Determinación del elemento que causa el desprendimiento temprano de los frutos de aguacate (persea americana. m.) variedad hass en la hacienda Chaquibamba, Guayllabamba Quito

Determinar él o los elementos nutricionales que ocasionan el desprendimiento temprano de los frutos de aguacate variedad Hass para orientar una recomendación de fertilización en Guayllabamba.La presente investigación fue desarrollada en el período 2015 a 2016 con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de macro y micro elementos nutricionales por sitio especifico en el desprendimiento temprano de frutos de aguacate (Persea americana) variedad Hass y los objetivos específicos fueron; evaluar el efecto de la falta de elementos nutricionales en la caída temprana de frutos, cuantificar las pérdidas ocasionadas, establecer una recomendación de fertilización y realizar un análisis del presupuesto parcial, cultivado con el método de riego en micro aspersión en Guayllabamba-Quito. La dosis de fertilización se calculó en base a un previo análisis de suelo y el requerimiento nutrimental del árbol para obtener un rendimiento de 25Tm/ha. Por otra parte la investigación estuvo conformada por 12 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones con un diseño experimental de Bloques Completamente al Azar (DBCA), y con la técnica; manejo de nutrientes por sitio específico, además se consideró la fertilización completa (N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg, Zn, B, Mn), fertilización del agricultor (N, P, K, Mg) y un testigo (sin nada), cada unidad experimental tuvo un área de 25m2. Para la evaluación de los datos se utilizó el programa InfosTat/E y sometidos a un modelo lineal generalizado mixto, además para las variables significativas se empleó la prueba de Fisher al 5%. Concluida la investigación se determinó que el desprendimiento temprano del fruto es causado por la deficiencia de Ca y B, que presentaron un porcentaje de 62 y 47% respectivamente, en cuanto al porcentaje de frutos cuajados fue alta para todos los tratamientos, la cantidad de inflorescencias no tuvieron significancia, por otra parte el rendimiento del tratamiento 2 (-P) y 3(-K) fueron los mejores, con 26 y 25 Tm/ha y en cuanto al análisis económico los mejores tratamientos fueron T2, T3 y T10 con un beneficio neto de $ 20.518, 19.608 y 16.738 respectivamente

Análisis bioinformático del transcriptoma del maqui (Aristotelia chilensis): identificación de genes involucrados en la biosíntesis de antocianinas

74 p.Aristotelia chilensis o comúnmente llamado maqui, es un pequeño árbol endémico chileno que produce un fruto de tipo baya que ha comenzado a tomar relevancia biotecnológica y médica, por su alta actividad antioxidante en comparación con otros frutos de tipo bayas, los cuales están dados principalmente por su alta concentración de antocianinas específicas. Las antocianinas del maqui se destacan por dar pigmentación de tonalidades púrpuras y azules a lo largo de la etapa de maduración del fruto. En el maqui las antocianinas con mayor concentración corresponden a delfinidina y cianidina, mostrando niveles de concentración por encima de la media general en éste tipo de frutos. Actualmente los genes implicados en la regulación y biosíntesis de antocianinas en el maqui permanecen sin ser investigado. Por tanto el objetivo principal del presente proyecto es estudiar el transcriptoma del maqui para identificar y caracterizar los genes implicados en la formación de antocianinas en el fruto del maqui y así poder justificar su alto contenido. Para esto se realizaron secuenciaciones en MiSeq de Illumina, para tres estados diferentes de maduración; fruto verde, pintón y maduro, obteniendo 29.603.685 lecturas de extremos pareados de 150 pb de largo. El total de unigenes ensamblados fue de 64.924, de los cuales se anotaron 32.453 de manera automática utilizando la base de datos no redundante de proteínas del NCBI. De los unigenes no anotados, 28.906 corresponden a secuencias no codificantes, identificadas usando CPC (Coding Protein Calculator). Utilizando una base de datos local de los genes asociados a la ruta metabólica de la antocianina y la herramienta de alineamientos locales BLAST (tblastn), se lograron identificar los unigenes de Aristotelia chilensis asociados a ésta ruta. Se observó que genes claves de la ruta de biosíntesis de antocianinas, tales como F3’H, F3’5’H, DFR y UFGT, se encuentran altamente expresos cuando el fruto se encuentra en estado maduro. El análisis de expresión diferencial entre los unigenes de fruto verde y maduro, realizados con EdgeR, resultó con un total de 9.452 unigenes diferencialmente expresos entre los dos estados de maduración.La buena calidad de secuenciación se demostró en la gran cantidad de unigenes obtenidos del transcriptoma reconstruido en forma de novo, mostrando también que existen datos interesantes que pueden ser objetivo de estudios posteriores, como los unigenes asociados a ARN no codificante. El análisis de expresión diferencial arrojó resultados que concuerdan con los contenidos de antocianinas totales y perfiles específicos de delfinidina, mostrando también la sobre expresión que existe en el fruto maduro de algunos genes estructurales de la ruta metabólica de la antocianina./ABSTRACT: Aristotelia chilensis or commonly called maqui, is a Chilean endemic tree that produces a berry type fruit of recently biotechnological and medical importance, well-known for its high antioxidant activity compared to other berry fruits, which are given mainly for its high concentration of specific anthocyanins. Anthocyanins in maqui stand to give purple pigmentation and blue tones along the ripening stage. In maqui, anthocyanins with the most concentration are delphinidin and cyanidin, showing levels above the average concentration for this type of fruit. Currently, genes involved in regulation and biosynthesis of anthocyanins in maqui remain to be studied. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to study the transcriptome of maqui to identify and characterize genes involved in the formation of anthocianins in maqui berry and justify their high content. For this, three runs on a MiSeq Illumina sequencer were performed, for three different stages of ripening; for the green fruit, the half ripened fruit and the ripe fruit, obtaining 19.603.685 paired end reads of 151 bp in length. The total number of assembled unigenes were 64.924, of which 32.453 where automatically annotated using the non redundant database from NCBI. From non annotated unigenes, 28.906 correspond to non coding sequences, identified using CPC (Coding Protein Calculator). Differential expression analysis of unigenes between green and ripe fruits, using EdgeR, resulted in a total of 9.452 differentially expressed unigenes, from which 7.222 were up regulated and 2.230 were down regulated in green fruits compared to ripe fruits. Using a local database of anthocyanin metabolic pathway genes and BLAST (tblast), achieved identify the unigenes of Aristotelia chilensis associated to this pathway. It was observed that key genes of the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, such as F3’5’H, DFR, UFGT and regulator genes (Myb family transcription factors) are highly expressed in ripe fruit. The good sequencing quality was demonstrated by the large number of unigenes obtained from the de novo transcriptomic analysis, also providing interesting data that can be target of future studies, as unigenes that were transcribed to non 11 coding RNAs. Differential expression analysis resulted in data consistent with the total anthocyanins content and specific profiles of delphinidin, also showing the up regulation of some structural genes of the anthocyanin metabolic pathway on the ripe fruit

Biomarcadores conductuales de bovinos del sistema doble propósito

The importance of behavioral and physiological biomarkers and their effects on the dairy production of dual purpose cattle was evaluated through the collection and analysis of the primary information. The database maintained by the University of the Amazon, the National University of Colombia, and SCIELO, was analyzed using the keywords: animal welfare, ethology and bovine behavior. It was observed that the activities to which the cows are subjected in dairy production lead to an inevitable stress for the animal due to the conditions of the system, negatively affecting the production, specifically the quantity and quality of milk produced (Total solids, fats and proteins). Greater knowledge regarding animal welfare will contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of dual purpose cattle in dairy production, subject to different management conditions. In this sense, ethology becomes a powerful tool that helps to understand how these animals perceive their environment.Se evaluó a través de la recopilación y análisis de la información primaria, la importancia de los biomarcadores conductuales, fisiológicos y sus efectos en la producción lechera de bovinos doble propósito. Se analizó la base de datos que mantiene la Universidad de la Amazonia, la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, y SCIELO, usando las palabras clave: bienestar animal, etología y comportamiento bovino. Se observó que las actividades a las que son sometidas las vacas en producción lechera conllevan un estrés inevitable para el animal debido a las condiciones mismas del sistema, afectando negativamente la producción, específicamente la cantidad y calidad de leche producida (Solidos totales, grasas y proteínas). Un mayor conocimiento en lo que se refiere a bienestar animal contribuirá al mejor entendimiento de la conducta del ganado doble propósito en producción lechera, sometido a diferentes condiciones de manejo. En este sentido la etología se convierte en una herramienta poderosa que ayuda a comprender cómo perciben estos animales su entorno

Detección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, linaje Beijing, en Ecuador

