The fresco wall painting techniques in the Mediterranean area from Antiquity to the present: A review

Fresco wall paintings are one of the oldest artforms in our cultural heritage, dating back to the second millennium BC. In this work, we carry out a thorough review on the evolution of the fresco wall painting technique from Antiquity to the present day. Focused on the Mediterranean area, the aim is to gather in-depth information on different technological aspects of this decorative artform such as execution pro- cedure, materials used and pictorial palette. Considering that the recognition of the pictorial technique ( a fresco, a secco, or a mezzo fresco ) is often difficult since the identification of organic binders can be a challenging issue, the assignment of well-known non-alkaline-resistant pigments to the fresco technique might not always be precise. With this in mind, this review aims to highlight the contradictions found between the bibliographical sources on the fresco technique and recent scientific studies in relation to the preparation of materials, the execution on the wall and the incompatibility of certain pigments with the alkaline environment created by this pictorial technique.Research Projects PID2020-119838RA- I00 and ED431F 2022/07Xunta de Galicia project Limpeza sostible do patrimonio pictorico: optimizacion dos procesos de ablacion laser ( ED431F 2022/07 )Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry project RYC2020-028902-ISpanish Science and Innovation Ministry project RYC2020-028902-IState Research Agency (SRA)Ministry of Science and Innovation under the Research Project PID2020-119838RA-I00Junta de Andalucía Research Group RNM179Funding for open access charge: Universidade de Vigo/CISU

The fresco wall painting techniques in the Mediterranean area from Antiquity to the present: A review

Fresco wall paintings are one of the oldest artforms in our cultural heritage, dating back to the second millennium BC. In this work, we carry out a thorough review on the evolution of the fresco wall painting technique from Antiquity to the present day. Focused on the Mediterranean area, the aim is to gather in-depth information on different technological aspects of this decorative artform such as execution procedure, materials used and pictorial palette. Considering that the recognition of the pictorial technique (a fresco, a secco, or a mezzo fresco) is often difficult since the identification of organic binders can be a challenging issue, the assignment of well-known non-alkaline-resistant pigments to the fresco technique might not always be precise. With this in mind, this review aims to highlight the contradictions found between the bibliographical sources on the fresco technique and recent scientific studies in relation to the preparation of materials, the execution on the wall and the incompatibility of certain pigments with the alkaline environment created by this pictorial technique.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-119838RA-I00Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431F 2022/07Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2020-028902-IUniversidade de Vigo/CISU

A Functional Movement Screening on 6th Grade Students of a Caribbean Elementary Laboratory School

The purpose of this study was to examine the functional body movement of sixth grade students of a Caribbean Elementary Laboratory School. A total sample of 39 students, including special education, participated in the study. The Functional Movement Screening Test was used to identify the functional movement body profile of the students and the strength and areas to be improved in their body movement after completing a Physical Education Program K6. The participants completed a series of movement exercises (Deep Squat, Hurdle Step, Inline Lunge, Shoulder Mobility, Active Straight-Leg Raise, Trunk Stability Pushup, and Rotary Stability) of seven different skills of the Functional Movement Screening (FMS). An independent t-test analysis and descriptive data was used to analyses the collect data. The findings of the study show that 87.3% students from the Elementary Laboratory School of the University of Puerto Rico scores 14 points or more on the Functional Movement Test. The results of the study reflect that students of laboratory school that experiences different learning practices in Physical Education Program benefits their body functional movement

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

From Romantic Gothic to Victorian Medievalism: 1817 and 1877

"The Cambridge History of the Gothic was conceived in 2015, when Linda Bree, then Editorial Director at Cambridge University Press, first suggested the idea to us

Testing Screened Modified Gravity

International audienceLong range scalar fields with a coupling to matter appear to violate known bounds on gravitation in the solar system and the laboratory. This is evaded thanks to screening mechanisms. In this short review, we shall present the various screening mechanisms from an effective field theory point of view. We then investigate how they can and will be tested in the laboratory and on astrophysical and cosmological scales

SO₂-Induced Aging of Hematite- and Cinnabar-Based Tempera Paint Mock-Ups: Influence of Binder Type/Pigment Size and Composition

Hematite- and cinnabar-based paint mock-ups prepared with either rabbit glue or egg yolk binder were artificially aged in an SO2-rich atmosphere, as a model system for investigating the deterioration of tempera paints exposed to an industrial atmosphere. The overall research aim was to identify the type of degradation occurring in tempera paints and the different alteration mechanisms related to the physical, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the paint. Tempera mock-ups were prepared by mixing binder (egg yolk or rabbit glue) and pigment (cinnabar of different particle sizes or hematite) and were then exposed to SO2 for 2 months in accelerated aging tests. The colour, gloss, reflectance, roughness and micro-texture of the surfaces of the mock-ups were determined before and after the tests. In addition, chemical and mineralogical changes were determined by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis. Colorimetric changes were confirmed, mainly in the cinnabar-based paints containing egg yolk, and in the hematite-based paints containing rabbit glue. Neoformed mineral phases have not been detected by XRPD, but precipitation of gypsum on the exposed surfaces has been confirmed by SEM. For cinnabar-based paints, the amount of sulfate-rich deposits was higher on egg yolk mock-ups than on rabbit glue samples, though the opposite was observed for the hematite-based paints. This confirmed the influence of the binder composition and pigment-binder tandem in the susceptibility to SO2 deposition. Pigment particle size did not have a clear influence on the physical and chemical changes in the tempera mock-ups during the ageing tests

The transition zone of the Canary Current upwelling region

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