7,095 research outputs found

    Optimizing electron backscatter diffraction of carbonate biominerals—resin type and carbon coating

    Get PDF
    Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is becoming a widely used technique to determine crystallographic orientation in biogenic carbonates. Despite this use, there is little information available on preparation for the analysis of biogenic carbonates. EBSD data are compared for biogenic aragonite and calcite in the common blue mussel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i>, using different types of resin and thicknesses of carbon coating. Results indicate that carbonate biomineral samples provide better EBSD results if they are embedded in resin, particularly epoxy resin. A uniform layer of carbon of 2.5 nm thickness provides sufficient conductivity for EBSD analyses of such insulators to avoid charging without masking the diffracted signal. Diffraction intensity decreases with carbon coating thickness of 5 nm or more. This study demonstrates the importance of optimizing sample preparation for EBSD analyses of insulators such as carbonate biominerals

    Bactrian Gold: Challenges and Hope for Private-Sector Development in Afghanistan

    Get PDF
    Based on interviews with Afghanistan's business and economic stakeholders about developing the country's private sector, outlines obstacles to business growth, including security, corruption, and infrastructure; their implications; and recommendations

    Partisan politics and fiscal policy

    Get PDF
    Does the partisan character of governing parties play a role in the formation of fiscal policy? The conventional view is that the left tends toward excessive deficits while the right practices a more prudent and restrictive fiscal policy. However, there is little evidence that would sustain such a view. At the same time, some strong arguments have been advanced which hold that whatever room existed previously for partisanship in fiscal policy making has been sharply reduced if not eliminated by developments such as greater international financial interdependence in recent decades. These issues are examined with a series of models that have been estimated using data from 14 OECD countries for the period from 1961 through 1991. The evidence produced in this paper suggests that the relationship between partisanship and fiscal policy is contingent on macroeconomic conditions. The left has tended to treat fiscal policy as a counter-cyclical tool, tightening fiscal policy when aggregate demand is high and loosening it to stimulate the economy when demand is low. On the other hand, the right has either refrained from such activism or actually conducted procyclical fiscal policies. The evidence also suggests that these partisan-based differences have been reduced over the recent decades. -- Bestimmendie parteipolitischen Konzeption der an der Regierung befindlichen Parteien deren Fiskalpolitik? Üblicherweise wird davon ausgegangen, daß die Linke eher zu exzessiven Defiziten neigt wĂ€hrend die Rechte eine eher vorsichtige und restriktive Fiskalpolitik betreibt. Dieser EinschĂ€tzung fehlt allerdings die empirische Basis. Gleichzeitig sind gewichtige Argumente dafĂŒr vorgebracht worden, daß die in den letzten Jahrzehnten gewachsene AbhĂ€ngigkeit von den internationalen FinanzmĂ€rkten den fiskalpolitischen Handlungsspielraum drastisch eingeschrĂ€nkt, wenn nicht sogar beseitigt hat. Diese Fragen werden anhand einer Reihe von Modellen ĂŒberprĂŒft, die mit Daten von 14 OECD-LĂ€ndern von 1991-1991 geschĂ€tzt wurden. Die Tests zeigen, daß die makroökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen ganz wesentlich die Beziehung zwischen parteipolitischer Orientierung und Fiskalpolitik bestimmen. Die Linke neigte dazu, Fiskalpolitik antizyklisch einzusetzen, indem sie eine restriktivere Politik verfolgt, wenn die Gesamtnachfrage hoch war, und bei geringer Nachfrage eine liberalere Politik bevorzugte, um die Wirtschaft zu stimulieren. Die Rechte dagegen hat sich eines solchen Aktivismus enthalten oder tatsĂ€chlich eine prozyklische Fiskalpolitik verfolgt. Die empirischen Resultate zeigen darĂŒber hinaus, daß diese parteipolitischen Unterschiede im Verlaufe der letzten Jahrzehnte geringer geworden sind.