Introduction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage isolates are considered to be especially virulent, transmissible and prone to acquire resistances. Beijing strains have been reported worldwide, but studies in Latin America are still scarce. The only multinational study performed in the region indicated a heterogeneous distribution for this lineage, which was absent in Chile, Colombia and Ecuador, although further studies found the lineage in Chile and Colombia.Objective: To search for the presence of the Beijing lineage in Ecuador, the only country in the region where it remains unreported.Materials and methods: We obtained a convenience sample (2006-2012) from two hospitals covering different populations. The isolates were genotyped using 24-MIRU-VNTR. Lineages were assigned by comparing their patterns to those in the MIRU-VNTRplus platform. Isolates belonging to the Beijing lineage were confirmed by allele-specific PCR.Results: We identified the first Beijing isolate in Ecuador in an unexpected epidemiological scenario: A patient was infected in the Andean region, in a population with low mobility and far from the borders of the neighboring countries where Beijing strains had been previously reported.Conclusion: This is the first report of the presence of the Beijing lineage in Ecuador in an unusual epidemiological context that deserves special attention.Introducción. Los aislamientos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis pertenecientes al linaje Beijing se consideran especialmente virulentos y transmisibles, y con mayor tendencia a la adquisición de resistencia. El linaje Beijing se ha reportado en todo el mundo; sin embargo, en Latinoamérica los estudios al respecto son más escasos. En el único estudio multinacional llevado a cabo en la región, se detectó una distribución heterogénea del linaje, y no se le encontró en Chile, Colombia y Ecuador,aunque en estudios nacionales posteriores se identificaron aislamientos en Chile y Colombia.Objetivo. Rastrear la presencia del linaje Beijing de M. tuberculosis en Ecuador, único país en la región en el que aún no se reporta.Materiales y métodos. Se analizó una muestra de conveniencia (2006-2012) en dos hospitales que atendían poblaciones diferentes. La genotipificación de los aislamientos de M. tuberculosis se hizo mediante la plataforma 24-MIRU-VNTR. La asignación de linajes se hizo mediante la comparación de los patrones genotípicos con los incluidos en la plataforma MIRU-VNTRplus, y aquellos pertenecientes al linaje Beijing fueron confirmados mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa específica de alelo.Resultados. Se detectó el primer aislamiento Beijing en Ecuador, en una circunstancia epidemiológica inesperada: un paciente de la región andina, proveniente de una comunidad con escasa movilidad y alejada de las fronteras con los países limítrofes, Perú y Colombia, en los que ya se han identificado aislamientos de M. tuberculosis pertenecientes al linaje Beijing.Conclusiones. En este trabajo se reporta por primera vez la presencia del linaje Beijing de M. tuberculosis en Ecuador en un contexto epidemiológico inusual que merece especial atención

Metagenome sequencing of the microbial community of a solar saltern crystallizer pond at cáhuil lagoon, chile.

Cáhuil Lagoon in central Chile harbors distinct microbial communities in various solar salterns that are arranged as interconnected ponds with increasing salt concentrations. Here, we report the metagenome of the 3.0- to 0.2-µm fraction of the microbial community present in a crystallizer pond with 34% salinity

Trends of maxillofacial trauma : an update from the prospective register of a multicenter study in emergency services of Chile

Determine the behavior of the maxillofacial trauma of adults treated in 3 tertiary care centers in the central zone of Chile. Descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study, based on the prospective records of maxillofacial trauma cases attended between May 2016 and April 2017 by dental and maxillofacial clinical teams of Adult Emergency Units of hospitals Dr. Sótero del Río (metropolitan region), Carlos Van Buren and Dr. Gustavo Fricke (region V). Age, sex, date of occurrence, type of trauma according to ICD-10, etiology, legal medical prognosis and associated injuries were recorded, stratifying by sex and age. Chi square and unpaired Wilcoxon tests were used to compare by groups. 2.485 cases and 3.285 injuries were investigated. The male: female ratio was 1.7: 1 with age under 30 predominant, followed by older adults. Variability was observed in the yearly, weekly and daily presentation. The highest frequencies were in January and September, weekends and at night. The main etiologies were violence (42.3%), falls (13.1%) and road traffic crashes (12.9%) with differences by age and sex (p<0.05). 31,9% of the injuries occurred in hard tissue, being fractures in nasal bones predominant (S02.2). The profile of the maxillofacial trauma in Chile seems to be mixed by age, affecting young people and the elderly. The male sex predominates; the main cause, which varies by age group, is violence. Their surveillance is possible from hospital emergency records

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication