HBV mother to child transmission at CAISM UNICAMP

Orientador: Helaine Maria Besteti Pires Mayer MilanezDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: Objetivos: avaliar a transmissão vertical (TV) em gestantes portadoras de hepatite B crônica, em um serviço universitário. Sujeitos e Método: foram analisadas as sorologias para hepatite B de todas as gestantes atendidas no serviço entre 2000 e 2005, identificando-se as HbsAg +; nessas foi realizado levantamento de prontuários, avaliando a presença do marcador de replicação viral (HbeAg positivo), imunoprofilaxia neonatal e taxa de TV. Análise de dados: foi avaliada a proporção de casos com HbsAg+ e nessas a presença do HbeAg. Para as portadoras de hepatite B, analisaram-se características clínicas e epidemiológicas através de frequências simples e a presença de TV. Resultados: entre 2000 e 2005 foram rastreadas para hepatite B no CAISM 5638 mulheres; dessas 28 (0,5%) apresentavam HbsAg+, definindo-se como portadoras crônicas. Não se encontrou nenhuma com replicação viral (HbeAg+). A idade média foi de 25 anos, com escolaridade média de sete anos, sendo 57% de brancas. O número de gestações médio foi de dois, sendo 52% de nulíparas. A categoria de exposição foi ignorada em 20; em quatro a via foi a sexual, em duas por TV e em duas por uso de drogas. A média de Idade gestacional ao parto foi de 38 semanas, com uma taxa de cesárea de 42%. O peso médio ao nascimento foi de 3094g e todos os recém-nascidos apresentaram boas condições de vitalidade e receberam imunoprofilaxia neonatal (vacina e imunoglobulina específica) nas primeiras horas de vida. Não houve TV. Conclusões: Nas gestantes atendidas no período, a prevalência de hepatite B crônica foi de 0,5%. Todas as crianças receberam imunoprofilaxia neonatal nas primeiras horas de vida e não ocorreu nenhum caso de TV, reforçando que para as gestantes sem replicação viral, as medidas de imunoprofilaxia neonatal protegeram a totalidade de seus recém-nascidosAbstract: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate mother-to-child transmission of chronic hepatitis B in a university hospital. Subjects and methods: Hepatitis B serologic studies were pooled from all pregnant women referred to this prenatal service from 2000 to 2005. HBsAg positive patients were selected and, for those, clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic data were analyzed, including presence of HBeAg marker, immunoprophylactic procedures for the newborn and mother-to-child transmission rates. Data analysis: HBsAg carriers were characterized for clinical and epidemiologic factors associated with mother-to-child transmission. Results: Between 2000 and 2005, 5638 pregnant women were referred to high-risk prenatal care at our facility; of these, 28 women (0,5%) were HbsAg+ ¿ defined as chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. None of these were seropositive for HBeAg. Mean age was 25 years with a mean of 7 years of formal education and 57% were white; 52% were nulliparous. Exposure to hepatitis B virus was ignored in 20 women, sexual in 4, from mother-to-child transmission in 2 and associated with drug use in 2. Mean gestational age at delivery was 38 weeks with cesarean delivery in 42% of women. Mean weight at birth was 3094g and all newborns presented with good vitality and received immunoprophylactic procedures. There were no cases of mother-to-child transmission. Conclusion: Among all pregnant women seen at this tertiary high risk prenatal care facility between 2000 and 2005, chronic HBV infection was detected in 0,5% of patients. All newborns received immunoprophylaxis during the first hours after delivery and no case of mother-to-child transmission was detected. Our findings support that, among pregnant chronic HBV carriers without serologic evidence of active viral replication, immunoprophylactic measures are effective in preventing mother-to-child transmission in all instancesMestradoSaúde Materna e PerinatalMestra em Ciências da Saúd

Metabolic syndrome and short stature in adults from the metropolitan area of São Paulo city (SP, Brazil)

A desnutrição pregressa, expressa pela baixa estatura, pode ser fator de risco para síndrome metabólica (SM). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência de SM e sua relação com a baixa estatura, possível resultante de desnutrição crônica na infância, em população adulta. Foi feito um estudo transversal em população adulta, com idades entre 20 e 64 anos, residente em município da região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo (SP). A amostra foi composta por 287 indivíduos, sendo 214 (74,6%) do sexo feminino e 75 (25,4%) do sexo masculino. Foram obtidos dados antropométricos, por meio de exame físico, dados bioquímicos (glicemia, colesterol total e frações, triglicérides) pela coleta de sangue em jejum e dados clínicos. A prevalência padronizada por sexo e idade para a síndrome metabólica foi de 34,0% e para a baixa estatura, 29,0%. A análise por regressão logística múltipla demonstrou associação entre a baixa estatura e a SM, ajustada por sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda, tabagismo, etilismo, atividade física, antecedentes familiares de doenças coronarianas, hipertensão arterial, diabetes e índice de massa corporal. Neste estudo, encontrou-se associação entre SM e baixa estatura, sugerindo que a desnutrição pregressa seja fator de risco para essa morbidade.The undernutrition has been appointed as a risk factor to cause chronic diseases in later life. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its relationship to short stature, as evidence of stunting in early life in adults. It is a cross-sectional study of adult population (age 20 to 64 years old) living in the metropolitan area of São Paulo city (SP, Brazil). The sample comprehended a total of 287 individuals, 214 (74.6%) were women and 73 (25.4%) were men. The anthropometric, clinical and biochemical data were collected through the physical exam and the fast blood after 8 hours. The standard prevalence for sex and age to metabolic syndrome was 34.0% and the short stature was 29.0%. In multiple logistic regression analyses the metabolic syndrome showed to be associated to short stature adjusted by sex, age, education, income, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes and body mass index. In this study was demonstrated association between metabolic syndrome and short stature in adults

Amplification by bone conduction in congenital malformations: patient benefits and satisfaction

Hearing loss is one of the most common clinical findings in subjects with malformations of the ear. Treatment consists of surgery and/or adapt a hearing aid amplification by bone (HA VO). Early intervention is critical to auditory stimulation and development of speech and language. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the audiological profile of subjects with congenital malformation of the external ear and/or middle and evaluate the benefit and satisfaction of using HA VO. METHOD: A descriptive study, subjects with bilateral congenital malformations of the external ear and/or middle, conductive or mixed hearing loss, moderate or severe and HA VO users. Evaluation of the benefit test using sentence recognition in noise and measures of functional gain and satisfaction assessment questionnaire using international IQ - HA. RESULTS: 13 subjects were evaluated, 61% were male and 80% with moderate conductive hearing loss or severe. There was better performance in the evaluation proposal, provided with HA when compared to the condition without HA. CONCLUSION: HA VO showed advantages for the population studied and should be considered as an option for intervention. Satisfaction was confirmed by elevated scores obtained in IQ - HA.A deficiência auditiva é um dos achados clínicos mais comuns em sujeitos com malformações de \ud orelha. O tratamento consiste em realizar a cirurgia e/ou adaptar o aparelho de amplificação sonora \ud por via óssea (AASI VO). A intervenção precoce é fundamental para favorecer a estimulação auditiva \ud e desenvolvimento da fala e linguagem. Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil audiológico de sujeitos com \ud malformação congênita de orelha externa e/ou média e avaliar o benefício e a satisfação destes com \ud o uso de AASI VO. Método: Estudo descritivo, sujeitos com malformações congênitas bilaterais de \ud orelha externa e/ou média, deficiência auditiva condutiva ou mista, moderada ou grave e usuários \ud de AASI VO. Avaliação do benefício utilizando teste de reconhecimento de sentenças com ruído \ud competitivo e medidas de ganho funcional e avaliação da satisfação utilizando questionário internacional QI - AASI. Resultados: Foram avaliados 13 sujeitos, sendo 61% do sexo masculino e 80% \ud com deficiência auditiva condutiva moderada ou grave. Houve melhor desempenho na avaliação \ud proposta na condição com AASI, quando comparada à condição sem AASI. Conclusão: Os AASI \ud VO retroauriculares apresentaram vantagens para a população estudada e devem ser considerados \ud como uma opção para intervenção. A satisfação foi confirmada pelos escores elevados obtidos no \ud QI - AAS

Parada cardiorrespiratória e cerebral: construção e validação de cenário simulado para enfermagem

Objective: to build, validate, and test a clinical simulation scenario for the management of cardiorespiratory and cerebral arrest for nursing education. Method: a methodological study design of educational development was carried out in three phases: development of a simulated scenario on cerebral cardiac arrest, content validation and testing of the simulated scenario with undergraduate nursing students. Data were analyzed using the Content Validity Index, with a value > 0.90 considered adequate among expert nursing judges, and Cronbach's alpha to determine the agreement of satisfaction and self-confidence in student learning. Results: the simulation scenario proved adequate for use in the teaching and learning process and to improve cognitive, behavioral and psychomotor skills, and obtained an excellent content validation index. Conclusion: it was considered validated and suitable for use in simulated practice.Objetivo: construir, validar e testar um cenário de simulação clínica para o manejo da parada cardiorrespiratória e cerebral para o ensino de enfermagem.  Método: foi realizado design de estudo metodológico de desenvolvimento educacional realizado em três fases: elaboração de cenário simulado sobre parada cardiorrespiratória cerebral, validação do conteúdo e teste do cenário simulado com estudantes de graduação em enfermagem. A análise dos dados se deu pelo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, considerando-se adequado um valor > 0,90 entre os juízes experts em enfermagem, e o Alfa de Cronbach para determinar a concordância da satisfação e autoconfiança na aprendizagem dos estudantes. Resultados: o cenário de simulação mostrou-se adequado para utilização no processo de ensino e aprendizagem e melhoria das competências cognitivas, comportamentais e psicomotoras, e obteve excelente índice de validação de conteúdo e na testagem do cenário foi considerado satisfatório. Conclusão: considerou-se validado e apto para o uso nas práticas simuladas

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions