Magma plumbing processes for persistent activity at Poás Volcano, Costa Rica

New microgravity data from the active crater of Poás volcano, Costa Rica, collected in 2002-2004 extends the existing dataset to provide a unique 20-year time series. These data show that gravity has decreased monotonically in the north and east of the crater over the last 5 years, whilst it has increased to the west and remained approximately constant in the south. These changes are interpreted in terms of convective recharge within dendritic intrusions beneath the crater, with overall down-welling in the north and up-welling in the west. The data reveal a 5-10 year periodicity in sub-crater mass movement, but overall, the upper part of the conduit system appears to have maintained a state of mass equilibrium

Camp Wanake Information Dissemination: Retreatant Literature and Materials

Retreat groups are an integral part of nonprofit camp communities. Their attendance and volunteer efforts directly correlate with the success of the organization. Therefore it is necessary to understand why retreat groups visit camp environments and volunteer their time, as well as how they prefer to receive information in order for them to be best supported throughout their experience. It is key, as a nonprofit, to understand the best and most efficient methods of presenting retreatants with information, so that retention is increased and communication uncertainty is decreased. In addition, it is essential to understand the communication processes within the nonprofit organization in order to determine the most efficient way to disseminate information based on staff ability

Radioactive method enables determination of surface areas rapidly and accurately

Radioactive krypton adsorption technique is used to determine the surface area of more than one sample of material simultaneously

Becoming Jane Eyre: Getting Rid of The Androgynous Shadow

This article explores the parallels drawn between the characters of Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason in Charlotte Bronte’s 1847 novel Jane Eyre, using Jean Rhys’ 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea to further this comparison. I use Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s argument that Bertha is Jane’s double, or other self, to argue that Jane and Bertha both possess a form of androgyny within their characters, Jane’s due to her class and Bertha’s due to her race. I suggest that these forms of androgyny prevent Jane, in particular, from becoming spiritually equal with Mr. Rochester, proposing that, due to their connection as doubles, Jane must be rid of both her own, as well as Bertha’s androgynous shadow, in order to enter into marriage with Rochester as his equal

Smoking as a Form of Persistence in a Christian Nipmuc Community

The goal of this thesis is to determine the role that smoking played in the gatherings taking place at the Sarah Burnee/Sarah Boston farmstead and what its presence meant for the Nipmuc who gathered there. Previous work has firmly established that the farmstead functioned as a site of communal feasting for the Hassanamesco Nipmuc using ceramic and faunal evidence, and Heather Law in her 2008 thesis suggested that the site may have operated as an “informal tavern” based on her analysis of the glass assemblage. In all of these studies clay tobacco pipe fragments were utilized for stem bore diameter dating because the size of the assemblage remained small (47 fragments). With the close of excavations in 2013, however, and the writing of the final report, the total number of clay pipe fragments rose to 314, making a more robust analysis possible. Tobacco has both a religious and diplomatic function for Native people, and spatial statistics indicating that smoking and drinking behavior were only generally correlated across the site suggest preliminarily that smoking may have served additional functions not associated with recreation. To answer the question of what role smoking played in gatherings at the SB/SB farmstead, this thesis will compare the pipe assemblage to that from a documented Nipmuc “gathering place”, the meeting house and school at the Nipmuc praying town of Magunkaquog. Knowing that both Hassanamesit and Magunkaquog were places where Native peoples adopted European goods into their daily practices, this thesis will also compare these pipe assemblages to the pipe assemblage from an Anglo-American tavern, the Golden Ball, for similarities and differences that will illuminate how the Nipmuc may have incorporated European made white clay pipes in Native smoking practices

The role of olfactory genes in the expression of rodent paternal care behavior

Olfaction is the dominant sensory modality in rodents, and is crucial for regulating social behaviors, including parental care. Paternal care is rare in rodents, but can have significant consequences for offspring fitness, suggesting a need to understand the factors that regulate its expression. Pup-related odor cues are critical for the onset and maintenance of paternal care. Here, I consider the role of olfaction in the expression of paternal care in rodents. The medial preoptic area shares neural projections with the olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs, which are responsible for the interpretation of olfactory cues detected by the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems. The olfactory, trace amine, membrane-spanning 4-pass A, vomeronasal 1, vomeronasal 2 and formyl peptide receptors are all involved in olfactory detection. I highlight the roles that 10 olfactory genes play in the expression of direct paternal care behaviors, acknowledging that this list is not exhaustive. Many of these genes modulate parental aggression towards intruders, and facilitate the recognition and discrimination of pups in general. Much of our understanding comes from studies on non-naturally paternal laboratory rodents. Future studies should explore what role these genes play in the regulation and expression of paternal care in naturally biparental species

Analysis of Cassini plasma and magnetic field measurements from 1-7 AU

Cassini was launched in October 1997. Since then it has performed four planetary swing-bys and collected hundreds of days of data in the solar wind. In this thesis we mainly use data from the Cassini Electron Spectrometer (ELS) to discuss low energy electron distributions observed from 1 to 7 AU, and during the Cassini swing-bys of Earth and Jupiter. A method to estimate the spacecraft potential and calculate electron density and temperature by examining one dimensional cuts through the electron distributions is first introduced. These data are used to introduce many equatorial regions of the Earth's magnetosphere as observed by ELS in August 1999. We discuss ELS measurements of the upstream solar wind, the Earth's bow shock, magnetopause, day and nightside magnetosphere, radiation belts, low latitude boundary layer, and the plasmasheet. It is believed the encounter happened whilst reconnection was occurring at the nose of the magnetosphere, and hence we encountered an eroding magnetosphere with signatures of two substorms during the outbound path. The Cassini crossing of the Earth's bow shock is compared to statistical results gained during ~40 crossings by Cassini of Jupiter's bow shock. We find that observations of the electron temperature jump are consistent with that observed at the Earth, suggesting that the same fundamental processes are involved at both systems. Cassini-ELS observations of solar wind electron temperature are then discussed in the context of previous work. Based on ELS data alone we find that the solar wind electron temperature decreases with increasing heliocentric distance and that this decrease is slightly faster than predicted by Parker/two fluid models, slower than expected for adiabatic expansion and toward the steeper end of the scale based on previous observations