Location of Violent Crime Relative to Trauma Resources in Detroit: Implications for Community Interventions

Introduction: Detroit, Michigan, is among the leading United States cities for per-capita homicide and violent crime. Hospital- and community-based intervention programs could decrease the rate of violent-crime related injury but require a detailed understanding of the locations of violence in the community to be most effective.Methods: We performed a retrospective geospatial analysis of all violent crimes reported within the city of Detroit from 2009-2015 comparing locations of crimes to locations of major hospitals. We calculated distances between violent crimes and trauma centers, and applied summary spatial statistics.Results: Approximately 1.1 million crimes occurred in Detroit during the study period, including approximately 200,000 violent crimes. The distance between the majority of violent crimes and hospitals was less than five kilometers (3.1 miles). Among violent crimes, the closest hospital was an outlying Level II trauma center 60% of the time.Conclusion: Violent crimes in Detroit occur throughout the city, often closest to a Level II trauma center. Understanding geospatial components of violence relative to trauma center resources is important for effective implementation of hospital- and community-based interventions and targeted allocation of resources.

The Siegel modular forms of genus 2 with the simplest divisor

We prove that there exist exactly eight Siegel modular forms with respect to the congruence subgroups of Hecke type of the paramodular groups of genus two vanishing precisely along the diagonal of the Siegel upper half-plane. This is a solution of a question formulated during the conference "Black holes, Black Rings and Modular Forms" (ENS, Paris, August 2007). These modular forms generalize the classical Igusa form and the forms constructed by Gritsenko and Nikulin in 1998

Dispersionless Hirota equations and the genus 3 hyperelliptic divisor

Equations of dispersionless Hirota type F(uxixj ) = 0 have been thoroughly investigated in mathematical physics and differential geometry. It is known that the parameter space of integrable Hirota type equations in 3D is 21-dimensional, and that the action of the natural equivalence group Sp(6, R) on the parameter space has an open orbit. However the structure of the generic equation corresponding to the open orbit remained elusive. Here we prove that the generic 3D Hirota equation is given by the remarkable formula ϑm(τ ) = 0, τ = i Hess(u) where ϑm is any genus 3 theta constant with even characteristics and Hess(u) is the 3 × 3 Hessian matrix of a (real-valued) function u(x1, x2, x3). Thus, generic Hirota equation coincides with the equation of the genus 3 hyperelliptic divisor (to be precise, its intersection with the imaginary part of the Siegel upper half space H3). The rich geometry of integrable Hirota type equations sheds new light on local differential geometry of the genus 3 hyperelliptic divisor, in particular, the integrability conditions can be viewed as local differential-geometric constraints that characterise the hyperelliptic divisor uniquely modulo Sp(6, C)-equivalence

Cohabitation and the law: myths, money and the media

This chapter version has been deposited with the kind permission of Sage. The definitive version of this chapter was published by Sage in the 24th British Social Attitudes Report 2008, by Alison Park, John Curtice, Katarina Thomson, Miranda Phillips, Mark Johnson, Elizabeth Clery. ISBN: 9781412947749. Available at: http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book231969The 2000 British Social Attitudes survey confirmed a growing social acceptance of heterosexual cohabitation as a partnering and parenting choice and identified strong public support for reform of cohabitation law. It also established the existence of a ‘common law marriage’ myth whereby the majority of the public, and cohabitants in particular, falsely believe that cohabiting couples who have lived together for some time have the same legal rights as married couples. Even among those cohabitants who were aware of their vulnerable legal position, it was found that very few had taken appropriate steps to gain or provide legal protection despite, as we found in subsequent research, often having good intentions to do so. These findings prompted widespread media interest and government concern. This led the Department for Constitutional Affairs (now the Ministry of Justice) to fund their 2004 Living Together Campaign, aimed at advising cohabitants about their legal rights and indicating practical steps they could take to gain marriage-like protection where possible. Subsequently, in 2005, with Scotland having already decided to reform the law relating to cohabiting couples (see Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006), the government decided to refer the issue of whether cohabitation law should be reformed to the Law Commission for England and Wales, a decision which sparked further media interest. The attention paid to cohabitation over the last few years makes it worth revisiting the subject, to see whether, and how, behaviour and attitudes are changing. So our first aim in this chapter is to examine the evolving prevalence and role of cohabitation as a relationship form in British society. Our second aim is to establish whether attitudes to cohabitation have changed, and whether legal knowledge and actions have increased following a period of sustained government and media focus. Finally, we consider public beliefs about cohabitants’ legal rights and financial practices. This latter issue is vital, as the courts may now take into account how cohabiting couples manage their money in deciding appropriate legal remedies on separation. Some of our key findings have already informed the deliberations of the Law Commission, due to report to Parliament in 2007, but this is the first full account of our research

Antarctica – the woman and the quest for a polar career

The perceptions of female identity and the characteristics to what is deemed feminine can vary from culture to culture. The naming of vehicles and machinery with feminine sounding names is evident across western cultures from America, Europe and Australia. The base stations on Antarctica are no exception and pictured evidence by Anne Noble suggest the “gendered nature of our relationship to the place” (Wells 2011). In the exhibition ‘The End of the Earth’ Wells (2011) brings to our attention the photographs that Noble took in Antarctica in 2008, of inanimate objects such as trucks and other vehicles that were branded with feminine sounding names like “Kimberley, Reba, Trixie and Patsy”. Is this observation a reflection of the relationship that people have with Antarctica – the woman? Are women working in Antarctic programs given the acknowledgement and recognition that is deserved of their Polar Careers and if so, are women rewarded in the same light and traditions as men? Although not a heavily gendered discussion, the following review seeks out the extent to which women are rewarded for their success in Antarctica after years of exclusion from the continent