    The response of Physical Science post-graduates to training courses and the connection to their PhD studies

    Get PDF
    Training in both employability and discipline-specific skills has been provided and expanded over a number of years for post-graduate research students, (PGRs) in the Faculty of Physical Sciences administered by the Physical Sciences Graduate School (PSGS) at the University of Glasgow. This project explored the training provided in 2005/06 with a view to further developing a programme that students and faculty alike consider appropriate, timely and developmental for the needs of research students. The training provided by the PSGS had grown over a number of years in response to suggestions from academic staff in the Faculty of Physical Sciences. Data were collected from Postgraduate Research students (PGRs) from all the stages of the 3 year PhD process to enable a complete map of views to emerge. In particular, the way PGR students perceive the training they undergo in relation to their core PhD research and career progression was examined. The students in our study also identified clearly where they perceived they were developing such transferable skills, and training sessions are not seen as the sole or even major source; the research group itself would appear to play a major role. The authors believe the finding could inform the provision of PGR training in other UK institution

    Biomineral electron backscatter diffraction for palaeontology

    Get PDF
    Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) originated in materials science and has transferred to biomineral research providing insight into fossil and modern biominerals. An electron microscopy technique, EBSD requires a fine polished sample surface where the electron beam diffracts in the first few lattice layers, identifying mineral, polymorph and crystallographic orientation. The technique is particularly well suited for the analysis of modern and fossil calcium carbonate biominerals, where it provides key insight into biological control of mineral formation such as in molluscs and brachiopods. EBSD readily identifies original and secondary mineralogy, which helps to inform our understanding of biomineral evolution such as the identification of original aragonite in Silurian trimerellid brachiopods. As a technique to identify and thus avoid the inclusion of secondary minerals in proxy organisms such as corals, EBSD can be used to ensure accuracy of palaeoproxy data. Even when fossil systems have no modern equivalents, EBSD can provide key data to determine functional mechanisms such as in the lenses of schizochroal eyes of phacopine trilobites. These few examples illustrate that EBSD is proving to be a valuable component of the palaeontology toolkit

    Diverse disparities: The politics and economics of wage, market and disposable income inequalities

    Get PDF
    This paper analyzes the evolution of inequality and its determinants across different forms of income. A number of results emerge from this effort. First, OECD countries have been and continue to be much more diverse in their distributions of earnings and disposable income than they are in their distributions of market income. Second, the larger cross-national variation in the distributions of earnings and disposable income can be attributed to the role of political actors (such as unions and, more importantly, political parties) and economic institutions that allow actors to coordinate their activities. Third, the transmission of cross-national differences in wage inequality into market-based inequality appears to be muted relative to economic and demographic transformations that have gone on within the OECD countries. Fourth, the way in which political parties are able to pursue their goals varies across forms of income. Political parties’ capacity to shape the distribution of earnings is contingent on the degree of wage bargaining coordination. Absent coordination between labor and capital, right-wing policy works to modestly increase inequality. Alternatively, the egalitarian efforts of left-wing parties have the undesired effect of raising earnings inequality. In contrast, when labor market actors are able to coordinate, left-wing policy reinforces the egalitarian effects of coordination whereas the impact of right-wing policy is institutionally constrained. In turn, political parties affect directly the distribution of disposable income through their choices about fiscal redistribution. -- In diesem Papier werden die Entwicklungen und die Determinanten der Ungleichheit verschiedener Einkommensarten untersucht. Als erstes Ergebnis lĂ€sst sicht feststellen, dass zwischen den OECD-LĂ€ndern grĂ¶ĂŸere Unterschiede in der Verteilung von Lohneinkommen und verfĂŒgbarem Einkommen als in der Verteilung von Markteinkommen bestanden und weiterhin bestehen. Zweitens kann die grĂ¶ĂŸere Variation der Einkommensverteilung ĂŒber die LĂ€nder bezĂŒglich Lohneinkommen und verfĂŒgbarem Einkommen der Rolle politischer Akteure, wie Gewerkschaften oder, noch wichtiger, politische Parteien, zugeschrieben werden. Auch ökonomische Institutionen, durch die die Akteure ihre Handlungen koordinieren, spielen eine Rolle. Drittens wird die Übertragung von Unterschieden in der Lohnungleichheit auf marktbasierte Ungleichheit von den ökonomischen und demografischen Transformationen verdeckt, denen die OECD-LĂ€nder unterliegen. Viertens variiert die Art und Weise, wie politische Parteien ihre Ziele verfolgen können zwischen den Einkommensarten. Die Möglichkeit, die Verteilung des Lohneinkommens zu beeinflussen, hĂ€ngt vom Grad der Koordination der Lohnverhandlungen ab. Fehlt eine Koordination zwischen den Tarifparteien auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, resultiert aus konservativer Politik ein leichter Anstieg der Ungleichheit. Noch stĂ€rker tritt der unerwĂŒnschte Effekt, Lohnungleichheit zu erhöhen, bei den egalitĂ€ren BemĂŒhungen der linken Parteien auf. Im Gegensatz dazu verstĂ€rken in einer Situation mit koordinierten Arbeitsmarktstrukturen linke Politikmaßnahmen den egalitĂ€ren Effekt der Koordination, wĂ€hrend der Wirkung der Politikmaßnahmen rechter Parteien institutionell ein Riegel vorgeschoben ist. Die Verteilung des verfĂŒgbaren Einkommens wiederum wird von den politischen Parteien direkt durch ihre Wahl der fiskalischen Umverteilung bestimmt.Income Inequality,Partisan Politics,Institutions,Varieties of Capitalism,Redistribution

    Taxing work: Some political and economic aspects of labor income taxation

    Get PDF
    This paper examines the development of tax regimes across the OECD countries in the latter part of the 20th century. It pays particular attention to taxes on labor income. A number of results emerge from this examination. First, not only do taxes on labor income represent a major drain on private households; they have become the mainstay of many of these countries’ public sector finances. Second, taxes on labor income, and not taxes on capital, appear to be the preferred instrument of finance for those economic and political interests that advocate and support a strong (and thereby expensive) welfare state. There is little “free lunch” to be had in these welfare states; if anything, “socialism in one class” seems to be the rule. Third, while the effort at financing the welfare state this way comes at cost in terms of loss in employment, the magnitude of such loss is inversely related to the degree of wage coordination in the labor market. -- In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung der Steuersysteme in OECD-LĂ€ndern ĂŒber die letzten Jahrzehnte des 20. Jahrhunderts unter besonderer BerĂŒcksichtigung der Steuern auf Arbeitseinkommen untersucht. Folgende Resultate können festgehalten werden. Erstens besteht nicht nur der Großteil der Abgabenbelastung fĂŒr private Haushalte aus Steuern auf Arbeitseinkommen; sie sind vor allem der Grundstock der öffentlichen Finanzen in den betrachteten LĂ€ndern. Zweitens scheinen diese Steuern auf Arbeitseinkommen und nicht etwa Kapitalertragssteuern das bevorzugte Finanzierungsinstrument gerade der politischen und ökonomischen Interessenvertreter zu sein, die sich fĂŒr einen starken und somit teuren Wohlfahrtsstaat aussprechen. Dabei existiert in den Wohlfahrtsstaaten kein sog. ‚free lunch’, vielmehr scheint der ‚Sozialismus in einer Gesellschaftsklasse’ an der Tagesordnung zu sein. Drittens lĂ€sst sich feststellen, dass diese Art der Finanzierung des Wohlfahrtsstaates Kosten in Form von Arbeitslosigkeit mit sich bringt, deren Höhe sich allerdings invers zum Grad der Koordination auf dem Arbeitsmarkt verhĂ€lt.Taxation,Partisan Politics,Institutions,Varieties of Capitalism

    The causes of welfare state expansion: deindustrialization or globalization?

    Get PDF
    An influential line of argument holds that trade exposure causes economic uncertainty and spurs popular demands for compensatory and risk-sharing welfare state spending. The argument has gained renewed prominence through the recent work of Garrett (1998) and Rodrik (1997; 1998). This paper argues that the relationship between trade openness and welfare state expansion is spurious, and that the engine of welfare state expansion since the 1960s has been deindustrialization. Based on cross-sectional time-series data for 15 OECD countries we show that there is no relationship between trade exposure and the level of labor market risks (in terms of employment and wages), whereas the uncertainty and dislocations caused by deindustrialization have spurred electoral demands for compensating welfare state policies. Yet, while differential rates of deindustrialization explain differences in the overall size of the welfare state, its particular character -- in terms of the share of direct government provision and the equality of transfer payments -- is shaped by government partisanship. The argument has implications for the study, and the future, of the welfare state that are very different from those suggestedin the trade openness literature. -- In vielen einflußreichen DiskussionsbeitrĂ€gen wird die Meinung vertreten, daß die Liberalisierung des Handels ökonomische Verunsicherung zur Folge habe und damit zu Forderungen nach ausgleichenden wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Ausgaben fĂŒhre. Die Arbeiten von Garrett (1998) und Rodrik (1997;1998) verliehen diesem Argument zusĂ€tzliche Relevanz. Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung ist die Beziehung zwischen Ausmaß an Offenheit einer Volkswirtschaft und der Ausdehnung des Wohlfahrtsstaates, dessen großzĂŒgige Entwicklung seit den 1960er Jahren durch zunehmende Deindustrialisierung ermöglicht wurde. Auf der Grundlage von Analysen lĂ€nderĂŒbergreifender Zeitreihen und von 15 OECD-LĂ€ndern wird gezeigt, daß kein Zusammenhang zwischen einer Handelsliberalisierung und dem Grad der Arbeitsmarktrisiken (bezogen auf Löhne und BeschĂ€ftigung) besteht. Angesichts der durch die Deindustrialisierung verursachten Unsicherheit kommt es jedoch von seiten der WĂ€hler zu Forderungen nach einer ausgleichenden Sozialpolitik. WĂ€hrend das Ausmaß der Deindustrialisierung die GrĂ¶ĂŸe und Ausstattung des Wohlfahrsstaates determiniert, wird sein spezifischer Charakter - hinsichtlich der direkten Regierungsdienstleistungen und der ausgleichenden Transferzahlungen - von den Regierungsparteien geprĂ€gt. Diese Argumentation ist von großer Tragweite fĂŒr die Analyse und Zukunft des Wohlfahrtsstaates; sie weicht gravierend von der Literatur ĂŒber offene Volkswirtschaften ab.

    Assessment of crystallographic influence on material properties of calcite brachiopods

    Get PDF
    Calcium carbonate biominerals are frequently analysed in materials science due to their abundance, diversity and unique material properties. Aragonite nacre is intensively studied, but less information is available about the material properties of biogenic calcite, despite its occurrence in a wide range of structures in different organisms. In particular, there is insufficient knowledge about how preferential crystallographic orientations influence these material properties. Here, we study the influence of crystallography on material properties in calcite semi-nacre and fibres of brachiopod shells using nano-indentation and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The nano-indentation results show that calcite semi-nacre is a harder and stiffer (H {approx} 3–5 GPa; E = 50–85 GPa) biomineral structure than calcite fibres (H = 0.4–3 GPa; E = 30–60 GPa). The integration of EBSD to these studies has revealed a relationship between the crystallography and material properties at high spatial resolution for calcite semi-nacre. The presence of crystals with the c-axis perpendicular to the plane-of-view in longitudinal section increases hardness and stiffness. The present study determines how nano-indentation and EBSD can be combined to provide a detailed understanding of biomineral structures and their analysis for application in materials science

    Electron density and pair correlation functions in metals

    Get PDF
    Imperial Users onl
    • 

    corecore