Pirarucu: from its origins to commercial breeding / Pirarucu: das origens ao melhoramento comercial

Because the captive breeding of pirarucu is a growing market segment with great potential, some Brazilian states in partnership with animal protection organizations and educational/research institutions have encouraged the activity, making it possible to monitor and preserve natural stocks and consequently prevent the extinction of the species. Commonly known as “pirarucu” in Brazil and “paiche” in Peru, Arapaima gigas is reported as one of the largest scaled freshwater fish in the world, with a carcass yield of around 60% and a filet yield of over 45%. The species is traditionally marketed in Brazil as a dry-salted food called “Brazilian cod”. Although much remains to be done for the captive breeding of pirarucu to be fully controlled, especially in terms of feeding and reproduction, research has been carried out with this purpose. In this scenario, the present literature review has been undertaken to elucidate the most information possible about the classification, biological aspects, production methods and breeding of pirarucu in Brazil

ÍNDICES DE DESEMPENHO: COMPARAÇÃO DAS ESCOLAS MILITARIZADAS COM AS TRADICIONAIS DE GUARANTÃ DO NORTE/MT

Resumo: A escola deve ser referência de um local seguro e propiciador de conhecimento, em que o aluno possa conhecer seus próximos e a sociedade em que vive. Neste sentido, objetivou-se analisar, neste trabalho, um projeto denominado “Escola Segura”, desenvolvido no município de Guarantã do Norte – MT, com o intuito de comparar escolas que implementaram o projeto com outras que não o fizeram. Para tal, foram avaliadas duas escolas militarizadas e duas tradicionais, nos níveis de ensino fundamental e médio, com base no desempenho escolar referente aos anos de 2017, 2018 e 2019/1. Constatou-se diferença significativa apenas nas escolas de ensino médio, contudo, houve um ligeiro progresso nas notas de português e de matemática na escola B, ao passo que o índice do IDEB 2016 da escola A foi maior. Espera-se que o resultado das escolas militarizas, no próximo IDEB e no próximo ENEM, melhorem, já que as notas nas disciplinas avaliadas tiveram o incremento de um ponto após a implementação do projeto.Palavras-chave: Escola Segura; IDEB; ENEM. Abstract: The school should be a reference for a safe and knowledgeable place, where students can get to know their neighbors and the society in which they live. In this sense, the goal of this work was to analyze a project called Escola Segura, developed in of Guarantã do Norte – MT. It was compared schools that implemented the project with others that did not. To this end, two militarized schools and two traditional schools, elementary and high school levels, were evaluated, based on school performance over the years of 2017, 2018 and 2019/1. There was a significant difference only in high schools, however, there was a slight progress in the grades of Portuguese and Mathematics subjects in school B, while the IDEB 2016 index of school A was higher. It is expected that the result of militarized schools in the next IDEB and in the next ENEM will improve, since the grades in the evaluated subjects had an increase of 1.0 point after the implementation of the project.Keywords: School Safety; IDEB; ENEM

Descontaminação superficial em carne bovina maturada por aspersão com agentes de fonte natural: estudo da eficiência e comparação entre método tradicional e rápido / Surface decontamination in primal beef matured by sprinkling with natural agents: study of efficiency and comparison between traditional and rapid method

Objetivou-se reduzir a carga microbiana inicial de cortes primários bovinos maturados e resfriados com uso agentes antimicrobianos de fonte natural e a técnica de desinfecção de carcaças  por aspersão muito utilizada em abatedouros com intuito de retardar a deterioração e atender à segurança microbiológica, assim como verificar a eficiência dos agentes e comparar a resposta destes pelos métodos de análise tradicional e rápido. Para tal, utilizou-se de 5 agentes antimicrobianos diferentes e 5 peças de Longissimus dorsi com 85 dias de validade perfazendo 5 tratamentos: Tratamento 1 (controle com água deionizada estéril), Tratamento 2 (vinagre tamponado), Tratamento 3 (lactatos e diacetatos), Tratamento 4 (lactato de sódio, acetato de sódio e nisina) e Tratamento 5 (vinagre tamponado e ?-polilisina), utilizando-se de 2 repetições (A e B) aos quais analisou-se a eficiência desses agentes antimicrobianos na redução da carga microbiológica dos corte bovinos, em duplicata, o valor de pH e atividade antimicrobiana dos agentes por difusão em disco, em triplicata, onde foram selecionados 3 microrganismos, sendo uma bactéria Gram-positiva (Listeria monocytogenes) e duas bactérias Gram-negativas (Escherichia coli e Salmonella typhimurium). O antibiótico estreptomicina (4 mg. L-1) foi utilizado como controle positivo e água deionizada estéril como controle negativo. Os resultados microbiológicos foram avaliados por estatística descritiva e pH pela ANOVA e teste de Tukey pelo Programa Estatístico R, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. O pH variou de 5,44 a 5,83 e foram encontradas ausência de Salmonella sp. e E. coli em todas as amostras. O estudo de eficiência mostrou uma redução em um log para contagem de bactérias totais e bactérias ácido láticas e em amostras positivas para Staphylococcus aureus (T1A e T4) houve uma redução de 100%, tendo T3 o melhor resultado e T1 o pior. Quando se comparou os tipos de métodos de detecção dos microrganismos, tradicional e rápido, teve-se que o método rápido foi mais sensível em 1 log em detrimento do método de contagem em placas. À proporção que todos os agentes antimicrobianos testados somente o T4 obteve resultado positivo na análise de atividade antimicrobiana por difusão em disco, demonstrando quase a metade da eficiência em comparação à estreptomicina a 4%. Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma ação antimicrobiana eficaz pelos agentes naturais, além de uma assistência superficial de descontaminação para reduzir patógenos (S. aureus), podendo contribuir para a extensão da vida útil da carne bovina, sendo comprovado via teste de halo de inibição com lactato de sódio, acetato de sódio e nisina

Elaboração, caracterização físico-química e microbiológica de produtos do Pirarucu / Elaboration, physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of Pirarucu products

Objetivou-se elaborar e caracterizar a composição físico-química e microbiológica do hambúrguer e linguiça de pirarucu criado em cativeiro trazendo como uma nova forma de apresentação desta matéria-prima, incentivando seu consumo. Para tal, utilizou-se de aparas de pirarucu proveniente de uma piscicultura da cidade de Peixoto de Azevedo, as quais foram transportadas em isopores térmicos com gelo até chegar ao laboratório de carnes da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, onde foram congeladas e armazenadas sob congelamento até seu uso. Os produtos foram elaborados seguindo as normas de boas práticas de fabricação e analisados em triplicata quanto à umidade, cinzas, proteínas (método Kjeldahl), lipídios totais (método Soxhlet), pH, atividade da água, teor de cloreto de sódio, teor de carboidratos por diferença e valor total de energia por meio dos fatores de conversão, bem como Salmonella sp. usando o método ISO 6579:2007, Staphylococcus coagulase positivo pelo método de contagem direta e contagem de coliformes a 35 e 45 ° C e E. coli pelo método Apha do número mais provável. Os dados foram avaliados através de estatística descritiva. Os resultados obtidos nas análises físico-químicas do hambúrguer e linguiça foram, respectivamente: atividade da água 0,98 e 0,97, pH 6,53 e 6,2, teor de cloreto de sódio 1,24 e 1,86%, umidade 71,64 e 62,76%, cinzas 2,12 e 2,66%, proteína 18,98% (acima do recomendado pela legislação (15%)) e 11,64%, lipídios 4,53 e 8,06% , carboidratos 2,73 e 14,88% e valor energético 127,61 e 178,62 kcal / 100g, enquanto os resultados das análises microbiológicas de ambos atenderam plenamente aos padrões exigidos pela legislação vigente. A produção de hambúrguer e linguiça de pirarucu provou ser uma alternativa viável para oferecer ao consumidor um produto com excelente qualidade nutricional e microbiológica, além de ser prático para uso no dia-a-dia

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease