A REGENERAÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS NA FLORESTA ESTADUAL EDMUNDO NAVARRO DE ANDRADE, RIO CLARO – SP

A Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de Andrade - FEENA, em Rio Claro – SP, é uma unidade de conservação (UC) gerenciada pela Fundação Florestal conforme Decreto nº 51.453 de 31 de dezembro de 2006 e Resolução nº 16, de 03 de março 2007. Com área de 2.235,14 ha, em quase toda a sua extensão reflorestada com espécies do gênero Eucalyptus. O presente trabalho foi realizado no interior de um talhão de Eucalyptus tereticornis - T45, com 6,65 ha, plantado em 1915. Esse plantio sofreu desbastes periódicos, exibindo atualmente, um sub-bosque semelhante àquele de matas mesófilas semidecíduas, de ocorrência comum no interior de São Paulo. Nesse estudo, foram analisadas a estrutura de tamanho e a distribuição espacial de seis espécies arbóreas, que se desenvolvem no sub-bosque do fragmento, a saber: Conchocarpus pentandrus (A. St. Hill.) Kallunki e Pirani, Galipea jasminiflora (A. St. Hill.) Engl e Metrodorea nigra St. Hil. (Rutaceae), Trichilia catigua Juss., Trichilia elegans Juss. (Meliaceae) e Holocalyx balansae Mich. (Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae). Ao longo de três trilhas distribuíram-se aleatoriamente 25 parcelas de 10 m x 10 m. Em cada parcela foram levantados indivíduos pertencentes as seguintes classes de tamanho: plântulas e jovens (≤ 1 m), pré-adultos (> 1 m ≤ 2 m) e adultos (> 2m). Os histogramas de classes de altura indicaram o potencial de regeneração de todas as espécies analisadas, apresentando uma curva “J reverso” típica. As espécies mostraram um padrão agregado de distribuição para a maioria das classes de tamanho, determinado através dos índices de Morisita e variância/média. Os indivíduos de Trichilia catigua, Trichilia elegans e Holocalyx balansae foram encontrados no interior de quase todas as parcelas. Já Conchocarpus pentandrus, Galipea jasminiflora e Metrodorea nigra formaram manchas restritas, ocorrendo somente em algumas parcelas alocadas na área de estudo. O levantamento das populações em questão mostrou que este fragmento apresenta condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento de espécies secundárias e climácicas, como as estudadas aqui, que representam grupos sucessionais avançados e de valor no fornecimento de recursos para a fauna de polinizadores e frugívoros locais, bem como contribuem para a memória ecológica, através da possibilidade de formação de uma chuva sementes contínua capaz de colonizar fragmentos de matas e manchas sucessionais na paisagem

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Um estudo de estrutura de comunidades em fitocenoses originarias da exploração e abandono de pantios de eucalipto, localizadas no Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, Rio Claro (SP)

Orientador: Paulo Yoshio KageyamaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Neste trabalho é apresentada uma análise do banco de sementes do solo, da estrutura florística e fitossociológica de quatro comunidades que se formaram em decorrência do plantio, exploração e abandono de talhões de eucalipto, situados no Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade (Rio Claro - SP). Tais áreas correspondem a um talhão de E. citriodora de 9 anos (área I), dois de E. tereticornis de 82 anos (áreas II e 11I), e um talhão de E. microcorys de 39 anos (área IV). Para a avaliação do banco de sementes foram coletadas 130 amostras de solo, a uma profundidade de 5 cm, ao longo das trilhas que cortam o sub-bosque dos talhões estudados. As amostras de solo foram expostas em caixas de 56cm x 36cm x 10cm no interior de um viveiro que interceptava 50 % da luz solar, e acompanhada a germinação das sementes pelo período de um ano. No levantamento da vegetação foram distribuídas aleatoriamente, ao longo das trilhas, 10 parcelas de 10 x 10m para amostragem do estrato arbóreo, 10 parcelas de 6 x 6 m para amostragem do estrato arbustivo e 10 de 2 x.l m para amostragem do estrato herbáceo. As parcelas de 6 x 6 m e de 2 x 1 m ficaram circunscritas na parcela de 10 x 10m. Foram incluídos no estrato arbóreo, todos os indivíduos lenhosos com 10 cm ou mais de perímetro na altura do peito (P AP), no estrato arbustivo foram listados aqueles com menos de 1 cm de P AP e com 1 m ou mais de altura, no estrato herbáceo foram amostrados todos aqueles com menos de 1 m de altura, incluindo-se plântulas e indivíduos jovens de espécies herbáceas ou lenhosas. Nas parcelas de 10 x 10m, foram feitas coletas de solo na profundidade de 0 a 20 cm, para análises física e química e realizadas quatro leituras do espectro luminoso na faixa de 400 a 800 nm para caracterização das áreas quanto à razão vermelho/vermelho extremo e a densidade de fluxo de fóton fotossintético. Um total de 6.219 sementes do banco germinou, envolvendo 164 espécies correspondentes a 53 famílias. Os valores de diversidade para o banco variaram de 2,53 nats/ind. (área II) a 2,75 nats/ind. (área IV). O índice de equidade foi baixo, indicando a dominância por parte de algumas espécies no banco, variando de 0,60 (área I) a 0,65 (área 11). O banco das comunidade secundárias estudadas do Horto caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de espécies herbáceas e pequeno número de espécies arbóreas , em geral, pioneiras, o que é comum às comunidades em pleno processo de sucessão. Na vegetação foram amostradas 63 espécies na área I, 84 espécies na área II, 109 espécies na área III, e 92 espécies na área IV. A amostragem de lianas elevou significativamente o número de espécies levantadas nestas comunidades secundárias. Uma análise comparativa das espécies que ocorreram em mais de um estrato da vegetação mostrou que nas áreas II e lU essas espécies representaram 45,24% e 43,12%, respectivamente, do total de espécies amostradas, ficando as áreas I e IV, respectivamente, com os percentuais de 36,51 % e 37,37%. Na área I a maior parte destas espécies é representada por herbáceas (34,78%), lianas (21,74%) e arbustos (17,39%). Enquanto que na área IV as lianas destacam-se pela maior percentagem de espécies que se repetiram nos diferentes estratos (40,54%), ficando o restante dos hábitos (espécies arbóreas, arbustivas, sub-arbustivas e herbáceas) com contribuições entre 11,8% e 13,51 %. Fica clara a maior expressão das espécies arbóreas e das lianas nas áreas II e III (que somam, respectivamente, 76,32% e 80,86%), em relação aos demais hábitos. O índice de diversidade de Shannon alcançou o seu valor mais inferior no estrato arbóreo da área I (0,086 nats/ind.) e seu valor máximo no estrato arbustivo da área III (3,45 natslind.). Os talhões mais antigos (áreas II e III) são mais semelhantes quanto à estratificação vertical, estrutura florística, hábitos das espécies amostradas, grupos sucessionais de espécies, com alta porcentagem de espécies raras e a presença marcante de lianas, sendo os dois últimos aspectos freqüentemente citados para as florestas do interior do estado de São Paulo. Tanto a análise de agrupamento (UPGMA) quanto a análise de ordenação (DECORANA) apresentaram resultados congruentes, sugerindo para o estrato arbóreo maior proximidade florística entre as áreas I e IV e II e III entre si, ficando a área IV numa posição intermediária em entre as áreas mais velhas (II e III) e a área mais nova ( I ). Para o estrato arbustivo e herbáceo a diferenciação florística entre as parcelas é alta, tanto dentro das áreas quanto entre as áreas. A ordenação das parcelas em função dos dois primeiros eixos da análise de componentes principais (PCA), calculada a partir dos parâmetros físicos e químicos do solo, assim como também dos dados de luminosidade, indicou uma maior proximidade entre as áreas II e III, ficando estas separadas da área I e da área IV. Através da caracterização fitossociológica das áreas analisadas do Horto, quatro questões foram consideradas, sendo expostas a seguir. 1 - A composição floristica do banco de sementes seria diferenciada entre comunidades de idades distintas? A composição em espécies do banco de sementes variou entre as áreas, tendendo a aumentar sua similaridade florística na medida que a idade da comunidade, quando relacionadas, tornava-se menos discrepante, ou seja, bancos de mesma idade ou idades aproximadas, em geral, foram mais similares do que bancos de comunidades de idades distintas. 2 - Podem as comunidades estudadas abrigar espécies arbóreas que ocorrem nos fragmentos da região. propiciando sua regeneração e dando condições para o estabelecimento desde a fase de plântula até a de indivíduo adulto? Diferentes espécies que fazem parte das listagens florísticas de fragmentos de mata mesófila são encontradas no interior dos talhões mais velhos e com menor densidade de eucalipto (áreas II e lU), ocorrendo tanto no estrato arbóreo quanto no herbáceo, onde estão representadas por seus indivíduos jovens. Nos talhões mais novos e com alta densidade de eucalipto (I e IV) a representação dessas espécies através de seus regenerantes, já é mais restrita, ficando o talhão mais novo (área I, com 9 anos) com o total predomínio de herbáceas sem nenhum regenerante de espécies arbóreas no estrato herbáceo. 3 - Entre áreas de idades distintas a vegetação de sub-bosque se diferenciaria na composição dos grupos sucessionais de espécies arbóreas? Observou-se uma marcante diferença no predomínio dos grupos sucessionais entre áreas de idades distintas. As áreas I e IV guardam características de comunidades pioneiras. No entanto, a área I, mais nova (com 9 anos), apresenta um total predomínio de invasoras nos estratos arbustivo e herbáceo, ficando a área IV (com 39 anos) com o destaque de algumas espécies pioneiras no estrato arbóreo e a presença de diferentes grupos sucessionais no estrato arbustivo, mas no estrato herbáceo, ainda, ocorre a maior expressão de lianas e invasoras. As comunidades secundárias das áreas II e III (ambas com 82 anos) em oposição as das áreas I e IV, possuem uma maior percentagem de indivíduos e espécies nas categorias SI/ST (secundária inicial/secundária tardia), ST (secundária tardia) e ST/CL (secundária tardia/climáxica), mostrando-se numa condição mais avançada do processo de sucessão. 4 - Haveria uma relação entre a florística do banco de sementes e aquela descrita para a vegetação? A relação florística entre o banco e a vegetação correspondeu a baixos valores de similaridade, não sendo observada, segundo indicações da literatura, uma diminuição dessa similaridade em direção às comunidades mais antigasAbstract: This paper presents an analysis of the soil seed bank, floristie and phytosociologieal structure of four eommunities growing under Euca/yptus stands in Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, a tree plantation at Rio Claro - SP. These areas are: one 9-year old stand of E. citriodora, (Area I), two 82-year old stands of E. tereticornis (Areas II and III) and one 39-year old stand of E. microcorys, (Area IV). The seed bank studies were earried out on 130 soil samples, gathered at 5 em depths along trails crossing the stands. The samples were put in wooden boxes (56 x 36 x 10 em) and plaeed inside a greenhouse with 50% light intereeption and seed germination was observed for one year. The floristic survey was earried out through quadrats distributed at random along the trails. In eaeh area, ten quadrats of 10 x 10m for arboreal stratum, ten quadrats of 6 x 6 m for shrubby stratum and ten quadrats of 2 x 1 m for herbaeeous stratum were used. In the arboreal stratum, all woody plarits with girth at breast height (gbh) of 10 em or more were included. In the shrubby stratum, all woody plants with gbh under I em and over 1 m high were sampled. The herbaeeous stratum ineluded all plants under 1 m high, including seedlings and young woody or herbaeeous plants. Within eaeh 10 x 10m quadrat, soil samples were taken at depths from zero to 20 em, for physieal and ehemieal analysis. Light speetrum was read over the 400 to 800 nm band, to determinate the red/far red ratio and photosynthetie photon flux density. Germination oeeurred in 6,219 seeds, representing 53 families and 164 species. Diversity values for the seed bank varied from 2.53 nats/ind. (Area II) to 2.75 nats/ind. (Area IV). Evenness indexes were low, ranging from 0.60 (Area I) to 0.65 (Area II), indicating dominanee by some speeies. The soil seed banks taken from the seeondary eommunities studied were eharaeterized by dominanee of herbaeeous speeies and a small number of tree speeies, the latter, in general, pioneers, as oecurs in other eommunities in early phases of sueeession. Sixty-three plant speeies oceurred in Area I, 84 in Area II, 109 in Area III and 92 in Area IV. Lianas were responsible for the inerease in number of speeies in these seeondary eommunities. A comparative analysis on the species occurring in more than one stratum of vegetation showed that, in Areas II and III, they stood for 45.24 % and 43.12%, respectively, of the total of species sampled. In Areas I and IV, the corresponding values were of 36.51 % and 37.37%, respectively. Most of these species were represented in Area I by herbs (34.78%), lianas (21. 74%) and shrubs (17.39%), whereas in Area IV lianas stood for the highest percentage of species occurring in different strata (40.54%). Other habits (trees, shrubs and herbs) provided values that varied from 11.8% to 13.51%. Trees and lianas are the most common species in Areas II and III, amounting to 76.32% and 80.86%, respectively. The Shannon diversity index reached its lowest value in the arboreal stratum of Area I (0.086 nats/ind.) and its highest one in the shrubby stratum of Area III (3.45 nats/ind.). The oldest stands (Area II and IlI) are similar as regards vertical stratification, floristic structure, species habits, successional groups, with a high percentage of rare species and the presence of lianas, the last two aspects frequently being recorded for forests in the countryside of the State of São Paulo. The detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA) corroborated the results obtained from cluster analysis using the average linkage method (UPGMA), suggesting that the arboreal stratum in the pairs of Areas I and IV, II and II! resembled each other as to floristic, and Area IV occupied an intermediate position between the oldest areas (U and lU) and the youngest ones (I and IV). Both analyses indicated that the shrubby stratum and the herbaceous stratum had a high floristic differentiation, both within and between areas. Quadrat ordination through principal component analysis (PCA), based on physical and chemical soil parameters, as well as light measurements, indicated high similarity between Areas II and III, separated from Area I and Area IV. The phytosociological characterization of the studied areas in Horto Florestal lead to four questions, namely: 1) Is lhe floristic composition of seed banks from communities of dislinct ages differenl? The floristic composition of seed banks varied among the studied areas, and the floristic similarity increased when community ages were less distinct. 2) Could the studied communities have tree species common to the regional forests, from seedling phase unOI maturity? Different species, present in floristic lists of remains of mesophytic forest in the region, appear in the understorey of the oldest Eucalyptus stands (Areas II and IlI). These species occur in tree and herb layers as well, where their saplings are found. In the youngest Eucalyptus stands, with high Eucalyptus density (I and IV), representation of these species by their regenerants is less evident. The youngest Eucalyptus stands (nine-year old Area I) show predominance of herbs, without any regenerants of tree species in the herb layer. 3) Does understorey vegetation in stands with distinct ages have differential successional group species? A sharp difference was observed in the predominance of successional species groups between distinct age areas. Areas I and IV have pioneer community characteristics, but Area I, the youngest, has a great predominance of weeds in shrub and herb layers. Area IV (39 years old) has some pioneer species in the tree layer and different successional groups in the shrub layer, but the herb layer has lianas and weeds as well. Secondary communities from Areas II and III (both eighty-two years old), in opposition to Areas I and IV, have a greater percentage of individuaIs and species in the SI/ST (early secondary/late secondary) ST (late secondary) and ST/CL (late secondary/climax) categories, indicating that these areas are more ahead in the successionaI processo. 4) Could there be a relationship between seed bank floristic and vegetation floristic? The floristic relationship between seed bank and vegetation showed low similarity values. A fall in floristic similarity between the oIdest communities, as indicated in the Iiterature, was not observed.DoutoradoEcologiaDoutor em Ciência