾・対立する問題点が数多く存在する。②中国封建社会の基本形態は、一体化構造を形成する国家官僚組織と宗族制度によるシステムの維持と修復という二重の「調整メカニズム」を備える特異な社会システム（「超安定システム」）である。③中国伝統社会は西欧社会とはまったく異質の社会構造を持ち、まったく異質の歴史（「複製」と「進化」）を有する社会システムであり、その異質性は中国の伝統的学問体系に由来する。④完全な君主独裁制が確立するのは宋代以降、権力と民間が乖離し宗族や同郷同業団体等の中間組織が発達するのは17世紀以降の清朝以降のことである。⑤19世紀中葉、まったく性質の異なる西欧社会と出会った伝統中国の対応は、辛亥革命までは立憲主義に基づく漸進的な近代化、それ以降は革命による近代化が主導権を握り、共産党による新中国の建国につながる。⑥現代中国は「現代化（近代化）」の大きなプロセスの途上で、伝統中国の構造的特質を継承している面が大きい。いずれの特徴がより大きいのか、大きくなるのかについては、更なる考察・観察が必要とされる

Field Analysis of SF(6) Gas Insulated Cables and Its Application to Spacer Design

This paper describes the spacer design for SF(6) gas insulated cables. The maximum electric stress within the cable is calculated by a numerical method, and it is recognized that the breakdown voltage depends linearly on the calculated values. Moreover, the effects of varying the shape of the spacer are made clear in this study for designing an optimum spacer

Stratigraphical and Sedimentological Studies of the Paleogene to Miocene Strata in Southwestern Shikoku, Japan

In the Hata Peninsula, Kochi Prefecture, the thick strata of Tertiary age are widely distributed, occupying a part of the Shimanto Terrain, which is situated in the southern most part of the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan. The strata can be classified into the Hata Group, the Shimizu Formation and the Misaki Formation on the basis of their lithology and geological age. The Hata Group includes the nearly contemporaneous Hirata, Tatsugasako, Kurusuno and Hiromi Formations, ranging in age from Eocene to Early Oligocene (?). The Hirata Formation is mud-dominated sequence containing shallow-marine molluscs. The Tatsugasako and Kurusuno Formations are composed mainly of alternating beds of sandstone and shale with various sand/shale ratios. The former includes pebbly sand-stone in the Upper Member, while the latter is interbedded with acidic tuff at several horizons. The Hiromi Formation is pervasively sheared sequence which consists of chaotic deposits with minor intercalations of greenstone and red shale. The Hirata, Tatsugasako-Kurusuno and Hiromi Formations correspond to shelf facies, flysch facies and mélange facies, respectively. The Shimizu Formation consists mainly of chaotic deposits, accompanied locally with coherent beds. The chaotic deposits contain irregular-shaped blocks and clasts of various kinds of sedimentary and igneous rocks (mainly sandstone) dispersed in scaly and cloven muddy matrix. The coherent beds are less deformed, consisting of conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone. The Shimizu Formation is referable to an olistostrome ranging in age from Late Oligocene to Early Miocene. The Misaki Formation is represented by shallow-marine sandstone and mudstone, and shows a coarsening- and thickening-upward cycle as a whole. The formation unconformably overlies the Shimizu Formation. Its lowest horizon is assigned to upper Lower Miocene (Burdigalian) on the basis of planktonic foraminifers. Most of the sandstones of the Tertiary strata are rich in quartz and poor in rock fragment. They belong to feldspathic wacke. The sandstones of the Hiromi Formation are, however, exceptionally richer in feldspar and rock fragment than others. The paleo-current directions in the Hata Group are clearly grouped into two systems: One is represented by longitudinal current from southwest to northeast with lateral current, and the other by southerly lateral current and westerly longitudinal current. The general sense of current flow in the Misaki Formation was dominantly to the south. The result of the analysis of sedimentary facies suggests that a part of the Hata Group corresponds definitely to turbidite fan deposits, and that most of the group corresponds to non-fan deposits. The Shimizu Formation contains coherent olistoliths of non-marine deposits, shallow-water deposits and deep-water deposits. On the other hand, the Misaki Formation is interpreted as representing progradational deposition on beach to basin plain, affected by storm waves and tidal currents. Lastly, the depositional history from Eocene to Middle Miocene is discussed from the stratigraphical and sedimentological viewpoints

The tinctorial stability of carthamin on polysaccharides and related substances

Various saccharides and related substances were mixed with carthamin in aqueous solutions and their effects on red colour stability compared. At a low temperature range (5 °C), mono- and disaccharides contributed to preservation of the carthamin red colouration. No mono- and disaccharides could relieve carthamin from being bleached at a high temperature (30 °C). Among polysaccharides and their derivates (tested at 30 °C for 24 h in the dark), Avicel cellulose was most effective for the retention of the red colour of carthamin (52 %). Chitin was also promising (41 %). CM-Cellulose, Sephadex G-15 and starch followed this (25, 17 and 13 %, respectively). The effects of alginic acid, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, agar and xylan were still further reduced (11, 8, 8, 7, and 5 % respectively). The adsorption of carthamin towards filter papers was investigated as a function of temperature, pH, buffer concentration and buffer types. To adsorb the red dye effectively, low temperature and high pH were found to be preferable. Buffer types were also contributive. Carthamin adsorption in citrate buffer at pH 4.5 with four different molar concentrations was not significant (24.7 -20.9 %), if compared with data without any buffer added (20.8 %). FT IR spectrometric analyses of carthamin adsorbed cellulose indicated that hydrogen bonding was involved in the carthamin/cellulose interaction. Based on the data, a hypothetical scheme to characterize a stable binding formation between carthamin and cellulose called the SAITO EFFECT was proposed

REE characteristics of Yamato-82162 and -86720 meteorites and their inference to classification

Abundances of REE, Ba, Sr, Rb, K, Mg, Ca and Fe were determined for Yamato-82162 and -86720 carbonaceous chondrites by mass spectrometric isotope dilution. The CI-normalized REE abundance patterns for Y-82162 are nearly flat (0.9-1.5×CI), but show small negative Ce anomalies. A small fraction of the chondrite shows a clear light/heavy REE fractionation. The REE abundance patterns of Y-86720 are also almost flat (1.4-1.9×CI) and show positive Eu anomalies. The degree of Eu anomaly seems to correlate with the absolute abundance of the REE. For the abundances of elements other than REE, Y-82162 shows enrichments of Fe and Mg and Y-86720 displays depletions of the relatively volatile elements K and Rb. From these results, the following conclusions are obtained : (1) Y-82162 may contain a high temperature component formed in the nebula. (2) Y-82162 is classified as a CI chondrite which has experienced thermal metamorphism. (3) Y-86720 is composed of a refractory-rich component and a refractory-poor component. (4) Y-86720 cannot be strictly classified into any group but is intermediate between CM and CO chondrites

Statistical Learning Theory of Quasi-Regular Cases

Many learning machines such as normal mixtures and layered neural networks are not regular but singular statistical models, because the map from a parameter to a probability distribution is not one-to-one. The conventional statistical asymptotic theory can not be applied to such learning machines because the likelihood function can not be approximated by any normal distribution. Recently, new statistical theory has been established based on algebraic geometry and it was clarified that the generalization and training errors are determined by two birational invariants, the real log canonical threshold and the singular fluctuation. However, their concrete values are left unknown. In the present paper, we propose a new concept, a quasi-regular case in statistical learning theory. A quasi-regular case is not a regular case but a singular case, however, it has the same property as a regular case. In fact, we prove that, in a quasi-regular case, two birational invariants are equal to each other, resulting that the symmetry of the generalization and training errors holds. Moreover, the concrete values of two birational invariants are explicitly obtained, the quasi-regular case is useful to study statistical learning theory