Sémiotique pragmatique et photographie numérique. Le cas de la retouche photographique

À force d’être exposé aux grands pourvoyeurs de photographies retouchées que sont les médias, notre regard s’est adapté au point de fonctionner dans cet univers de papier et d’écrans comme s’il était en continuité avec l’univers des expériences non médiatisées. Ceci est tout particulièrement vrai de la reconnaissance des visages. À l’occasion de cette étude sémiotique, pragmatique, cognitive et systémique nous tenterons d’étudier les transformations que subit un portrait photographique lorsqu’il est soumis aux opérations esthétiques et plastiques d’un spécialiste de la retouche. Nous nous attarderons tout particulièrement à l’impact de la transformation qu’un dispositif informatique de comparaison d’images “avant” et “après” la retouche a sur le spectateur. Finalement, nous étudierons les questions de l’indicialité et de l’indexicalité de la photographie numérique en général et spécifiquement dans le cas de la photographie retouchée.By being exposed to the media, the major exponent of photo retouching, it seems that our eye has adapted itself to the point of operating in the world of the printed and the electronic image as if it were a continuation of real world experience. This is especially true for facial recognition. Through a semiotic, pragmatic, cognitive and systemic study, we will try to examine the transformations made to a photographic portrait when it undergoes aesthetic and visual retouching. In particular, we will consider the impact on the spectator of a device that compares photographs "before" and "after" retouching. Finally, we will consider issues related to the "indiciality" and indexicality of digital photography, with special focus on digital retouching

L’espace et son traitement dans les productions cinématographiques des « débutants »

Comment les cinéastes amateurs appréhendent-ils l'espace cinématographique? A travers l'étude de trois groupes de cinéastes amateurs (enfants, étudiants et adultes) l'auteur tente de répondre à cette question. Il la traite d'un point de vue à la fois théorique (en invoquant la théorie du cinéma) et pratique (en décrivant les processus de spatialisation mis en place par ces amateurs). Le débutant en cinéma n'est pas un ignorant, il dispose de références issues de ses habitudes et de ses représentations culturelles qui peuvent être riches d'enseignement pour la pratique pédagogique de l'enseignant en cinéma

Pesquisa em arte por ocasião dos doutorados baseados na prática. Um estudo do caso da Universidade de Paris 1 Sorbonne

In several academic institutions raises the question of a opening on the research in master [master] and Ph.D. [doctorate] to other approaches besides the PhD’s or doctorate’s classic scientific devices. What is concerned, therefore, are the professional doctorates and those based in practice. An early example in this field was developed in the UK with practice based PhD in creative and performing arts and design [Practice-based doctorates in the Creative and Performing Arts and Design]. After this experience, the question of the nature of these doctorates, which could eventually no longer require the preparation of a written thesis to support the invented or created artifact, draws worldwide attention. This article will address these issues based on a critical approach of the doctoral system implemented at the Sorbonne since the 1970s. From the candidates’ history and the history of institutions, I will inquire the scientific and artistic devices implemented and the limitations and problems emerged. The first section is devoted to the student’s processes of axiological conditioning. The second, to their practices’s process of artification; the third is devoted to the discussion of the epistemological problems of research in art confronted with the scientific research and the problems found by doctoral students. Finally, the article discusses the tools and methods brought by the humanities and social sciences.Em várias instituições acadêmicas coloca-se a questão de abrir a pesquisa em mestrado e doutorado a outras abordagens, além dos dispositivos científicos clássicos do PhD ou do doutorado de especialidade. O que está em pauta, portanto, são os doutorados profissionais e aqueles baseados na prática. Um dos primeiros exemplos nesse campo foi desenvolvido no Reino Unido, com os doutorados baseados na prática em artes criativas e cênicas e em design [Practice-based Doctorates in the Creative and Performing Arts and Design]. Após essa experiência, pelo mundo todo pergunta-se sobre a natureza desses doutorados, que poderiam eventualmente não mais necessitar da elaboração de uma tese redigida para acompanhar o artefato inventado ou criado. Neste artigo, tratarei essas questões com base em uma abordagem crítica do sistema doutoral posto em prática na Sorbonne desde os anos 1970. A partir da história dos candidatos e da história das instituições, questionarei os dispositivos científicos e artísticos implantados e as limitações e problemas gerados. A primeira parte deste artigo é dedicada aos processos de condicionamento axiológico dos estudantes. A segunda parte, ao processo de artificação de suas práticas; e a terceira, ao debate sobre os problemas epistemológicos da pesquisa em arte, confrontada com a pesquisa científica e com os problemas encontrados pelos doutorandos. Ao final, são abordados os instrumentos e métodos trazidos pelas ciências humanas e sociais

Em busca de uma cultura global?In search of a global culture?

Diante da globalização, qual é o papel da diversidade cultural? Sabemos, vez que outra, nas nossas aulas, falar da pintura chinesa, da música árabe, ou ainda da poesia indiana? Para efetivar uma verdadeira educação artística, será necessário descentralizar, derrubar barreiras e reestruturar...PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Globalização. Programas de educação cultural.Ensino de arte What is the role of cultural diversity in the light of globalization? Is it to speak now and again in our classes of Chinese painting, Arab music or Indian poetry? To conduct true artistic education, it is necessary to decentralize, breakdown barriers and restructure. KEYWORDS: Globalization. Cultural education programs. Art education. À l’heure de la mondialization, qu’en est-il de la diversité culturelle?Sait-on parfois parler dans nos enseignements de peinture chinoise, de musique arabe ou bien de poésie indienne? Pour mettre en oeuvre une véritable éducations artistique, il faudrait pouvoir décentrer, décloisonner et restructurer...  MOTS CLEFS: Mondialization. Programmes d’éducation culturelle. Éducation artistiqu

Spatial replication and habitat context matters for assessments of tropical biodiversity using acoustic indices

Approaches to characterise and monitor biodiversity based on the sound signals of ecosystems have become popular in landscape ecology and biodiversity conservation. However, to date, validation studies of how well acoustic indices reflect observed biodiversity patterns have often relied on low levels of either spatial or temporal replication, while focussing on habitats with similar underlying anthropological and geophysical sound characteristics. For acoustic indices to be broadly applicable to biodiversity monitoring, their capacity to measure the ecological facets of soundscapes must be robust to these potential sources of bias. Using two contrasting recording approaches, we examined the efficacy of four commonly used acoustic indices to reflect patterns of observed bird species richness across a tropical forest degradation gradient in Northeast Borneo. The gradient comprised intact and logged forests, riparian forests, remnants, and oil palm plantations, thus providing a highly variable anthrophonic and geophonic soundscape. We compared the degree to which acoustic indices derived from automated versus point count recording methods detected variation in inter-habitat species richness, as well as their capacity to capture changes in species diversity as a consequence of forest degradation quantified by high-resolution LiDAR derived forest canopy heights. We found Acoustic Diversity Index was associated with forest canopy height as measured by both automated recorders and recordings from point counts, whereas the association between canopy height and Acoustic Complexity Index was only detected using point count recordings. For both types of recordings, Acoustic Complexity Index exhibited the strongest relationship with observed bird richness in old growth and logged forest, whereas Acoustic Diversity was not linked, suggesting avian richness does not drive its association with canopy height. No acoustic indices were associated with observed bird richness in oil palm riparian areas. Our findings underscore the potential utility of soundscape approaches to characterise biodiversity patterns in degraded tropical landscapes, and may be used as a proxy for human inventories of bird communities. However, we also show that for acoustic indices to be effective on landscape-wide studies of environmental gradients, adequate spatial replication is required, and care must be taken to control for non-target elements of soundscapes in different habitats

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe