Abandono precoz de la lactancia materna exclusiva en menores de 1 año

Introduction: the virtues of breast milk as the only food in children up to 6 months have been universally studied because the viral antibodies present in breast milk have action against: rotavirus, which is the most common causal agent of diarrhea, polyvirus, causal agents of polio, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) main causative agent of infant bronchiolitis.Objective: identify causes related to the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding in children under one year of age in a polyclinic in Manzanillo.Methodology: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out, with 30 children under one year of age born in the first four months of 2019 at the Manzanillo Polyclinic No. 1. The main variables were: type of breastfeeding received up to 6 months, causes for abandoning exclusive breastfeeding, some maternal risk factors, and some illnesses they suffered. Descriptive statistics were used for data processing.Results: artificial lactation (33.3%) predominated as a form of feeding and exclusive breastfeeding (56.6%) in the first semester of life, the most frequent causes for early abandonment were hypogalactia (53.9) and distrust in its effectiveness (23.1%). Maternal age (38.5%) and occupation (84.6%) were the maternal factors that were most related to the early abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding and the presence of respiratory diseases (61.5%).Conclusions: Infants weaned early had a greater presence of diseases than those adequately breastfed, which ensures that breastfeeding, provides innumerable health benefits. The causes of abandonment were related to subjective aspects of the mother.Introducción: las virtudes de la leche materna como único alimento en el niño hasta los 6 meses han sido universalmente estudiadas porque los anticuerpos virales presentes en la leche materna tienen acción contra: rotavirus que es el agente causal más común de diarreas, polivirus agentes causales de la poliomielitis, virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) principal agente causal del bronquiolitis del lactante.Objetivo: identificar causas relacionadas con el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva en niños menores de un año en un policlínico de Manzanillo.Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, con 30 niños menores de un año nacidos en el primer cuatrimestre del año 2019 del Policlínico No.1 de Manzanillo. Las variables principales fueron: tipo de lactancia recibida hasta los 6 meses, causas para el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva, algunos factores de riesgo maternos, algunas enfermedades que padecieron. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva para el procesamiento de datos.Resultados: predominó la lactancia artificial (33,3%) como forma de alimentación y la lactancia exclusiva (56,6%) en el primer semestre de la vida, las causas más frecuentes para el abandono precoz fueron la hipogalactia (53,9) y la desconfianza en la efectividad de la misma (23,1%). La edad materna (38,5%) y la ocupación (84,6%) fueron los factores maternos que más se relacionaron con el abandono temprano de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la presencia de enfermedades respiratorias (61,5%).Conclusión: los lactantes destetados precozmente presentaron mayor presencia de enfermedades que los adecuadamente amamantados, lo que asegura que la lactancia materna proporciona innumerables ventajas para la salud. Las causas del abandono se relacionaban con aspectos subjetivos de la madre

Ecos de la academia: Revista de la Facultad de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología - FECYT Nro 1

Ecos de la academia, Revista de la Facultad de Educación Ciencia y Tecnología es una publicación científica de la Universidad Técnica del Norte, con revisión por pares a doble ciego que publica artículos en idioma español, quichua, portugués e inglés. Se edita con una frecuencia semestral con dos números por año.En ella se divulgan trabajos originales e inéditos generados por los investigadores, docentes y estudiantes de la FECYT, y contribuciones de profesionales de instituciones docentes e investigativas dentro y fuera del país, con calidad, originalidad y relevancia en las áreas de ciencias sociales y tecnología aplicada.Gestión de liderazgo y valores en los centros de Educación General Básica en Ecuador. Seguridad industrial y salud ocupacional basado en el sistema de gestión de riesgos del trabajo del IESS. Impacto de la gestión docente en la percepción de los estudiantes de Diseño y Publicidad, Artes Plásticas y Diseño Gráfico. Las clasificaciones de las investigaciones científicas. Lo histórico y contemporáneo de las ciencias naturales y su influencia en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Violencia intrafamiliar y comportamiento agresivo de los estudiantes de EGB de la escuela Guayaquil de Alpachaca. Una mirada a los mass media y a la Ley de Comunicación del Ecuador. La neurocomunicación social en la reconstrucción de audiencias y mercados. Desarrollo sostenible de la actividad turística: realidad y perspectivas. La capacitación de talentos para el deporte en la zona 1 provincia de Imbabura. Programas de formación de doctorados en Ciencias de la Educación, convenio UTN-UH. Una contribución a la producción científica y visibilidad de la UTN, a través del proyecto “Centro de estudios biblio-informétricos”. El proyecto de Investigación “Imbabura Gráfica”. La Red de Investigación en Comunicación REDICOM. Normas de presentación de artículos científicos en la revista Ecos de la Academia

LA U INVESTIGA: Revista Científica. Facultad Ciencias de la Salud. Volumen 3. Número 2

En el presente volumen se distinguen varios ámbitos de la investigación en salud desde artículos asociados a la promoción de salud, prevención de enfermedades, así como investigaciones de casos clínicos que evidencia la experiencia del equipo de salud en patologías específicas. Hay que resaltar que muchos de los artículos presentados en el volumen actual corresponden a los resultados de investigaciones ejecutadas en la academia, propias de la Universidad Técnica del Norte y de otras.1._ Melanoma antebraquial derecho metastásico a pa¬red abdominal y pelvis presentación de un caso clínico. 2._ Carcinoma papilar de localizacion extratiroidea. 3._ Tumores del golfo de la yugular 4._ Estudio comparativo del desarrollo psicomotor en niños/as de 1 a 3 años del Centro Infantil del Buen Vivir “CENTRO PUCARA” y “GOTITAS DE AMOR” del cantón Antonio Ante de la provincia de Imbabura. 5._ Adaptaciones de las técnicas comunicacionales al proceso terapéutico de salud mental infantil. 6._ La dinámica de la investigación científica en la formación de los profesionales de enfermería: una aproximación al problema de investigación. 7._ Las agresiones en las parejas de enamorados en la adolescencia y el equilibrio emocional. 8._ Rasgos de personalidad y su influencia en la calidad de vida en los estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa” Las Américas” 9._ Estudio de la postura corporal y su relación con la obesidad y sobrepeso en niños de 6 a 12 años del cantón Antonio Ante de la provincia de Imbabura. 10._ Caracterización de cuidadores informales de personas con discapacidad de la provincia de Im¬babura. 11._ Intervención educativa sobre embarazo en la adolescencia en estudiantes del tercer año de bachillerato de la unidad educativa “Madre Tere¬sa Bacq” Imbabura-Ecuador. 12._ Acceso a la atención de consulta externa de los usuarios del centro de llamadas, que asisten al subcentro de salud San Antonio, Tanguarin Iba¬rra, ecuador 2016. 13._ Prevalencia de disfunción familiar en la parro¬quia urbana de Urcuquí

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Gastro intestinal tract bleeding in pediatrics. Diagnosis and treatment

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding in children is an alarming situation for parents and physicians. Its etiology is age related. This review suggests a diagnostic and therapeutic approach according to the age of the patient, the bleeding site, the presence of hemodynamic compromise, and clinical signs, thus, encouraging an early thera- peutic intervention