Fertilização em Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden no bioma Pampa - Brasil

In silviculture, mineral fertilization is necessary to supply the nutritional demand, however, the recommendation of the quantities to be applied should aim at maintaining the productive capacity of the soil. The purpose of this study is to test whether increasing the recommended fertilizer dose improves soil fertility and increases the productivity of Eucalyptus dunnii in sites in the central region of the Pampa biome, Brazil. The doses of 150 g (T0), 225 g (T1) and 450 g (T2) of N-P2O5-K2O were applied 24:00:24 per plant, after 14 months of planting. In all tested doses, the species productivity is considered satisfactory for the site. There was an improvement in soil fertility, especially in potassium contents, in addition to a higher individual volume of Eucalyptus dunnii trees after the application of the dose of 450 g plant-1 of N-P2O5-K2O, 24:00:24 in coverage (T2).Na silvicultura a fertilização mineral é necessária para suprir a demanda nutricional, no entanto, a recomendação das quantidades a serem aplicadas devem almejar à manutenção da capacidade produtiva do solo. O objetivo deste estudo é testar se o aumento da dose recomendada de fertilizante, melhora a fertilidade do solo e incrementa a produtividade de Eucalyptus dunnii em sítios da região central do bioma Pampa, Brasil. Foram aplicadas as doses de 150 g (T0), 225 g (T1) e 450 g (T2) de N-P2O5-K2O 24:00:24 por planta, após 14 meses do plantio. Em todas as doses testadas, a produtividade da espécie é considerada satisfatória para o sítio. Houve melhoria da fertilidade do solo, especialmente nos teores de potássio, além de maior volume individual das árvores de Eucalyptus dunnii após a aplicação da dose de 450 g planta-1 de N-P2O5-K2O, 24:00:24 em cobertura (T2)

Relação entre o acúmulo de serapilheira sobre o solo e variáveis dendrométricas em povoamento híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. globulus maidenii, em Eldorado do Sul/RS

In a 5.5 years old Eucalyptus urophylla x E. globulus maidenii stand with 5.5 years old, in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, the litter accumulation and its relation with dendrometric variables were studied. In 4 (four) plots (20 m x 20 m each), 3 (three) sub-plots (3 m x 2 m each) were installed for branches (diameter > 1 cm) and the fine litter (leaves, branches with diameter ≤ 1 cm, barks, fruits, seeds, etc.) collection. The dendrometric variables were obtained (Diameter at breast height-DBH, and the total height-TH 3 (three) plots (20 m x 30 m each). Fine litter accumulated was 18.4 Mg ha-1 (CV% 29.6%). Coarse branches accumulation was 1.06 Mg ha-1 (CV% 49.5%), totalizing 19.5 Mg ha-1 of organic material accumulated. The average DBH was 17 cm and the TH 21.6 m, with basal area of 22.7 m² ha-1. The correlation between litter accumulation, coarse branches and total organic matter was positive to the number of trees and negative to DBH and Ht and out to the basal area. It demonstrates the higher litter accumulation in areas with more trees (even smaller ones), which can be related to higher litter production in these areas and to low decomposition rate, in general associated to low productivity sites.Em um povoamento de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. globulus maidenii, com 5,5 anos, no município de Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil, estudou-se o acúmulo de serapilheira e sua relação com parâmetros dendrométricos. Na área de estudo foram alocadas 4 (quatro) parcelas de 20 m x 20 m e dentro destas 3 (três) sub-parcelas de 3 m x 2 m cada, coletando-se todos os galhos (diâmetro > 1 cm) e a serapilheira fina (folhas, galhos com diâmetro ≤ 1 cm, cascas, frutos, sementes, etc.) em 04 amostras/parcela. As variáveis dendrométricas foram medidas (Diâmetro a Altura do Peito (DAP) e a altura total (Ht)) em 03 parcelas de 20 m x 30 m. A serapilheira acumulada alcançou 18,4 Mg ha-1 (CV% 29,6%). O acúmulo de galhos grossos foi de 1,06 Mg ha-1 (CV% 49,5%), totalizando 19,5 Mg ha-1 de material orgânico acumulado. O DAP médio foi de 17,0 cm, a altura total média 21,6 m e a área basal de 22,7 m2 ha-1. A correlação entre acúmulo de serapilheira, galhos grossos e material orgânico total foi positiva quanto ao número de árvores/ha, negativa em relação ao DAP e Ht e inexistente para área basal. Isso demonstra maior acúmulo de serapilheira em locais com mais árvores, porém menores, o que pode estar relacionado a uma maior produção de serapilheira nestes locais e uma menor velocidade de decomposição, geralmente associada a sítios de menor produtividade. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13086/2316-980x.v01n01a0

Produção de serapilheira e devolução de macronutrientes em um povoamento de Eucalyptus saligna (F. Muell)

Litterfall is the mainly route of plant nutrients transfer to the soil in forest ecosystems. Therefore the study of the litterfall is very important fundamental to understanding the functioning of these ecosystems. Given this importance, this study aimed to estimate litter production in Eucalyptus saligna stand, São Gabriel – RS. Were installed 4 plots of 23 m x 26 m in each of these plots, 4 litter collectors. For branches with a diameter bigger than 0.5 cm, in each plot were demarcated aboveground three plots of 3 m x 2 m, bounded by an average diameter tree. Samples were collected fortnightly, sorted into thick branches, twigs (diameter of less than 0.5), leaves and miscellaneous, then were oven dried, weighty, and sent to the chemical analysis where it was determinate the content of macronutrients. During the twelve month period, litter production was 9,93 Mg ha-1, 54.0% of leaves, 24.7% thick branches, 11.2% of miscellaneous and 10.1% of twigs. The overall contribution of macronutrients was 71,56 kg ha-1mof Ca, 45,15 kg ha-1 of N, 38,93 kg ha-1 of K, 17,54 kg ha-1 of Mg, 6,19 kg ha-1 of S and 2,81 kg ha-1 of P.A serapilheira é a principal via de transferência de nutrientes das plantas para o solo em ecossistemas florestais, assim o estudo da produção de serapilheira é fundamental para compreender o funcionamento destes ecossistemas. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a produção de serapilheira e a devolução de macronutrientes em um povoamento de Eucalyptus saligna (F. Muell) em função das variáveis climáticas, no município de São Gabriel – Rio Grande do Sul. Foram instaladas 4 parcelas de 23 m x 26 m e em cada uma destas parcelas foram distribuídos 4 coletores com 0,5 m2 de área. Para a quantificação de galhos grossos (diâmetro > 0,5 cm), em cada parcela foram demarcadas três subparcelas de 3 m x 2 m, sobre o solo, delimitadas por uma árvore de diâmetro médio. As amostras foram coletadas quinzenalmente, separadas em galhos grossos, galhos finos, folhas e miscelânea, após foram secas em estufa, pesadas, moídas e encaminhadas para análise química, onde foram determinados os teores dos macronutrientes. A produção anual de serapilheira foi de 9,93 Mg ha-1, sendo 54,0% folhas, 24,7% galhos grossos, 11,2% miscelânea e 10,1% galhos finos. O aporte total de macronutrientes foi de 71,56 kg ha-1 para o Ca, 45,15 kg ha-1 de N, 38,93 kg ha-1 de K, 17,54 kg ha-1 de Mg, 6,19 kg ha-1 de S e 2,81 kg ha-1 de P

Biomassa e nutrientes em um povoamento de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus globulus, em Eldorado do Sul-RS

Nutrients and biomass estimation in eucalyptus stands are important for to obtain techniques and practices definition to keep the soil productive capacity. With this, the study had objective estimated aboveground biomass and nutrients contend within in Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus globulus 10 years-old stand, located in Eldorado do Sul - RS. Allocated four experimental plots (35 m x 20 m) where the forestry inventory was conducted and the definition of diametric classes stand (five classes). In each diametric class were harvested three trees for biomass and nutrients quantification. Understory biomass and nutrients was quantified in five plots of 25 m² each. Eucalyptus biomass was estimated using regression equations by Stepwise procedure. Equations obtained with regression analysis showed good prediction of the variables due to the high determination coefficient and low standard error estimates. Eucalyptus biomass was allocated predominantly to stem (Wood + bark) with 93.7%. These same components, also had the largest nutrients stock. Understory biomass comprises a small aboveground fraction (1.4%), but had 7.0 and 8.6% of nitrogen and sulfur from the total stock . Biomass components had different chemical composition, being generally higher in leaves and bark and smaller in wood and branches biomass.A estimativa da biomassa e dos nutrientes, em povoamentos de eucaliptos, é importante para a obtenção e definição de técnicas que visem à conservação da capacidade produtiva dos solos. Com isso, o presente estudo teve por objetivo estimar a biomassa acima do solo e os nutrientes nela contidos em um povoamento de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus globulus(eucalipto), com dez anos de idade, em Eldorado do Sul-RS. Foram alocadas aleatoriamente quatro parcelas experimentais (35 m x 20 m), onde se realizou o inventário florestal e a definição das classes diamétricas do povoamento (cinco classes). Para cada classe de diâmetro, foram abatidas três árvores para a quantificação de biomassa e nutrientes. A quantificação da biomassa e dos nutrientes do sub-bosque foi realizada por meio da alocação aleatória de cinco parcelas de 25 m² cada. Para a estimativa da biomassa de eucalipto, utilizaram-se equações de regressão obtidas pelo procedimento Stepwise. As equações obtidas com a análise de regressão apresentaram boa predição das variáveis analisadas, devido ao alto coeficiente de determinação ajustado e ao baixo erro padrão das estimativas. A biomassa do eucalipto encontra-se predominantemente alocada no fuste (madeira + casca) com 93,7%. Esses mesmos componentes também apresentam os maiores estoques de nutrientes. A biomassa de sub-bosque compreende uma pequena fração da biomassa acima do solo (1,4%), mas representa 7,0 e 8,6% do nitrogênio e enxofre do estoque total. Os componentes da biomassa apresentaram composições químicas distintas, sendo geralmente maiores nas folhas e casca e menores na biomassa de madeira e galhos

Incremento médio anual de madeira e teores de K, Ca e Mg em compartimentos minerais de solos cultivados com eucalipto

Forestry continuously grows in Brazil and it increases the concerns among planted forest companies regarding sustainable production. Knowledge about soil mineral reserves and nutrient release kinetics may introduce an opportunity to optimize fertility management, improving production. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the contents of K, Ca and Mg in the reserve, non-exchangeable, exchangeable and available soil compartments and the nutrient release speed, as well as their correlations and effects on eucalypt productivity. Soil samples were collected from eucalypt plantation sites at the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, comprising seven soil classes. The contents of K, Ca and Mg were determined in sulfuric digestion extract, boiling nitric acid, ammonium chloride, Mehlich-1 and potassium chloride. Nutrient release kinetics were evaluated per Sparks (1989), while CMPC Celulose Riograndense provided the wood volumetric annual average increment (AAI) from the eucalypt plantations. The contents of K, Ca and Mg varied between compartments and depths and were concentrated in the reserve compartment, indicating the importance of this compartment for mid- and long-term nutrient supply. Most compartments of K, Ca and Mg showed significant correlation; and eucalypt wood productivity (AAI) correlated significantly with the different compartments in both depths, mainly with the reserve compartment and release kinetics expressing their relevance for productivity; in particular for the case of long-cycle plant species, where nutrient release at intermediate and long terms is important.A atividade florestal tem crescido de forma contínua no Brasil e, com ela, aumentam preocupações quanto a obtenção de produções sustentáveis entre empresas deste setor. Conhecimento sobre as reservas minerais e a cinética de liberação de nutrientes pode otimizar o manejo da fertilidade, melhorando a produtividade. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar os teores de K, Ca e Mg nos compartimentos de reserva, não-trocáveis, trocáveis e disponíveis, assim como a velocidade de liberação de nutrientes e suas correlações e efeitos na produtividade de eucalipto. Amostras de solo foram coletadas de sítios cultivados com eucalipto no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, perfazendo 7 classes de solo. Os teores de K, Ca e Mg foram determinados em extrato de digestão sulfúrica, em ácido nítrico fervente, em cloreto de amônio, em Mehlich-1 e cloreto de potássio. A cinética de liberação de nutrientes foi determinada conforme Sparks (1989) e o incremento médio anual de madeira (IMA) volumétrico de eucalipto foi fornecido pela CMPC Celulose Riograndense. Os teores de K, Ca e Mg variaram entre compartimentos e profundidades e se concentraram no compartimento de reserva, indicando a importância deste para o fornecimento de nutrientes em médio e longo prazo. A maioria dos compartimentos apresentaram correlação significativa e o IMA correlacionou-se significativamente com diferentes compartimentos e profundidades, especialmente com o compartimento de reserva e a cinética de liberação, evidenciando suas relevâncias para a produtividade, especialmente para espécies de ciclo longo, para as quais a liberação de nutrientes em médio e longo prazo tornam-se importantes

Crescimento, nutrição mineral e parâmetros fisiológicos do Eucalyptus urophylla cultivado em solos com diferentes reservas nutricionais

Knowledge on the plant’s nutrient use efficiency and physiological processes is important and can aid in choosing the species, as well as in the forest management for each soil and region. This study had the objectives of evaluating the initial growth, nutrition and physiological aspects of eucalypt cultivated with and without the addition of mineral sources of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The study was performed in the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) with soils obtained from forest sites located at the geomorphologic provinces of the Peripheral Depression on the Sul-Riograndense shield and Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Growth variables, nutritional aspects, photosynthetic rate (A) and transpiration rate (E) of plants grown in distinct soils were evaluated under controlled conditions. Plants cultivated in soils presenting larger reserves and availability of K, Ca, and Mg, showed similar height (H), stem diameter (SD) and shoot dry matter (SDM), both with and without fertilization with K, Ca, and Mg. Conversely, plants cultivated in soils deprived of these nutrients presented substantial improvement in these attributes in the fertilized samples of these soils. Plants presented higher leaf content and accumulation of K in all soils fertilized with K, Ca, and Mg. However, overall K use efficiency was superior in plants cultivated in soils without fertilization. Similar results with and without fertilization in soils with larger mineral reserves demonstrate the importance of understanding soil and plant properties in order to optimize fertilization practices.O conhecimento sobre a eficiência no uso de nutrientes e processos fisiológicos da planta é importante e pode auxiliar na escolha das espécies e do manejo florestal. Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar o crescimento inicial, nutrição e aspectos fisiológicos do eucalipto cultivado, com e sem adição de fontes minerais de potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg). O estudo foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) utilizando-se solos obtidos de áreas florestais localizadas nas províncias geomorfológicas da Depressão Periférica, do escudo Sul-Riograndense e da Planície Costeira do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Variáveis de crescimento, aspectos nutricionais, taxa fotossintética (A) e taxa de transpiração (E) de plantas cultivadas em solos distintos, foram avaliadas sob condições controladas. Plantas cultivadas em solos com maiores reservas e disponibilidade de K, Ca e Mg, tiveram altura (H), diâmetro do caule (SD) e massa seca da parte aérea (SDM) semelhantes, tanto com quanto sem adubação com K, Ca e Mg. Plantas cultivadas em solos deficientes em relação a estes nutrientes tiveram um aumento nestes atributos, nas amostras adubadas destes solos. As plantas tiveram maior teor foliar e acúmulo de K em todos os solos adubados com K, Ca e Mg. No entanto, a eficiência de utilização deste nutriente foi superior em plantas cultivadas em solos sem fertilização. Resultados similares com e sem adubação em solos com maior reserva mineral demonstram a importância de entender as propriedades do solo e das plantas para otimizar as práticas de aplicação de fertilizantes

Nutrientes na serapilheira acumulada em um povoamento de Eucalyptus saligna Smith em São Grabriel, RS

The aim of this work was quantify the stock of nutrients in litter in Eucalyptus saligna Smith stand at 4 and 5 years of age in the municipality of São Gabriel - RS. All material collected at the end of each season, was sent to the laboratory for determination of macronutrients. Total litter for the years 2011 and 2012 was 12.76 and 12.00 Mg ha-1, respectively. The amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S stored in the litter were 94.4; 4.8; 21.8; 138.8; 25.6 and 8.8 kg ha-1 respectively. The litter is an excellent source of organic matter and nutrient reserves for future rotations.O objetivo deste trabalho foi, quantificar o estoque de nutrientes na serapilheira acumulada em um povoamento de Eucalyptus saligna Smith aos 4 e 5 anos de idade no município de São Gabriel – RS. Todo o material coletado, ao final de cada estação do ano, foi levado para o Laboratório para determinação dos macronutrientes. O total de serapilheira acumulada sobre o solo para os anos de 2011 e 2012 foi de 12,76 e 12,00 Mg ha-1, respectivamente. As quantidades de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S estocadas na serapilheira foram de 94,4; 4,8; 21,8; 138,8; 25,6 e 8,8 kg ha-1 respectivamente. A serapilheira acumulada é uma excelente fonte de matéria orgânica e reserva de nutrientes para as rotações futuras

CO-INFECTION OF DENGUE VIRUS BY SEROTYPES 1 AND 4 IN PATIENT FROM MEDIUM SIZED CITY FROM BRAZIL

SUMMARY The natural co-infection with dengue virus can occur in highly endemic areas where different serotypes have been observed for many years. We report one case of DENV-1/DENV-4 co-infection in human serum detected by molecular tests. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained indicated the presence of genotype V and II for DENV-1 and DENV-4, respectively

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe