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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Author: Abarca-Gomez L.
Abdeen Z. A.
Abdrakhmanova S.
Abdul Rahim H. F.
Abdurrahmonova Z.
Abril G. L.
Abu-Rmeileh N. M.
Acosta-Cazares B.
Adam I.
Adamczyk M.
Adams R. J.
Adu-Afarwuah S.
Aekplakorn W.
Afsana K.
Afzal S.
Agbor V. N.
Agdeppa I. A.
Aghazadeh-Attari J.
Aguenaou H.
Aguilar-Salinas C. A.
Agyemang C.
Ahmad M. H.
Ahmad N. A.
Ahmadi A.
Ahmadi N.
Ahmadi N.
Ahmed I.
Ahmed S. H.
Ahrens W.
Aitmurzaeva G.
Ajlouni K.
Al Hourani H. M.
Al Qaoud N. M.
Al-Hazzaa H. M.
Al-Lahou B.
Al-Raddadi R.
Alarouj M.
AlBuhairan F.
AlDhukair S.
Aldwairji M. A.
Alexius S.
Ali M. M.
Alkandari A.
Alkerwi A.
Alkhatib B. M.
Allin K.
Alvarez-Pedrerol M.
Aly E.
Amarapurkar D. N.
Amoah J.
Amougou N.
Amouyel P.
Andersen L. B.
Anderssen S. A.
Androutsos O.
Angquist L.
Anjana R. M.
Ansari-Moghaddam A.
Anufrieva E.
Aounallah-Skhiri H.
Araujo J.
Ariansen I.
Aris T.
Arku R. E.
Arlappa N.
Aryal K. K.
Aseffa N.
Aspelund T.
Assah F. K.
Assembekov B.
Assuncao M. C. F.
Aung M. S.
Auvinen J.
Avdicova M.
Avi S.
Azevedo A.
Azimi-Nezhad M.
Azizi F.
Azmin M.
Babu B. V.
Baharudin A.
Bahijri S.
Bakacs M.
Baker J. L.
Balakrishna N.
Balanova Y.
Bamoshmoosh M.
Banach M.
Banegas J. R.
Bao T. Q.
Baran J.
Baran R.
Barbagallo C. M.
Barcelo A.
Baretic M.
Barkat A.
Barnoya J.
Barrera L.
Barreto M.
Barros A. J. D.
Barros M. V. G.
Bartosiewicz A.
Basit A.
Bastos J. L. D.
Bata I.
Batieha A. M.
Batista A. P.
Batista R. L.
Battakova Z.
Baur L. A.
Bayauli P. M.
Beaglehole R.
Bebakar W. M. W.
Bel-Serrat S.
Belavendra A.
Ben Romdhane H.
Benchekor S. M.
Benedics J.
Benet M.
Bennett J. E.
Bentham J.
Bere E.
Bergh I. H.
Berhane Y.
Berkinbayev S.
Bernabe-Ortiz A.
Bernotiene G.
Bettiol H.
Beutel M. E.
Beybey A. F.
Bezerra J.
Bhagyalaxmi A.
Bharadwaj S.
Bhargava S. K.
Bhutta Z. A.
Bi H.
Bi Y.
Bia D.
Biasch K.
Bikbov M. M.
Bista B.
Bixby H.
Bjelica D. J.
Bjerregaard A. A.
Bjerregaard P.
Bjertness E.
Bjertness M. B.
Bjorkelund C.
Black R. E.
Bloch K. V.
Blokstra A.
Bo S.
Bobak M.
Boddy L. M.
Boehm B. O.
Boer J. M. A.
Boggia J. G.
Bogova E.
Boissonnet C. P.
Bojesen S. E.
Boker L. K.
Bonaccio M.
Bongard V.
Bonilla-Vargas A.
Bopp M.
Borghs H.
Bovet P.
Boymatova K.
Braeckevelt L.
Braeckman L.
Bragt M. C. E.
Brajkovich I.
Branca F.
Braunerova R. T.
Breckenkamp J.
Breda J.
Brenner H.
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Capuano E.
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Capuano V.
Cardol M.
Cardoso V. C.
Carlsson A. C.
Carmuega E.
Carrasola X. B.
Carrillo-Larco R. M.
Carvalho J.
Casajus J. A.
Casanueva F. F.
Casas M.
Celikcan E.
Censi L.
Cervantes-Loaiza M.
Cesar J. A.
Chamukuttan S.
Chan A.
Chan Q.
Chaturvedi H. K.
Chaturvedi N.
Chee M. L.
Chen C. -J.
Chen F.
Chen H.
Chen S.
Chen Z.
Cheng C. -Y.
Cheng Y. J.
Cheraghian B.
Chetrit A.
Chikova-Iscener E.
Chinapaw M. J. M.
Chinnock A.
Chiolero A.
Chiou S. -T.
Chirita-Emandi A.
Chirlaque M. -D.
Cho B.
Christensen K.
Christofaro D. G.
Chudek J.
Cifkova R.
Cilia M.
Cinteza E.
Cirillo M.
Cisneros J. Z.
Claessens F.
Clarke J.
Clays E.
Cohen E.
Compan-Gabucio L. -M.
Concin H.
Confortin S. C.
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Craig C. L.
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Cucu A. M.
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Czenczek-Lewandowska E.
D'Arrigo G.
d'Orsi E.
da Silva B. G. C.
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Damasceno A.
Damsgaard C. T.
Danaei G.
Dankner R.
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Dasgupta P.
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Davletov K.
de Assis M. A. A.
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de Fragas Hinnig P.
de Gaetano G.
De Henauw S.
de Leon A. C.
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de Moura Silva C. R.
de Oliveira P. D.
de Paiva K. M.
De Ridder D.
De Ridder K.
de Rooij S. R.
De Smedt D.
de Souza Wanderley Junior R.
Deepa M.
Deev A. D.
DeGennaro V.
del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez M.
Delisle H.
Delpeuch F.
Demarest S.
Dennison E.
Deren K.
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Dhimal M.
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do Carmo Franco M.
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dos Santos Henrique R.
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Dragano N.
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Duleva V. L.
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Dushpanova A.
Dyussupova A.
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Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E.
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Eiben G.
Ekelund U.
El Ammari L.
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El-Khateeb M.
Eldemire-Shearer D.
Eliasen M.
Elliott P.
Endevelt R.
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Erasmus R. T.
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Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2023
Field of study

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università dell'Insubria

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Ferrara

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Author: Abarca-Gomez Leandra
Abdeen Ziad A
Abdrakhmanova Shynar
Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M
Acosta-Cazares Benjamin
Adams Robert J
Aekplakorn Wichai
Afsana Kaosar
Afzal Shoaib
Agdeppa Imelda A
Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A
Agyemang Charles
Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan
Ahmad Noor Ani
Ahmadi Ali
Ahmadi Naser
Ahmed Soheir H
Ahrens Wolfgang
Aitmurzaeva Gulmira
Ajlouni Kamel
Al Nsour Mohannad
Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M
Al-Othman Amani Rashed
Al-Raddadi Rajaa
Alarouj Monira
AlBuhairan Fadia
AlDhukair Shahla
Ali Mohamed M
Alkandari Abdullah
Alkerwi Ala'a
Allin Kristine
Alvarez-Pedrerol Mar
Aly Eman
Amarapurkar Deepak N
Amiri Parisa
Amougou Norbert
Amouyel Philippe
Andersen Lars Bo
Anderssen Sigmund A
Angquist Lars
Anjana Ranjit Mohan
Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer
Araujo Joana
Ariansen Inger
Aris Tahir
Arku Raphael E
Arlappa Nimmathota
Aryal Krishna K
Aspelund Thor
Assah Felix K
Assuncao Maria Cecilia F
Aung May Soe
Auvinen Juha
Avdicova Maria
Azevedo Ana
Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen
Azizi Fereidoun
Azmin Mehrdad
Babu Bontha V
Baharudin Azli
Bahijri Suhad
Baker Jennifer L
Balakrishna Nagalla
Bamoshmoosh Mohamed
Banach Maciej
Bandosz Piotr
Banegas Jose R
Baran Joanna
Barbagallo Carlo M
Barcelo Alberto
Barkat Amina
Barros Aluisio JD
Barros Mauro Virgilio Gomes
Basit Abdul
Bastos Joao Luiz D
Bata Iqbal
Batieha Anwar M
Batista Rosangela L
Battakova Zhamilya
Batyrbek Assembekov
Baur Louise A
Beaglehole Robert
Bebakar Wan Mohamad Wan
Bel-Serrat Silvia
Belavendra Antonisamy
Ben Romdhane Habiba
Benedics Judith
Benet Mikhail
Bennett James E
Bennett James E
Bentham James
Bergh Ingunn Holden
Berkinbayev Salim
Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio
Bernotiene Gailute
Bettiol Heloisa
Bezerra Jorge
Bhagyalaxmi Aroor
Bharadwaj Sumit
Bhargava Santosh K
Bhutta Zulfiqar A
Bhutta Zulfiqar A
Bi Hongsheng
Bi Yufang
Bia Daniel
Bikbov Mukharram M
Bista Bihungum
Bixby Honor
Bjelica Dusko J
Bjerregaard Peter
Bjertness Espen
Bjertness Marius B
Bjorkelund Cecilia
Black Robert
Bloch Katia V
Blokstra Anneke
Bo Simona
Bobak Martin
Boddy Lynne M
Boehm Bernhard O
Boeing Heiner
Boggia Jose G
Bogova Elena
Boissonnet Carlos P
Bojesen Stig E
Boker Lital Keinan
Bonaccio Marialaura
Bongard Vanina
Bonilla-Vargas Alice
Bopp Matthias
Borghs Herman
Bovet Pascal
Braeckevelt Lien
Braeckman Lutgart
Bragt Marjolijn CE
Brajkovich Imperia
Branca Francesco
Braunerova Radka Taxova
Breckenkamp Juergen
Breda Joao
Brenner Hermann
Brewster Lizzy M
Brian Garry R
Brinduse Lacramioara
Brophy Sinead
Bruno Graziella
Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas
Bugge Anna
Buoncristiano Marta
Burazeri Genc
Burns Con
Cacciottolo Joseph
Cadena Leticia Hernandez
Cai Hui
Cama Tilema
Cameron Christine
Camolas Jose
Can Gunay
Candido Ana Paula C
Canete Felicia
Capanzana Mario V
Capkova Nadezda
Capuano Eduardo
Capuano Vincenzo
Cardol Marloes
Cardoso Viviane C
Carlsson Axel C
Carmuega Esteban
Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M
Carvalho Joana
Casajus Jose A
Casanueva Felipe F
Celikcan Ertugrul
Censi Laura
Cervantes-Loaiza Marvin
Cesar Juraci A
Chamukuttan Snehalatha
Chan Angelique W
Chan Queenie
Chaturvedi Himanshu K
Chaturvedi Nish
Chen Chien-Jen
Chen Fangfang
Chen Huashuai
Chen Shuohua
Chen Zhengming
Cheng Ching-Yu
Cheraghian Bahman
Chetrit Angela
Chikova-Iscener Ekaterina
Chinh Nguyen Huu
Chiolero Arnaud
Chiou Shu-Ti
Chirita-Emandi Adela
Chirita-Emandi Adela
Chirlaque Maria-Dolores
Cho Belong
Christensen Kaare
Christofaro Diego G
Chudek Jerzy
Cifkova Renata
Cilia Michelle
Cinteza Eliza
Cisneros Julio Zuniga
Claessens Frank
Clarke Janine
Clays Els
Cohen Emmanuel
Concin Hans
Confortin Susana C
Cooper Cyrus
Coppinger Tara C
Corpeleijn Eva
Costanzo Simona
Cottel Dominique
Cowan Melanie J
Cowell Chris
Craig Cora L
Crampin Amelia C
Crujeiras Ana B
Csilla Semanova
Cucu Alexandra M
Cui Liufu
Cureau Felipe V
D'Arrigo Graziella
d'Orsi Eleonora
da Silva Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro
Dacica Liliana
Dallongeville Jean
Damasceno Albertino
Damsgaard Camilla T
Danaei Goodarz
Danaei Goodarz
Dankner Rachel
Dantoft Thomas M
Dasgupta Parasmani
Dastgiri Saeed
Dauchet Luc
Davletov Kairat
De Backer Guy
De Bacquer Dirk
de Gaetano Giovanni
De Henauw Stefaan
de Leon Antonio Cabrera
de Oliveira Paula Duarte
de Paiva Karina Mary
De Ridder David
De Ridder Karin
de Rooij Susanne R
De Smedt Delphine
de Souza Rildo
de Wit Tobias F Rinke
Deepa Mohan
Deev Alexander D
DeGennaro Vincent
Dehghan Abbas
Delisle Helene
Delpeuch Francis
Demarest Stefaan
Dennison Elaine
Deren Katarzyna
Deschamps Valerie
Dhana Klodian
Dhimal Meghnath
Di Castelnuovo Augusto F
Di Cesare Mariachiara
Dias-da-Costa Juvenal Soares
Diaz Alejandro
Diaz-Sanchez Maria Elena
Dika Zivka
Djalalinia Shirin
Djordjic Visnja
Do Ha TP
Dobson Annette J
Donati Maria Benedetta
Donfrancesco Chiara
Donoso Silvana P
Doring Angela
Dorobantu Maria
Dorosty Ahmad Reza
Doua Kouamelan
Drygas Wojciech
Duan Jia Li
Duante Charmaine A
Duboz Priscilla
Duda Rosemary B
Duleva Vesselka
Dulskiene Virginija
Dumith Samuel C
Dushpanova Anar
Dzerve Vilnis
Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk Elzbieta
Eddie Ricky
Eftekhar Ebrahim
Egbagbe Eruke E
Eggertsen Robert
Eghtesad Sareh
Eiben Gabriele
Ekelund Ulf
El Ati Jalila
El-Khateeb Mohammad
Eldemire-Shearer Denise
Eliasen Marie
Elliott Paul
Engle-Stone Reina
Enguerran Macia
Erasmus Rajiv T
Erbel Raimund
Erem Cihangir
Eriksen Louise
Eriksson Johan G
Escobedo-de la Pena Jorge
Eslami Saeid
Esmaeili Ali
Evans Alun
Ezzati Majid
Faeh David
Fakhretdinova Albina A
Fall Caroline H
Faramarzi Elnaz
Farjam Mojtaba
Farzadfar Farshad
Fattahi Mohammad Reza
Fawwad Asher
Felix-Redondo Francisco J
Ferguson Trevor S
Fernandes Romulo A
Fernandez-Berges Daniel
Ferrante Daniel
Ferrao Thomas
Ferrari Marika
Ferrario Marco M
Ferreccio Catterina
Ferrer Eldridge
Ferrieres Jean
Figueiro Thamara Hubler
Fijalkowska Anna
Fink Gunther
Fischer Krista
Foger Bernhard
Foo Leng Huat
Forsner Maria
Fouad Heba M
Francis Damian K
Franco Maria do Carmo
Franco Oscar H
Frikke-Schmidt Ruth
Frontera Guillermo
Fuchs Flavio D
Fuchs Sandra C
Fujiati Isti I
Fujita Yuki
Fumihiko Matsuda
Furusawa Takuro
Gaciong Zbigniew
Gafencu Mihai
Galbarczyk Andrzej
Galenkamp Henrike
Galeone Daniela
Galfo Myriam
Galvano Fabio
Gao Jingli
Garba Jamila Abubakar
Garcia-de-la-Hera Manoli
Garcia-Solano Marta
Gareta Dickman
Garnett Sarah P
Gaspoz Jean-Michel
Gasull Magda
Gaya Adroaldo Cesar Araujo
Gaya Anelise Reis
Gazzinelli Andrea
Gehring Ulrike
Geiger Harald
Geleijnse Johanna M
Ghaffar Suhaila Abdul
Ghanbari Ali
Ghasemi Erfan
Gheorghe-Fronea Oana-Florentina
Giampaoli Simona
Gianfagna Francesco
Gill Tiffany K
Giovannelli Jonathan
Gironella Glen
Giwercman Aleksander
Gkiouras Konstantinos
Godos Justyna
Gogen Sibel
Goldsmith Rebecca A
Goltzman David
Gomez Santiago F
Gomula Aleksandra
Goncalves Helen
Gonzalez Angel R
Gonzalez-Chica David A
Gonzalez-Gross Marcela
Gonzalez-Leon Margot
Gonzalez-Rivas Juan P
Gonzalez-Villalpando Clicerio
Gonzalez-Villalpando Maria-Elena
Gottrand Frederic
Graca Antonio Pedro
Graff-Iversen Sidsel
Grafnetter Dusan
Grajda Aneta
Grammatikopoulou Maria G
Gregg Edward W
Gregor Ronald D
Grodzicki Tomasz
Groholt Else Karin
Grontved Anders
Grosso Giuseppe
Gruden Gabriella
Gu Dongfeng
Gualdi-Russo Emanuela
Guallar-Castillon Pilar
Gualtieri Andrea
Gudmundsson Elias F
Gudnason Vilmundur
Guerrero Ramiro
Guessous Idris
Guimaraes Andre L
Gulliford Martin C
Gunnlaugsdottir Johanna
Gunter Marc J
Guo Xiu-Hua
Guo Yin
Gupta Prakash C
Gupta Rajeev
Gureje Oye
Gurzkowska Beata
Gutierrez Laura
Gutierrez-Gonzalez Enrique
Gutzwiller Felix
Ha Seongjun
Hadaegh Farzad
Hadjigeorgiou Charalambos A
Haghshenas Rosa
Hakimi Hamid
Halkjaer Jytte
Hambleton Ian R
Hamzeh Behrooz
Hange Dominique
Hanif Abu AM
Hantunen Sari
Hashemi-Shahri Seyed Mohammad
Hassapidou Maria
Hata Jun
Haugsgjerd Teresa
Hayes Alison J
He Jiang
He Yuan
He Yuna
Heidinger-Felso Regina
Heinen Mirjam
Hejgaard Tatjana
Hendriks Marleen Elisabeth
Henrique Rafael dos Santos
Henriques Ana
Herrala Sauli
Herrera Victor M
Herter-Aeberli Isabelle
Heshmat Ramin
Hill Allan G
Ho Sai Yin
Ho Suzanne C
Hoang Van Minh
Hobbs Michael
Hofman Albert
Holdsworth Michelle
Homayounfar Reza
Homs Clara
Hopman Wilma M
Horimoto Andrea RVR
Hormiga Claudia M
Horta Bernardo L
Houti Leila
Howitt Christina
Htet Aung Soe
Htike Maung Maung Than
Hu Yonghua
Huerta Jose Maria
Huhtaniemi Ilpo Tapani
Husseini Abdullatif
Huybrechts Inge
Hwalla Nahla
Hyska Jolanda
Iacoviello Licia
Ibarluzea Jesus M
Ibrahim Mohsen M
Ikeda Nayu
Ikram M Arfan
Ioannidou Eliza Markidou
Iotova Violeta
Irazola Vilma E
Ishida Takafumi
Islam Muhammad
Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Iurilli Maria LC
Iwasaki Masanori
Jackson Rod T
Jacobs Jeremy M
Jaddou Hashem Y
Jafar Tazeen
James Kenneth
Jamil Kazi M
Jamrozik Konrad
Janszky Imre
Janus Edward
Jarani Juel
Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta
Jasienska Grazyna
Jelakovic Ana
Jelakovic Bojan
Jennings Garry
Jerome Charles Sossa
Jha Anjani Kumar
Jiang Chao Qiang
Jimenez Ramon O
Jockel Karl-Heinz
Joffres Michel
Johansson Mattias
Jokelainen Jari J
Jonas Jost B
Jonsson Kenisha Russell
Jorgensen Maja Baeksgaard
Jorgensen Torben
Joshi Pradeep
Joukar Farahnaz
Jovic Dragana P
Jozwiak Jacek J
Junior Wanderley
Juolevi Anne
Jurak Gregor
Juresa Vesna
Kaaks Rudolf
Kaducu Felix O
Kafatos Anthony
Kajantie Eero O
Kalmatayeva Zhanna
Kalter-Leibovici Ofra
Kameli Yves
Kanala Kodanda R
Kannan Srinivasan
Kapantais Efthymios
Karki Khem B
Katibeh Marzieh
Katz Joanne
Katzmarzyk Peter T
Kauhanen Jussi
Kaur Prabhdeep
Kavousi Maryam
Kazakbaeva Gyulli M
Keil Ulrich
Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka
Kelishadi Roya
Kelleher Cecily
Kemper Han CG
Kengne Andre P
Kengne Andre P
Keramati Maryam
Kerimkulova Alina
Kersting Mathilde
Key Timothy
Khader Yousef Saleh
Khalili Davood
Khang Young-Ho
Khang Young-Ho
Khanh Le Nguyen Bao
Khaw Kay-Tee
Kheiri Bahareh
Kheradmand Motahareh
Khosravi Alireza
Khouw Ilse MSL
Khuong Quynh Long
Kiechl Stefan
Kiechl-Kohlendorfer Ursula
Killewo Japhet
Kim Dong Wook
Kim Hyeon Chang
Kim Jeongseon
Kindblom Jenny M
Klakk Heidi
Klimek Magdalena
Klimont Jeannette
Klumbiene Jurate
Knoflach Michael
Koirala Bhawesh
Kolle Elin
Kolsteren Patrick
Konig Jurgen
Korpelainen Raija
Korrovits Paul
Korzycka Magdalena
Kos Jelena
Koskinen Seppo
Kouda Katsuyasu
Kovacs Viktoria A
Kowlessur Sudhir
Koziel Slawomir
Kratzer Wolfgang
Kriemler Susi
Kristensen Peter Lund
Krokstad Steiner
Kromhout Daan
Krtalic Branimir
Kruger Herculina S
Kubinova Ruzena
Kuciene Renata
Kujala Urho M
Kujundzic Enisa
Kulaga Zbigniew
Kumar R Krishna
Kumar Rachakulla Hari
Kunesova Marie
Kurjata Pawel
Kusuma Yadlapalli S
Kuulasmaa Kari
Kyobutungi Catherine
Laamiri Fatima Zahra
Laatikainen Tiina
Lachat Carl
Laid Youcef
Lam Tai Hing
Lambrinou Christina-Paulina
Landais Edwige
Lanska Vera
Lappas Georg
Larijani Bagher
Latt Tint Swe
Lauria Laura
Laxmaiah Avula
Laxmaiah Avula
Lazo-Porras Maria
Le Port Agnes
Le Tuyen D
Lee Jeannette
Lee Jeonghee
Lee Paul H
Lehmann Nils
Lehtimaki Terho
Lele Elysee Claude Bika
Lemogoum Daniel
Levitt Naomi S
Li Yanping
Liivak Merike
Lilly Christa L
Lim Wei-Yen
Lima-Costa M Fernanda
Lin Hsien-Ho
Lin Xu
Lin Yi-Ting
Lind Lars
Linneberg Allan
Lissner Lauren
Litwin Mieczyslaw
Liu Jing
Liu Lijuan
Lo Wei-Cheng
Loit Helle-Mai
Lopes Luis
Lopes Oscar
Lopez Tania
Lopez-Garcia Esther
Lotufo Paulo A
Lozano Jose Eugenio
Lukrafka Janice L
Luksiene Dalia
Lundqvist Annamari
Lundqvist Robert
Lunet Nuno
Lunogelo Charles
Lustigova Michala
Luszczki Edyta
Ma Guansheng
Ma Jun
Ma Xu
Machado-Coelho George LL
Machado-Rodrigues Aristides M
Machi Suka
Macieira Luisa M
Madar Ahmed A
Maggi Stefania
Magliano Dianna J
Magnacca Sara
Magriplis Emmanuella
Mahasampath Gowri
Maire Bernard
Majer Marjeta
Makdisse Marcia
Maki Paivi
Malekzadeh Fatemeh
Malekzadeh Reza
Malekzadeh Reza
Malhotra Rahul
Malyutina Sofia K
Maniego Lynell V
Manios Yannis
Mann Jim I
Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz
Manzato Enzo
Margozzini Paula
Marina Loreto Santa
Markaki Anastasia
Markey Oonagh
Marques Larissa Pruner
Marques-Vidal Pedro
Marrugat Jaume
Martin Rosemarie
Martin-Prevel Yves
Martinez Eduardo Salazar
Martorell Reynaldo
Martos Eva
Marventano Stefano
Mascarenhas Luis P
Masoodi Shariq R
Mathiesen Ellisiv B
Mathur Prashant
Matijasevich Alicia
Matsha Tandi E
Mavrogianni Christina
Mazur Artur
Mbanya Jean Claude N
McFarlane Shelly R
McGarvey Stephen T
McKee Martin
McLachlan Stela
McLean Rachael M
McLean Scott B
McNulty Breige A
Mediene-Benchekor Sounnia
Medzioniene Jurate
Mehdipour Parinaz
Mehlig Kirsten
Mehrparvar Amir Houshang
Meirhaeghe Aline
Meisfjord Jorgen
Meisinger Christa
Menezes Ana Maria B
Menon Geetha R
Mensink Gert BM
Menzano Maria Teresa
Mereke Alibek
Meshram Indrapal I
Metspalu Andres
Mi Jie
Michaelsen Kim F
Michels Nathalie
Mikkel Kairit
Milanovic Sanja Music
Milkowska Karolina
Miller Jody C
Minderico Claudia S
Mini GK
Miquel Juan Francisco
Miranda J Jaime
Miranda J Jaime
Mirjalili Mohammad Reza
Mirkopoulou Daphne
Mirrakhimov Erkin
Misigoj-Durakovic Marjeta
Mistretta Antonio
Mocanu Veronica
Modesti Pietro A
Moghaddam Sahar Saeedi
Mohajer Bahram
Mohamed Mostafa K
Mohamed Shukri F
Mohammad Kazem
Mohammadi Zahra
Mohammadifard Noushin
Mohammadpourhodki Reza
Mohamud Wan Nazaimoon Wan
Mohan Viswanathan
Mohanna Salim
Mohebbi Iraj
Mohebi Farnam
Moitry Marie
Molbo Drude
Mollehave Line T
Moller Niels C
Molnar Denes
Momenan Amirabbas
Mondo Charles K
Monroy-Valle Michele
Monterrubio-Flores Eric
Monyeki Kotsedi Daniel K
Moon Jin Soo
Moon Jin Soo
Moosazadeh Mahmood
Moreira Leila B
Morejon Alain
Moreno Emma Ruiz
Moreno Luis A
Morgan Karen
Morin Suzanne N
Mortensen Erik Lykke
Moschonis George
Mossakowska Malgorzata
Mostafa Aya
Mota Jorge
Mota-Pinto Anabela
Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeel
Motta Jorge
Moura-dos-Santos Marcos Andre
Mridha Malay K
Msyamboza Kelias P
Muc Magdalena
Mueller-Nurasyid Martina
Mugosa Boban
Muiesan Maria L
Mukhtorova Parvina
Murphy Neil
Mursu Jaakko
Murtagh Elaine M
Musa Kamarul Imran
Musil Vera
Mustafa Norlaila
Nabipour Iraj
Naderimagham Shohreh
Nagel Gabriele
Naidu Balkish M
Najafi Farid
Nakamura Harunobu
Namesna Jana
Nang Ei Ei K
Nangia Vinay B
Nankap Martin
Narake Sameer
Nardone Paola
Nauck Matthias
Neal William A
Nejatizadeh Azim
Nelis Keiu
Nelis Liis
Nenko Ilona
Neovius Martin
Nervi Flavio
Nguyen Chung T
Nguyen Nguyen D
Nieto-Martinez Ramfis E
Nikitin Yury P
Ning Guang
Ninomiya Toshiharu
Nishtar Sania
Noale Marianna
Noboa Oscar A
Nogueira Helena
Norat Teresa
Nordendahl Maria
Nordestgaard Borge G
Noto Davide
Nowak-Szczepanska Natalia
Nuhoglu Irfan
Nurk Eha
O'Neill Terence W
O'Reilly Dermot
Obreja Galina
Ochimana Caleb
Ochoa-Aviles Angelica M
Oda Eiji
Oh Kyungwon
Ohara Kumiko
Ohlsson Claes
Ohtsuka Ryutaro
Olafsson Orn
Olinto Maria Teresa A
Oliveira Isabel O
Omar Mohd Azahadi
Onat Altan
Ong Sok King
Ono Lariane M
Ordunez Pedro
Ornelas Rui
Ortiz Ana P
Ortiz Pedro J
Osler Merete
Osmond Clive
Ostojic Sergej M
Ostovar Afshin
Otero Johanna A
Overvad Kim
Owusu-Dabo Ellis
Paccaud Fred Michel
Paciorek Christopher J
Padez Cristina
Pagkalos Ioannis
Pahomova Elena
Pajak Andrzej
Palli Domenico
Palloni Alberto
Palmieri Luigi
Pan Wen-Harn
Panda-Jonas Songhomitra
Pandey Arvind
Panza Francesco
Papandreou Dimitrios
Park Soon-Woo
Park Suyeon
Parnell Winsome R
Parsaeian Mahboubeh
Pascanu Ionela M
Pasquet Patrick
Patel Nikhil D
Pednekar Mangesh S
Peer Nasheeta
Peixoto Sergio Viana
Peltonen Markku
Pereira Alexandre C
Peres Marco A
Perez Cynthia M
Perez-Farinos Napoleon
Peterkova Valentina
Peters Annette
Petersmann Astrid
Petkeviciene Janina
Petrauskiene Ausra
Petrescu Constanta Huidumac
Pettenuzzo Emanuela
Peykari Niloofar
Pichardo Rafael N
Pierannunzio Daniela
Pigeot Iris
Pikhart Hynek
Pilav Aida
Pilotto Lorenza
Pistelli Francesco
Pitakaka Freda
Piwonska Aleksandra
Pizarro Andreia N
Plans-Rubio Pedro
Poh Bee Koon
Pohlabeln Hermann
Pop Raluca M
Popovic Stevo R
Popovic Stevo R
Porta Miquel
Posch Georg
Poudyal Anil
Poulimeneas Dimitrios
Pouraram Hamed
Pourfarzi Farhad
Pourshams Akram
Poustchi Hossein
Pradeepa Rajendra
Price Alison J
Price Jacqueline F
Providencia Rui
Puder Jardena J
Pudule Iveta
Puhakka Soile E
Puiu Maria
Punab Margus
Qasrawi Radwan F
Qorbani Mostafa
Quang Ngoc La
Quang Ngoc Nguyen
Radic Ivana
Radisauskas Ricardas
Rahim Hanan F Abdul
Rahim Norsyamlina Che Abdul
Rahimikazerooni Salar
Rahman Mahfuzar
Rahman Mahmudur
Raitakari Olli
Raj Manu
Rakhimova Ellina
Rakhmatulloev Sherali
Rakovac Ivo
Ramachandran Ambady
Ramke Jacqueline
Ramos Elisabete
Ramos Rafel
Rampal Lekhraj
Rampal Sanjay
Rao Kodavanti Mallikharjuna
Rao Sudha Ramachandra
Rarra Vayia
Rascon-Pacheco Ramon A
Rasmussen Mette
Rech Cassiano Ricardo
Redon Josep
Reganit Paul Ferdinand M
Regecova Valeria
Revilla Luis
Rezaianzadeh Abbas
Ribas-Barba Lourdes
Ribeiro Robespierre
Riboli Elio
Richter Adrian
Rigo Fernando
Riley Leanne M
Rinaldo Natascia
Rito Ana
Ritti-Dias Raphael M
Rivera Juan A
Robitaille Cynthia
Roccaldo Romana
Rodrigues Daniela
Rodriguez-Artalejo Fernando
Rodriguez-Martinez Andrea
Rodriguez-Perez Maria del Cristo
Rodriguez-Villamizar Laura A
Roggenbuck Ulla
Rojas-Martinez Rosalba
Rojroongwasinkul Nipa
Romaguera Dora
Romeo Elisabetta L
Rosario Angelika Schaffrath
Rosario Rafaela V
Rosengren Annika
Rouse Ian
Roy Joel GR
Rubinstein Adolfo
Ruhli Frank J
Ruidavets Jean-Bernard
Ruiz-Betancourt Blanca Sandra
Rusakova Iuliia A
Russo Paola
Rust Petra
Rutkowski Marcin
Saavedra Maria Angeles Dal Re
Sabanayagam Charumathi
Sacchini Elena
Sachdev Harshpal S
Sadjadi Alireza
Safarpour Ali Reza
Safi Sare
Safiri Saeid
Saidi Olfa
Saki Nader
Salanave Benoit
Salmeron Diego
Salomaa Veikko
Salonen Jukka T
Salvetti Massimo
Samoutian Margarita
Sanchez-Abanto Jose
Sandjaja
Sans Susana
Sant'Angelo Victoria Farrugia
Santos Diana A
Santos Ina S
Santos Lelita C
Santos Maria Paula
Santos Osvaldo
Santos Rute
Sanz Sara Santos
Saramies Jouko L
Sardinha Luis B
Sarrafzadegan Nizal
Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
Saum Kai-Uwe
Savin Stefan
Savva Savvas
Savy Mathilde
Sawada Norie
Sbaraini Mariana
Scazufca Marcia
Schaan Beatriz D
Schargrodsky Herman
Schienkiewitz Anja
Schindler Karin
Schipf Sabine
Schmidt Carsten O
Schmidt Ida Maria
Schnohr Peter
Schottker Ben
Schramm Sara
Schramm Stine
Schroder Helmut
Schultsz Constance
Schutte Aletta E
Sebert Sylvain
Sein Aye Aye
Selamat Rusidah
Sember Vedrana
Sen Abhijit
Senbanjo Idowu O
Sepanlou Sadaf G
Sequera Victor
Serra-Majem Luis
Servais Jennifer
Sevcikova Ludmila
Shalnova Svetlana A
Shamah-Levy Teresa
Shamshirgaran Morteza
Shanthirani Coimbatore Subramaniam
Sharafkhah Maryam
Sharma Sanjib K
Shaw Jonathan E
Shayanrad Amaneh
Shayesteh Ali Akbar
Shengelia Lela
Shi Zumin
Shibuya Kenji
Shimizu-Furusawa Hana
Shin Dong Wook
Shin Youchan
Shirani Majid
Shiri Rahman
Shrestha Namuna
Si-Ramlee Khairil
Siani Alfonso
Siantar Rosalynn
Sibai Abla M
Silva Antonio M
Silva Diego Augusto Santos
Simina Iulia Jurca
Simon Mary
Simons Judith
Simons Leon A
Sjoberg Agneta
Sjostrom Michael
Skodje Gry
Slowikowska-Hilczer Jolanta
Slusarczyk Przemyslaw
Smeeth Liam
So Hung-Kwan
Soares Fernanda Cunha
Sobek Grzegorz
Sobngwi Eugene
Sodemann Morten
Soderberg Stefan
Soekatri Moesijanti YE
Soemantri Agustinus
Sofat Reecha
Solfrizzi Vincenzo
Somi Mohammad Hossein
Son Thai Pham
Sonestedt Emily
Song Yi
Sophiea Marisa K
Sorensen Thorkild IA
Sorensen Thorkild IA
Sorgjerd Elin P
Soric Maroje
Soric Maroje
Soto-Rojas Victoria E
Soumare Aicha
Sovic Slavica
Sparboe-Nilsen Bente
Sparrenberger Karen
Spinelli Angela
Spiroski Igor
Staessen Jan A
Stamm Hanspeter
Starc Gregor
Starc Gregor
Stathopoulou Maria G
Staub Kaspar
Stavreski Bill
Steene-Johannessen Jostein
Stehle Peter
Stein Aryeh D
Stergiou George S
Stessman Jochanan
Stevanovic Ranko
Stevens Gretchen A
Stieber Jutta
Stockl Doris
Stocks Tanja
Stokwiszewski Jakub
Stoyanova Ekaterina
Stratton Gareth
Stronks Karien
Strufaldi Maria Wany
Sturua Lela
Suarez-Medina Ramon
Suka Machi
Sun Chien-An
Sundstrom Johan
Sung Yn-Tz
Sunyer Jordi
Suriyawongpaisal Paibul
Swinburn Boyd A
Sy Rody G
Syddall Holly E
Sylva Rene Charles
Szklo Moyses
Szponar Lucjan
Taddei Cristina
Tai E Shyong
Tammesoo Mari-Liis
Tamosiunas Abdonas
Tan Eng Joo
Tang Xun
Tanser Frank
Tao Yong
Tarawneh Mohammed Rasoul
Tarp Jakob
Tarqui-Mamani Carolina B
Taylor Anne
Taylor Julie
Tchibindat Felicite
Tebar William R
Tell Grethe S
Tello Tania
Thankappan KR
Thein Thein Htay
Theobald Holger
Theodoridis Xenophon
Thet Thet Mu
Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran
Thijs Lutgarde
Thomas Nihal
Thuesen Betina H
Ticha Lubica
Timmermans Erik J
Tjonneland Anne
Tolonen Hanna K
Tolstrup Janne S
Topbas Murat
Topor-Madry Roman
Torheim Liv Elin
Tormo Maria Jose
Tornaritis Michael J
Torrent Maties
Torres-Collado Laura
Toselli Stefania
Traissac Pierre
Tran Quoc Bao
Trichopoulos Dimitrios
Trichopoulou Antonia
Trinh Oanh TH
Trivedi Atul
Tshepo Lechaba
Tsigga Maria
Tsugane Shoichiro
Tuliakova Azaliia M
Tulloch-Reid Marshall K
Tullu Fikru
Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka
Tuomilehto Jaakko
Turley Maria L
Tynelius Per
Tzotzas Themistoklis
Tzourio Christophe
Ueda Peter
Ugel Eunice
Ukoli Flora AM
Ulmer Hanno
Unal Belgin
Usupova Zhamyila
Uusitalo Hannu MT
Uysal Nalan
Vaitkeviciute Justina
Valdivia Gonzalo
Vale Susana
Valvi Damaskini
van Dam Rob M
Van der Heyden Johan
van der Schouw Yvonne T
Van Herck Koen
van Valkengoed Irene GM
Vanderschueren Dirk
Vanuzzo Diego
Varbo Anette
Varela-Moreiras Gregorio
Varona-Perez Patricia
Vasan Senthil K
Vega Tomas
Veidebaum Toomas
Velasquez-Melendez Gustavo
Velika Biruta
Veronesi Giovanni
Verschuren WM Monique
Victora Cesar G
Viegi Giovanni
Viet Lucie
Villalpando Salvador
Vineis Paolo
Vioque Jesus
Virtanen Jyrki K
Visser Marjolein
Visvikis-Siest Sophie
Viswanathan Bharathi
Vladulescu Mihaela
Vlasoff Tiina
Vocanec Dorja
Volzke Henry
Voutilainen Ari
Voutilainen Sari
Vrijheid Martine
Vrijkotte Tanja GM
Vrkic Tajana Zeljkovic
Wade Alisha N
Wagner Aline
Waldhor Thomas
Walton Janette
Wambiya Elvis OA
Wang Ming-Dong
Wang Ningli
Wang Qian
Wang Xiangjun
Wang Ya Xing
Wang Ying-Wei
Wannamethee S Goya
Wareham Nicholas
Weber Adelheid
Wedderkopp Niels
Weerasekera Deepa
Weghuber Daniel
Wei Wenbin
Weres Aneta
Werner Bo
Whincup Peter H
Widhalm Kurt
Widyahening Indah S
Wiecek Andrzej
Wilks Rainford J
Willeit Johann
Willeit Peter
Williams Julianne
Wilsgaard Tom
Wojtyniak Bogdan
Wong Andrew
Wong Jyh Eiin
Wong Norazizah Ibrahim
Wong Tien Yin
Wong-McClure Roy A
Woo Jean
Woodward Mark
Wu Frederick C
Wu Jianfeng
Wu Li Juan
Wu Shouling
Xu Haiquan
Xu Liang
Yaacob Nor Azwany
Yamborisut Uruwan
Yan Weili
Yang Ling
Yang Xiaoguang
Yang Yang
Yardim Nazan
Yaseri Mehdi
Yasuharu Tabara
Ye Xingwang
Yiallouros Panayiotis K
Yoosefi Moein
Yoshihara Akihiro
You Qi Sheng
You San-Lin
Younger-Coleman Novie O
Yusof Safiah Md
Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi
Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli Mohd
Zaccagni Luciana
Zafiropulos Vassilis
Zainuddin Ahmad A
Zainuddin Ahmad A
Zakavi Seyed Rasoul
Zamani Farhad
Zambon Sabina
Zampelas Antonis
Zamrazilova Hana
Zapata Maria Elisa
Zargar Abdul Hamid
Zaw Ko Ko
Zdrojewski Tomasz
Zeng Yi
Zhang Luxia
Zhang Zhen-Yu
Zhao Dong
Zhao Ming-Hui
Zhao Wenhua
Zhen Shiqi
Zheng Wei
Zheng Yingfeng
Zholdin Bekbolat
Zhou Bin
Zhou Maigeng
Zhu Dan
Zocalo Yanina
Zuziak Monika
Publication venue: 'Elsevier BV'
Publication date: 01/01/2020
Field of study

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

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Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Author: Abbas Rezaianzadeh
Abdonas Tamosiunas
Abdul Basit
Abdul Hamid Zargar
Abdullah Alkandari
Abdullatif Husseini
Abhijit Sen
Abla M Sibai
Abu Am Hanif
Adela Chirita-Emandi
Adelheid Weber
Adetoyeje Y Oyeyemi
Adewale L Oyeyemi
Adolfo Rubinstein
Adoubi Kassi Anicet
Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya
Afshin Ostovar
Agnes L Kadvan
Agneta Sjöberg
Agneta Yngve
Agnès Le Port
Agustinus Soemantri
Agustín Perez-Londoño
Ahmad A Zainuddin
Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff
Ahmad Reza Dorosty
Ahmed A Madar
Aida Pilav
Aïcha Soumaré
Akaninyene Otu
Akihiro Yoshihara
Akkumis Salhanova
Akram Pourshams
Ala'a Alkerwi
Alain Morejon
Alanna G da Silva
Albertino Damasceno
Alberto Barceló
Alberto Palloni
Albina A Fakhretdinova
Alejandro Diaz
Aleksander Giwercman
Aleksandra Gomula
Aleksandra Piwonska
Alessandro Gialluisi
Aletta E Schutte
Alexander D Deev
Alexandra M Cucu
Alexandre C Pereira
Alfonso Siani
Alfonso Sousa-Poza
Ali Ahmadi
Ali Akbar Shayesteh
Ali Esmaeili
Ali Ghanbari
Ali Reza Safarpour
Alice Bonilla-Vargas
Alicia Matijasevich
Alina G Platonova
Alina Kerimkulova
Aline Meirhaeghe
Aline P Batista
Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam
Alireza Khosravi
Alireza Moslem
Alireza Sadjadi
Alisha N Wade
Alison J Hayes
Alison J Price
Allan G Hill
Allan Linneberg
Almaz Sharman
Altan Onat
Aluisio Jd Barros
Alun Evans
Amalia De Curtis
Amanda G Thrift
Amanda J Cross
Amaneh Shayanrad
Ambady Ramachandran
Amelia C Crampin
Amina Barkat
Amir Houshang Mehrparvar
Amirabbas Momenan
Ana Azevedo
Ana B Crujeiras
Ana Barradas-Pires
Ana Carolina Mgn de Sá
Ana D González-Alvarez
Ana Henriques
Ana I Rito
Ana Jelaković
Ana Maria B Menezes
Ana P Ortiz
Ana Paula C Cândido
Anabela Mota-Pinto
Anar Dushpanova
Anastasia Markaki
Anders Grøntved
Andre L Guimaraes
Andre P Kengne
Andrea Gazzinelli
Andrea Gualtieri
Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez
Andrea Rvr Horimoto
Andrea Schneider
Andrea Y Rodríguez
Andrea Zentai
Andreas Stang
Andreia N Pizarro
Andrew Kingston
Andrew Reynolds
Andrew Wong
Andrzej Galbarczyk
Andrzej Pająk
Andrzej Więcek
Anelise Reis Gaya
Aneta Grajda
Aneta Weres
Anette Varbo
Angel R Gonzalez
Angela Chetrit
Angela Döring
Angela Spinelli
Angelika Schaffrath Rosario
Angelique Chan
Angélica M Ochoa-Avilés
Anie Marcil
Anil Poudyal
Anja L Madsen
Anja Schienkiewitz
Anna Bartosiewicz
Anna Bugge
Anna Fijalkowska
Anna Jansson
Anna V Alieva
Annamari Lundqvist
Anne A Bjerregaard
Anne Chinnock
Anne Juolevi
Anne Taylor
Anne Tjonneland
Anneke Blokstra
Annette J Dobson
Annette Peters
Annika Rosengren
Anthony Kafatos
Antonia Trichopoulou
Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz
Antonio Cabrera de León
Antonio M Silva
Antonio Mistretta
Antonio Pedro Graça
Antonio Prista
Antonis Zampelas
Antonisamy Belavendra
Anu Mishra
Anwar M Batieha
Archie W Rayner
Areti Triantafyllou
Argyro Karakosta
Ari Voutilainen
Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues
Arnaud Chiolero
Aroor Bhagyalaxmi
Arsalan Khaledifar
Artur Mazur
Arvind Pandey
Arwa M Alshangiti
Aryeh D Stein
Asher Fawwad
Attilio Rigotti
Atul Trivedi
Augustin F Beybey
Augustine N Odili
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Axel C Carlsson
Aya Mostafa
Ayman A Zayed
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Bahareh Kheiri
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Baltazar Nunes
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Yu-Ling Yu
Yuan He
Yufang Bi
Yuki Fujita
Yulia Balanova
Yuliya V Solovieva
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Yvonne T van der Schouw
Zahra Mohammadi
Zbigniew Gaciong
Zbigniew Kulaga
Zengchang Pang
Zhamilya Battakova
Zhamyila Usupova
Zhanna Kalmatayeva
Zhen-Yu Zhang
Zhengming Chen
Ziad A Abdeen
Zivka Dika
Zlatko Fras
Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova
Zumin Shi
Łukasz Kryst
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/03/2024
Field of study

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Palermo

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Author: Aarestrup J
Abarca-Gomez L
Abbasi-Kangevari M
Abdeen ZA
Abdrakhmanova S
Abdurrahmonova Z
Abril GL
Abu-Rmeileh NM
Acosta-Cazares B
Adam I
Adamczyk M
Adams RJ
Adu-Afarwuah S
Aekplakorn W
Afsana K
Afzal S
Agbor VN
Agdeppa IA
Aghazadeh-Attari J
Agren A
Aguenaou H
Aguilar-Salinas CA
Aguilar-Salinas CA
Agyemang C
Ahmad MH
Ahmad NA
Ahmadi A
Ahmadi N
Ahmadi N
Ahmed I
Ahmed SH
Ahrens W
Aitmurzaeva G
Ajlouni K
Al Asfoor D
Al Hourani HM
Al Nsour M
Al Qaoud NM
Al-Hazzaa HM
Al-Hinai H
Al-Lahou B
Al-Lawati JA
Al-Raddadi R
Alarouj M
AlBuhairan F
AlDhukair S
Aldwairji MA
Alexius S
Ali MM
Alieva AV
Alkandari A
Alkerwi A
Alkhatib BM
Allin K
Alomary SA
Alomirah HF
Alshangiti AM
Alvarez-Pedrerol M
Aly E
Amarapurkar DN
Amoah J
Amougou N
Amouyel P
Andersen LB
Anderssen SA
Androutsos O
Angquist L
Anicet AK
Anjana RM
Ansari-Moghaddam A
Anufrieva E
Aounallah-Skhiri H
Araujo J
Ariansen I
Aris T
Arku RE
Arlappa N
Aryal KK
Aspelund T
Assah FK
Assefa N
Assembekov B
Assuncao MCF
Aung MS
Auvinen J
Avdicova M
Avi S
Azad K
Azevedo A
Azimi-Nezhad M
Azizi F
Babu BV
Bacopoulou F
Baharudin A
Bahijri S
Bajramovic I
Bakacs M
Baker JL
Baker JL
Balakrishna N
Balanova Y
Bamoshmoosh M
Banach M
Banegas JR
Baran J
Baran R
Barbagallo CM
Barcelo A
Baretic M
Barkat A
Barkat A
Barnoya J
Barradas-Pires A
Barrera L
Barreto M
Barros AJD
Barros MVG
Bartosiewicz A
Basit A
Bastos JL
Bata I
Batieha AM
Batista AP
Batista RL
Battakova Z
Baur LA
Bayauli PM
Beaglehole R
Bebakar WMW
Bel-Serrat S
Belavendra A
Ben Romdhane H
Benchekor SM
Benedek T
Benedics J
Benet M
Bennett JE
Bennett JE
Bentham J
Benzeval M
Bere E
Berger N
Bergh IH
Berhane Y
Berkinbayev S
Bernabe-Ortiz A
Bernotiene G
Bettiol H
Beutel ME
Beybey AF
Bezerra J
Bhagyalaxmi A
Bharadwaj S
Bhargava SK
Bhutta ZA
Bhutta ZA
Bi H
Bi Y
Bia D
Biasch K
Bikbov MM
Bista B
Bixby H
Bjelica DJ
Bjerregaard AA
Bjerregaard P
Bjertness E
Bjertness MB
Bjorkelund C
Bloch KV
Blokstra A
Bo S
Bobak M
Boddy LM
Boehm BO
Boer JMA
Boggia JG
Bogova E
Boissonnet CP
Bojesen SE
Boker LK
Bonaccio M
Bongard V
Bonilla-Vargas A
Bopp M
Borghs H
Botomba S
Bourne RRA
Bovet P
Boymatova K
Braeckevelt L
Braeckman L
Bragt MCE
Braithwaite T
Brajkovich I
Branca F
Branca F
Braunerova RT
Breckenkamp J
Breda J
Brenner H
Brewster LM
Brian GR
Briceno Y
Brinduse L
Bringolf-Isler B
Brito M
Brophy S
Brug J
Bruno G
Bugge A
Buoncristiano M
Burazeri G
Burns C
Cacciottolo J
Cadena LH
Cai H
Caixeta RB
Caixeta RB
Cama T
Cameron C
Camolas J
Can G
Candido APC
Canete F
Capanzana MV
Capkova N
Capuano E
Capuano R
Capuano V
Cardol M
Cardoso VC
Carlsson AC
Carmuega E
Carrasola XB
Carrillo-Larco RM
Carrillo-Larco RM
Carvalho J
Casajus JA
Casanueva FF
Casas M
Celikcan E
Censi L
Cervantes-Loaiza M
Cesar JA
Chamnan P
Chamukuttan S
Chan A
Chan Q
Charchar FJ
Charles M-A
Chaturvedi HK
Chaturvedi N
Chee ML
Chen C-J
Chen F
Chen H
Chen L-S
Chen S
Chen Z
Cheng C-Y
Cheng YJ
Cheraghian B
Chetrit A
Chikova-Iscener E
Chinapaw MJM
Chinh NH
Chinnock A
Chiolero A
Chiou S-T
Chirita-Emandi A
Chirlaque M-D
Cho B
Christensen K
Christofaro DG
Chudek J
Cifkova R
Cilia M
Cinteza E
Cirillo M
Cisneros JZ
Claessens F
Clare P
Clarke J
Clays E
Cohen E
Cojocaru CR
Colorado-Yohar S
Compan-Gabucio L-M
Concin H
Confortin SC
Cooper C
Coppinger TC
Corpeleijn E
Cortes LY
Costanzo S
Cottel D
Cowan MJ
Cowell C
Craig CL
Crampin AC
Cross AJ
Crujeiras AB
Cruz JJ
Csanyi T
Csilla S
Cucu AM
Cuesta MG
Cui L
Cureau FV
Cuschieri S
Cuschieri S
Czenczek-Lewandowska E
D'Arrigo G
d'Orsi E
da Silva AG
da Silva BGC
Dacica L
Dahm CC
Dallongeville J
Damasceno A
Damsgaard CT
Danaei G
Danaei G
Dankner R
Dantoft TM
Dasgupta P
Dastgiri S
Dauchet L
Davletov K
de Assis MAA
De Backer G
De Bacquer D
De Bacquer J
de Bont J
De Curtis A
de Gaetano G
De Henauw S
de Leon AC
De Miguel-Etayo P
De Neve J-W
de Oliveira PD
de Paiva KM
De Ridder D
De Ridder K
de Rooij SR
de Sa ACMGN
De Smedt D
de Valois CJMA
de Vasconcelos FDAG
de Wit TFR
Deepa M
Deev AD
DeGennaro VJ
Delisle H
Delpeuch F
Demarest S
Dennison E
Deren K
Deschamps V
Devrishov RD
Dhimal M
Di Castelnuovo A
Di Cesare M
Dias-da-Costa JS
Diaz A
Diaz-Sanchez ME
Dika Z
Djalalinia S
Djordjic V
Do HTP
Dobson AJ
Dominguez L
Donati MB
Donfrancesco C
Dong G
Dong Y
Donoso SP
Doring A
Dorobantu M
Dorosty AR
Dorr M
Doua K
Dragano N
Drygas W
Du S
Duan JL
Duante CA
Duboz P
Duleva VL
Dulskiene V
Dumith SC
Dushpanova A
Dwyer T
Dyussupova A
Dzerve V
Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E
Ebrahimi N
Echeverria G
Eddie R
Eftekhar E
Efthymiou V
Egbagbe EE
Eggertsen R
Eghtesad S
Eiben G
Ekelund U
El Ammari L
El Ati J
El-Khateeb M
Eldemire-Shearer D
Elliott P
Enang O
Endevelt R
Engle-Stone R
Erasmus RT
Erem C
Ergor G
Eriksen L
Eriksson JG
Escobedo-de la Pena J
Eslami S
Esmaeili A
Etxezarreta PA
Evans A
Evans RG
Ezzati M
Faeh D
Fagherazzi G
Fakhradiyev I
Fakhretdinova AA
Fall CH
Faramarzi E
Farjam M
Farzadfar F
Farzadfar F
Farzi Y
Fattahi MR
Fawwad A
Fawzi WW
Felix-Redondo FJ
Ferguson TS
Fernandes RA
Fernandez PD
Fernandez-Berges D
Ferrante D
Ferrao T
Ferrari G
Ferrari M
Ferrario MM
Ferreccio C
Ferreira HS
Ferrer E
Ferrieres J
Figueiro TH
Fijalkowska A
Filho VB
Fink G
Fisberg M
Fischer K
Foo LH
Forsner M
Fottrell EF
Fouad HM
Francis DK
Franco MDC
Fras Z
Fraser B
Frontera G
Fuchs FD
Fuchs SC
Fujiati II
Fujita Y
Fumihiko M
Furdela V
Furusawa T
Gabriela SA
Gaciong Z
Gafencu M
Galbarczyk A
Galcheva SV
Galenkamp H
Galeone D
Galfo M
Galvano F
Ganapathy S
Gao J
Gao P
Garba JA
Garcia MY
Garcia-de-la-Hera M
Gareta D
Garnett SP
Gaspoz J-M
Gasull M
Gaya ACA
Gaya AR
Gazzinelli A
Gehring U
Geiger H
Geleijnse JM
George R
Gerdts E
Ghaderi E
Ghaffar SA
Ghamari S-H
Ghanbari A
Ghasemi E
Gheorghe-Fronea O-F
Gialluisi A
Giampaoli S
Gianfagna F
Gieger C
Gill TK
Giovannelli J
Gironella G
Giwercman A
Gkiouras K
Glushkova N
Godara R
Godos J
Gogen S
Goldberg M
Goltzman D
Gomez G
Gomez JHG
Gomez LF
Gomez SF
Gomula A
Goncalves H
Goncalves M
Gonzalez AR
Gonzalez EG
Gonzalez-Alvarez AD
Gonzalez-Chica DA
Gonzalez-Gil EM
Gonzalez-Gross M
Gonzalez-Leon M
Gonzalez-Rivas JP
Gonzalez-Villalpando C
Gonzalez-Villalpando M-E
Gottrand F
Graca AP
Grafnetter D
Grajda A
Grammatikopoulou MG
Gregg EW
Gregor RD
Gregorio MJ
Groholt EK
Grontved A
Grosso G
Gruden G
Gu D
Guajardo V
Gualdi-Russo E
Guallar-Castillon P
Gualtieri A
Gudmundsson EF
Gudnason V
Guerchet M
Guerrero R
Guessous I
Guimaraes AL
Gujral UP
Gulliford MC
Gunnlaugsdottir J
Gunter MJ
Guo X-H
Guo Y
Gupta PC
Gupta R
Gureje O
Gurinovic MA
Gutierrez L
Gutzwiller F
Gwee X
Ha S
Hadaegh F
Hadjigeorgiou CA
Haghshenas R
Hakimi H
Halkjaer J
Hambleton IR
Hamzeh B
Hanekom WA
Hange D
Hanif AAM
Hantunen S
Hao J
Hardman CM
Hardy L
Harooni J
Hashemi-Shahri SM
Hassapidou M
Hata J
Haugsgjerd T
Hayes AJ
He J
He Y
He Y
Heap RA
Heidinger-Felso R
Heier M
Heinen M
Hejgaard T
Hendriks ME
Henrique RDS
Henriques A
Herrala S
Herrera VM
Herrera-Cuenca M
Herter-Aeberli I
Herzig K-H
Heshmat R
Heude B
Hill AG
Hinnig PDF
Ho SC
Ho SY
Hobbs M
Hofelmann DA
Holdsworth M
Homayounfar R
Homs C
Hoogendijk E
Hopman WM
Horimoto ARVR
Hormiga CM
Horta BL
Houti L
Howitt C
Htay TT
Htet AS
Htike MMT
Hu Y
Huerta JM
Huhtaniemi IT
Huiart L
Husseini A
Huybrechts I
Hwalla N
Hyska J
Iacoviello L
Iakupova EM
Ibarluzea J
Ibrahim MM
Igland J
Ijoma C
Ikeda N
Ikeda N
Ikram MA
Iniguez C
Ioannidou EM
Iotova V
Iotova V
Irazola VE
Ishida T
Isiguzo GC
Islam M
Islam SMS
Islek D
Ittermann T
Ivanova-Pandourska IY
Iwasaki M
Jaaskelainen T
Jackson RT
Jacobs JM
Jadoul M
Jafar T
Jallow B
James K
Jamil KM
Jamrozik K
Jan N
Jansson A
Janszky I
Janus E
Jarani J
Jarnig G
Jarvelin M-R
Jasienska G
Jelakovic A
Jelakovic B
Jennings G
Jerome CS
Jiang CQ
Jimenez ML
Jimenez RO
Jockel K-H
Joffres M
Jokelainen JJ
Jonas JB
Jonnagaddala J
Jonsson KR
Jorgensen MB
Jorgensen T
Joshi P
Joshi R
Josipovic J
Joukar F
Jozwiak JJ
Judge DS
Juolevi A
Jurak G
Juresa V
Kaaks R
Kaducu FO
Kadvan AL
Kafatos A
Kaj M
Kajantie EO
Kakutia N
Kallayova D
Kalmatayeva Z
Kalter-Leibovici O
Kameli Y
Kanala KR
Kannan S
Kapantais E
Karaglani E
Karakosta A
Karhus LL
Karki KB
Karlsson O
Katchunga PB
Katibeh M
Katz J
Katzmarzyk PT
Kauhanen J
Kaur P
Kavousi M
Kazakbaeva GM
Kaze FF
Kazembe BM
Ke C
Keil U
Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S
Kelishadi R
Kelleher C
Kemper HCG
Kengne AP
Kengne AP
Keramati M
Kerimkulova A
Kersting M
Key T
Khader YS
Khaledifar A
Khalili D
Khang Y-H
Khang Y-H
Khanh LNB
Kheiri B
Kheradmand M
Khosravi A
Khouw IMSL
Khuong QL
Kiechl S
Kiechl SJ
Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U
Killewo J
Kim HC
Kim J
Kindblom JM
Kingston A
Kjerpeseth LJ
Klakk H
Klanarong S
Klanova J
Klimek M
Klimont J
Klumbiene J
Knoflach M
Kobel S
Koirala B
Kolle E
Kolo SM
Kolsteren P
Konig J
Korpelainen R
Korrovits P
Korzycka M
Kos J
Koskinen S
Kouda K
Kovacs E
Kovacs VA
Kovalskys I
Kovtun OP
Kowlessur S
Koziel S
Kratenova J
Kratzer W
Kriaucioniene V
Kriemler S
Kristensen PL
Krizan H
Kroker-Lobos MF
Krokstad S
Kromhout D
Kruger HS
Kruger R
Kryst L
Kubinova R
Kuciene R
Kujala UM
Kujundzic E
Kulaga Z
Kulimbet M
Kulothungan V
Kumar RH
Kumar RK
Kumari M
Kunesova M
Kurjata P
Kusuma YS
Kutsenko V
Kuulasmaa K
Kyobutungi C
Laamiri FZ
Laatikainen T
Labadarios D
Lachat C
Lackner KJ
Lai D
Laid Y
Lall L
Lam TH
Landais E
Lankila T
Lanska V
Lappas G
Larijani B
Larissa SP
Lassen TH
Lateva MP
Latt TS
Laurenzi M
Lauria L
Laxmaiah A
Laxmaiah A
Lazo-Porras M
Le Coroller G
Le Port A
Le TD
Lee J
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Lee PH
Lehtimaki T
Lele ECB
Lemogoum D
Leong E
Leskosek B
Leszczak J
Leth-Moller KB
Leung GM
Levitt NS
Lhoste VPF
Li Y
Liivak M
Lilly CL
Lim C
Lim W-Y
Lima-Costa MF
Lin H-H
Lin H-H
Lin X
Lind L
Lingam V
Linkohr B
Linneberg A
Lissner L
Litwin M
Liu J
Liu L
Liu L
Liu X
Lo W-C
Loit H-M
Lopes L
Lopes MSS
Lopes O
Lopez T
Lopez-Garcia E
Lotufo PA
Lozano JE
Lukrafka JL
Luksiene D
Lundqvist A
Lunet N
Lunogelo C
Lustigova M
Luszczki E
M'Buyamba-Kabangu J-R
Ma G
Ma J
Ma J
Ma X
Machado-Coelho GLL
Machado-Rodrigues AM
Macia E
Macieira LM
Madar AA
Madraisau S
Madsen AL
Maestre GE
Maggi S
Magliano DJ
Magnacca S
Magnazu MB
Magriplis E
Mahasampath G
Maire B
Majer M
Makdisse M
Maki P
Malekpour M-R
Malekzadeh F
Malekzadeh R
Malhotra R
Malta DC
Malyutina SK
Maniego LV
Manios Y
Mann JI
Mannix MI
Mansour-Ghanaei F
Manyanga T
Manzato E
Mapatano MA
Marcil A
Margozzini P
Maria-Magdalena R
Marino J
Markaki A
Markey O
Marques LP
Marques-Vidal P
Marrugat J
Martin R
Martin-Prevel Y
Martinez ES
Martorell R
Martos E
Maruf FA
Maruszczak K
Marventano S
Masala G
Mascarenhas LP
Masinaei M
Masoodi SR
Mathiesen EB
Mathur P
Matijasevich A
Matlosz P
Matsha TE
Matsudo V
Matteo G
Maulik PK
Mavrogianni C
Mazur A
Mbanya JCN
Mbanya JCN
McFarlane SR
McGarvey ST
Mckee M
McLean RM
McLean SB
McNairy ML
McNulty BA
Medzioniene J
Mehlig K
Mehrparvar AH
Meirhaeghe A
Meisfjord J
Meisinger C
Melgarejo JD
Melkumova M
Mello J
Mendez F
Mendivil CO
Mendoza RAM
Menezes AMB
Menon GR
Mensink GBM
Menzano MT
Merida MJG
Meshram II
Meto DT
Meyer HE
Mi J
Michaelsen KF
Michels N
Mikkel K
Milanovic SM
Milkowska K
Miller JC
Milushkina O
Minderico CS
Mini GK
Miquel JF
Miranda JJ
Miranda JJ
Mirjalili MR
Mirkopoulou D
Mirrakhimov E
Mishra A
Misigoj-Durakovic M
Mistretta A
Mocanu V
Modesti PA
Moghaddam SS
Mohamed SF
Mohammad K
Mohammadi MR
Mohammadi Z
Mohammadifard N
Mohammadpourhodki R
Mohamud WNW
Mohan V
Mohanna S
Mohebbi I
Moitry M
Mollehave LT
Moller NC
Molnar D
Momenan A
Mondo CK
Monroy-Valle M
Monterrubio-Flores E
Monyeki KDK
Moon JS
Moosazadeh M
Mopa HT
Moradpour F
Moreira LB
Morejon A
Moreno ER
Moreno LA
Morey F
Morgan K
Morin SN
Mortensen EL
Moschonis G
Moslem A
Mosquera M
Mossakowska M
Mostafa A
Mostafavi S-A
Mota J
Mota-Pinto A
Motlagh ME
Motta J
Moura-dos-Santos MA
Movsesyan Y
Mridha MK
Msyamboza KP
Mu TT
Muc M
Muca F
Mugosa B
Muiesan ML
Muller-Nurasyid M
Munzel T
Mursu J
Murtagh EM
Musa KI
Musil V
Musinguzi G
Muyer MT
Nabipour I
Nagel G
Najafi F
Nakamura H
Nalecz H
Namesna J
Nang EEK
Nangia VB
Nankap M
Narake S
Narayan KMV
Nardone P
Naseri T
Nathalie M
Neal WA
Neelapaichit N
Nejatizadeh A
Nekkantti C
Nelis K
Nenko I
Neovius M
Nervi F
Ng TP
Nguyen CT
Nguyen ND
Ni MY
Nicolescu R
Nie P
Nieto-Martinez RE
Nikitin YP
Ning G
Ninomiya T
Nishi N
Nishtar S
Noale M
Noboa OA
Nogueira H
Nordendahl M
Nordestgaard BG
Norton KI
Noto D
Nowak-Szczepanska N
Nuhoglu I
Nunes B
Nurk E
Nuwaha F
Nyirenda M
O'Neill TW
O'Reilly D
Obreja G
Ochimana C
Ochoa-Aviles AM
Oda E
Odili AN
Oh K
Ohara K
Ohlsson C
Ohtsuka R
Olafsson O
Oldenburg B
Olinto MTA
Oliveira IO
Omar MA
Omar SM
Onat A
Ong SK
Onland-Moret NC
Ono LM
Onodugo O
Ordunez P
Ornelas R
Ortiz AP
Ortiz PJ
Osler M
Osmond C
Ostojic SM
Ostovar A
Otero JA
Ottendahl CB
Otu A
Overvad K
Owusu-Dabo E
Oyeyemi AL
Oyeyemi AY
Paccaud FM
Paciorek CJ
Padez CP
Pagkalos I
Pahomova E
Pajak A
Pajula N
Palloni A
Palmieri L
Pan W-H
Panda-Jonas S
Pandey A
Pang Z
Panza F
Paoli M
Papadopoulou SK
Papandreou D
Pareja RG
Park S
Park S-W
Parnell WR
Parsaeian M
Pascanu IM
Pasquet P
Patel ND
Pattussi M
Pavlyshyn H
Pechlaner R
Pecin I
Pednekar MS
Pedro JM
Peer N
Peixoto SV
Peltonen M
Pereira AC
Peres MA
Perez CM
Perez-Londono A
Peterkova V
Peters A
Petkeviciene J
Petrauskiene A
Petrescu CH
Pettenuzzo E
Peykari N
Pfeiffer N
Phall MC
Pham ST
Phelps NH
Phiri FP
Pichardo RN
Pierannunzio D
Pierre-Marie P
Pigeot I
Pikhart H
Pilav A
Piler P
Pilotto L
Pistelli F
Pitakaka F
Piwonska A
Pizarro AN
Plans-Rubio P
Platonova AG
Poh BK
Pohlabeln H
Polka NS
Pop RM
Popkin BM
Popovic SR
Porta M
Posch G
Poudyal A
Poulimeneas D
Pouraram H
Pourfarzi F
Pourshams A
Poustchi H
Pradeepa R
Pradeepa R
Price AJ
Price JF
Prista A
Providencia R
Puder JJ
Pudule I
Puhakka S
Puiu M
Punab M
Qadir MS
Qasrawi RF
Qiao Q
Qorbani M
Quang NL
Quang NN
Quintana HK
Quiroga-Padilla PJ
Rach S
Radic I
Radisauskas R
Rahim HFA
Rahim NCA
Rahimikazerooni S
Rahman M
Rahman M
Raitakari O
Raj M
Rajabov T
Rakhmatulloev S
Rakovac I
Ramachandran A
Ramadan OPC
Ramires VV
Ramirez-Zea M
Ramke J
Ramos E
Ramos R
Rampal L
Rampal S
Ramsay SE
Rangelova LS
Rao KM
Rao SR
Rarra V
Rascon-Pacheco RA
Rashidi M-M
Rayner AW
Rech CR
Redon J
Reganit PFM
Regecova V
Renner JDP
Repasy JA
Reuter CP
Revilla L
Reynolds A
Rezaei N
Rezaianzadeh A
Rho Y
Ribas-Barba L
Ribeiro R
Riboli E
Rigo F
Rigotti A
Riley LM
Rinaldo N
Ripolles MPD
Riserus U
Rito AI
Ritti-Dias RM
Rivera JA
Roa RG
Robinson L
Roccaldo R
Rodrigues D
Rodriguez AY
Rodriguez IS
Rodriguez-Artalejo F
Rodriguez-Artalejo F
Rodriguez-Martinez A
Rodriguez-Perez MDC
Rodriguez-Villamizar LA
Roggenbuck U
Rohloff P
Rohner F
Rojas-Martinez R
Rojroongwasinkul N
Rolandi GEB
Romaguera D
Romeo EL
Rosario AS
Rosario RV
Rosengren A
Rouse I
Rouzier V
Roy JGR
Ruano MH
Rubinstein A
Ruhli FJ
Ruidavets J-B
Ruiz-Betancourt BS
Ruiz-Castell M
Rusakova IA
Rusek W
Russo P
Rust P
Rutkowski M
Saamel M
Saar CG
Sabanayagam C
Sabbaghi H
Sacchini E
Sachdev HS
Sadjadi A
Safarpour AR
Safi S
Safiri S
Saghi MH
Saidi O
Saieva C
Sakata S
Saki N
Salaj S
Salanave B
Salhanova A
Salmeron D
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Verschuren WMM
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Vrijkotte TGM
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Wambiya EOA
Wanderley Junior RDS
Wang C
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Whincup PH
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Widyahening IS
Wiecek A
Wild PS
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Willeit P
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Xu H
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Yaacob NA
Yamborisut U
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Yardim N
Yasuharu T
Yiallouros PK
Yngve A
Yoosefi M
Yoshihara A
Yotov Y
You QS
You S-L
Younger-Coleman NO
Yu Y
Yu Y-L
Yusof SM
Yusoff AF
Yusoff MFM
Zaccagni L
Zafiropulos V
Zainuddin AA
Zakavi SR
Zamani F
Zambon S
Zampelas A
Zamrazilova H
Zapata ME
Zargar AH
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Zayed AA
Zdrojewski T
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Zejglicova K
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Zentai A
Zhang B
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Zhang Z-Y
Zhao D
Zhao M-H
Zhao W
Zhecheva YV
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Zins M
Zitt E
Zocalo Y
Zoghlami N
Zuziak M
Publication venue: Elsevier
Publication date: 01/01/2024
Field of study

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union

Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto

St George's Online Research Archive

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Author: Aarestrup Julie
Abarca-Gómez Leandra
Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
Abdeen Ziad A.
Abdrakhmanova Shynar
Abdurrahmonova Zulfiya
Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M.
Acosta-Cazares Benjamin
Adam Ishag
Adamczyk Marzena
Adams Robert J.
AduAfarwuah Seth
Aekplakorn Wichai
Afsana Kaosar
Afzal Shoaib
Agbor Valirie N.
Agdeppa Imelda A.
Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
Aguenaou Hassan
Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A.
Agyemang Charles
Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan
Ahmad Noor Ani
Ahmadi Ali
Ahmadi Naser
Ahmadi Nastaran
Ahmed Imran
Ahmed Soheir H.
Ahrens Wolfgang
Aitmurzaeva Gulmira
Ajlouni Kamel
Al Hourani Huda M.
Al Qaoud Nawal M.
Al-Asfoor Deena
Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M.
Al-Hinai Halima
Al-Lahou Badreya
Al-Lawati Jawad A.
Al-Raddadi Rajaa
Alarouj Monira
AlBuhairan Fadia
AlDhukair Shahla
Aldwairji Maryam A.
Alexius Sylvia
Ali Mohamed M.
Alieva Anna V.
Alkandari Abdullah
Alkerwi Ala'a
Alkhatib Buthaina M.
Allin Kristine
Alomary Shaker A.
Alomirah Husam F.
Alshangiti Arwa M.
Alvarez-Pedrerol Mar
Aly Eman
Amarapurkar Deepak N.
Amoah John
Amougou Norbert
Amouyel Philippe
Andersen Lars Bo
Anderssen Sigmund A.
Androutsos Odysseas
Anjana Ranjit Mohan
Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
Anufrieva Elena
Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer
Araújo Joana
Ariansen Inger
Aris Tahir
Arku Raphael E.
Arlappa Nimmathota
Aryal Krishna K.
Aspelund Thor
Assah Felix K.
Assefa Nega
Assembekov Batyrbek
Assunção Maria Cecília F.
Aung May Soe
Auvinen Juha
Avdičová Mária
Avi Shina
Azad Kishwar
Azevedo Ana
Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen
Azizi Fereidoun
Babu Bontha V.
Bacopoulou Flora
Baharudin Azli
Bahijri Suhad
Bajramovic Izet
Bakacs Marta
Baker Jennifer L.
Balakrishna Nagalla
Balanova Yulia
Bamoshmoosh Mohamed
Banach Maciej
Banegas José R.
Baran Joanna
Baran Rafał
Barbagallo Carlo M.
Barbosa Filho Valter
Barceló Alberto
Baretić Maja
Barkat Amina
Barnoya Joaquin
Barradas-Pires Ana
Barrera Lena
Barreto Marta
Barros Aluisio JD.
Bartosiewicz Anna
Basit Abdul
Bastos Joao Luiz
Bata Iqbal
Batieha Anwar M.
Batista Aline P.
Batista Rosangela L.
Battakova Zhamilya
Baur Louise A.
Bayauli Pascal M.
Beaglehole Robert
Bel-Serrat Silvia
Belavendra Antonisamy
Benedek Theodora
Benedics Judith
Benet Mikhail
Benitez Rolandi Gilda Estela
Bennett James E.
Bentham James
Benzeval Michaela
Bere Elling
Berger Nicolas
Bergh Ingunn Holden
Berhane Yemane
Berkinbayev Salim
Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio
Bernotiene Gailute
Berrios Carrasola Ximena
Bettiol Heloísa
Beutel Manfred E.
Beybey Augustin F.
Bezerra Jorge
Bhagyalaxmi Aroor
Bharadwaj Sumit
Bhargava Santosh K.
Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Bi Hongsheng
Bi Yufang
Bia Daniel
Biasch Katia
Bika Lele Elysée Claude
Bikbov Mukharram M.
Bista Bihungum
Bixby Honor
Bjelica Dusko J.
Bjerregaard Anne A.
Bjerregaard Peter
Bjertness Espen
Bjertness Marius B.
Björkelund Cecilia
Bloch Katia V.
Blokstra Anneke
Blychfeld Magnazu Moran
Bo Simona
Bobak Martin
Boddy Lynne M.
Boehm Bernhard O.
Boer Jolanda MA.
Boggia Jose G.
Bogova Elena
Boissonnet Carlos P.
Bojesen Stig E.
Bonaccio Marialaura
Bongard Vanina
Bonilla-Vargas Alice
Bopp Matthias
Borghs Herman
Botomba Steve
Bourne Rupert RA.
Bovet Pascal
Boymatova Khadichamo
Braeckevelt Lien
Braeckman Lutgart
Bragt Marjolijn CE.
Braithwaite Tasanee
Brajkovich Imperia
Branca Francesco
Breckenkamp Juergen
Breda João
Brenner Hermann
Brewster Lizzy M.
Brian Garry R.
Briceño Yajaira
Brinduse Lacramioara
Bringolf-Isler Bettina
Brito Miguel
Brophy Sinead
Brug Johannes
Bruno Graziella
Bugge Anna
Buoncristiano Marta
Burazeri Genc
Burns Con
Bæksgaard Jørgensen Maja
Cabrera de León Antonio
Cacciottolo Joseph M.
Cai Hui
Caixeta Roberta B.
Cama Tilema
Cameron Christine
Camolas José
Can Günay
Capanzana Mario V.
Capuano Eduardo
Capuano Rocco
Capuano Vincenzo
Cardol Marloes
Cardoso Viviane C.
Carlsson Axel C.
Carmuega Esteban
Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M.
Carvalho Joana
Casajús José A.
Casanueva Felipe F.
Casas Maribel
Cañete Felicia
Celikcan Ertugrul
Censi Laura
Cervantes-Loaiza Marvin
Cesar Juraci A.
Chamnan Parinya
Chamukuttan Snehalatha
Chan Angelique
Chan Queenie
Charchar Fadi J.
Charles Marie-Aline
Chaturvedi Himanshu K.
Chaturvedi Nish
Che Abdul Rahim Norsyamlina
Chee Miao Li
Chen Chien-Jen
Chen Fangfang
Chen Huashuai
Chen Long-Sheng
Chen Shuohua
Chen Zhengming
Cheng Ching-Yu
Cheng Yiling J.
Cheraghian Bahman
Chetrit Angela
Chikova-Iscener Ekaterina
Chinapaw Mai JM.
Chinnock Anne
Chiolero Arnaud
Chiou Shu-Ti
Chirita-Emandi Adela
Chirlaque María-Dolores
Cho Belong
Christensen Kaare
Christofaro Diego G.
Chudek Jerzy
Cifkova Renata
Cilia Michelle
Cinteza Eliza
Cirillo Massimo
Claessens Frank
Clare Philip
Clarke Janine
Clays Els
Cohen Emmanuel
Cojocaru Cosmin R.
Colorado-Yohar Sandra
Compañ-Gabucio Laura-María
Concin Hans
Confortin Susana C.
Cooper Cyrus
Coppinger Tara C.
Corpeleijn Eva
Cortés Lilia Yadira
Costanzo Simona
Cottel Dominique
Cowan Melanie J.
Cowell Chris
Craig Cora L.
Crampin Amelia C.
Cross Amanda J.
Crujeiras Ana B.
Cruz Juan J.
Csilla Semánová
Csányi Tamás
Cucu Alexandra M.
Cui Liufu
Cureau Felipe V.
Cuschieri Sarah
Czenczek-Lewandowska Ewelina
Cândido Ana Paula c.
D'Arrigo Graziella
d'Orsi Eleonora
da Silva Alanna G.
Dacica Liliana
Dahm Christina C.
Dallongeville Jean
Damasceno Albertino
Damsgaard Camilla T.
Danaei Goodarz
Dankner Rachel
Dantoft Thomas M.
Dasgupta Parasmani
Dastgiri Saeed
Dauchet Luc
Davletov Kairat
de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos Francisco
de Assis Maria Alice Altenburg
De Backer Guy
De Backer Guy
De Bacquer Dirk
De Bacquer Jaco
de Bont Jeroen
De Curtis Amalia
de Fragas Hinnig Patrícia
de Gaetano Giovanni
De Henauw Stefaan
De Miguel-Etayo Pilar
De Neve Jan-Walter De
de Oliveira Paula Duarte
de Valois Correia Júnior Marco Aurélio
Di Cesare Mariachiara
Diaz Alejandro
Dumith Samuel C.
Dwyer Terence
Dyussupova Azhar
Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk Elzbieta
Díaz Fernández Pedro
Eghtesad Sareh
Eiben Gabriele
Ekelund Ulf
El Ammari Laila
El-Khateeb Mohammad
Esmaeili Ali
Etxezarreta Pilar Amiano
Evans Alun
Evans Roger G.
Ezzati Majid
Farjam Mojtaba
Farrugia Sant'Angelo Victoria
Farzadfar Farshad
Farzi Yosef
Fawwad Asher
Ferrante Daniel
Galcheva Sonya V.
Galenkamp Henrike
Galeone Daniela
Ganapathy Shubash
Garba Jamila Abubakar
Ghaffar Suhaila Abdul
Gomes Barros Mauro Virgílio
Gonzalez-Chica David A.
González-Alvarez Ana D.
Grafnetter Dušan
Grammatikopoulou Maria G.
Graça Antonio Pedro
Gupta Rajeev
Gureje Oye
Ha Seongjun
Habiba Ben Romdhane
Hadaegh Farzad
Hadjigeorgiou Halkjær
Hashemi-Shahri Seyed Mohammad
Heap Rachel A.
Homayounfar Reza
Hoogendijk Emiel
Iacoviello Licia
Iakupova Ellina M.
Ibarluzea Jesús
Ikeda Nayu
Iotova Violeta
Jackson Rod T.
Jacobs Jeremy M.
Jääskeläinen Tuija
Kaaks Rudolf
Kaducu Felix O.
Kadvan Agnes L.
Kafatos Anthony
Kengne Andre P.
Khang Young-Ho
Krokstad Steinar
Kromhout Daan
Kruger Herculina S.
Kusuma Yadlapalli S.
La Quang Ngoc
Laamiri Fatima Zahra
Laatikainen Tiina
Labadarios Demetre
Lachat Carl
Lackner Karl J.
Laxmaiah Avula
Lemogoum Daniel
Leung Gabriel M.
Lhoste Victor PF.
Lin Hsien-Ho
Liu Jing
Liu Lijuan
Lunet Nuno
Lunogelo Charles
M'Buyamba-Kabangu Jean-René
Ma Guansheng
Ma Jun
Ma Jun
Machado-Coelho George LL.
Machado-Rodrigues Aristides M.
Macia Enguerran
Macieira Luisa M.
Mbanya Jean Claude N
Miranda J Jaime
Mishra Anu
Mostafavi Seyed-Ali
Mota-Pinto Anabela
Nabipour Iraj
Nagel Gabriele
Najafi Farid
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
Nogueira Helena
Nyirenda Moffat
O'Neill Terence W.
O'Reilly Dermot
Obreja Galina
Omar Saeed M.
Otu Akaninyene
Paccaud Fred Michel
Paciorek Christopher J.
Padez Cristina P.
Pagkalos Ioannis
Parsaeian Mahboubeh
Phelps Nowell H.
Pradeepa Rajendra
Prista Antonio
Providencia Rui
Qadir Muhammed S.
Qasrawi Radwan F.
Rach Stefan
Radic Ivana
Radisauskas Ricardas
Rahim Hanan F Abdul
Ramachandran Ambady
Ramadan Otim PC.
Ramires Virgílio V.
Ramirez-Zea Manuel
Rayner Archie W.
Riley Leanne M.
Rodriguez-Martinez Andrea
Rodriguez-Perez María del Cristo
Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando
Rodríguez-Villamizar Laura A.
Russell Jonsson Kenisha
Russo Paola
Saamel Marge
Saar Crizian G.
Sabanayagam Charumathi
Sabbaghi Hamideh
Sacchini Elena
Sachdev Harshpal S.
Sarrafzadegan Nizal
Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
Savin Stefan
Schneider Andrea
Schnohr Peter
Shayesteh Ali Akbar
Shengelia Lela
Singleton Rosie K.
Sjöberg Agneta
Sjöström Michael
Skoblina Natalia A.
Somi Mohammad Hossein
Sorić Maroje
Stevanović Ranko
Stevens Gretchen A.
Stieber Jutta
Stokwiszewski Jakub
Stöckl Doris
Suebsamran Phalakorn
Sund Malin
Szponar Lucjan
Sørgjerd Elin P.
Tabone Lorraine
Tai E Shyong
Takuro Furusawa
Tambalis Konstantinos D.
Theodoridis Xenophon
Thomas Nihal
Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka
Turley Maria
Udoji Nwannedimma
Ueda Peter
Ugel Eunice
Ukoli Flora AM.
Vaitkeviciute Justina
Valdivia Gonzalo
Vale Susana
Valvi Damaskini
Wade Alisha N.
Waldhör Thomas
Walton Janette
Wang Limin
Webster-Kerr Karen
Yaacob Nor Azwany
Yamborisut Uruwan
Zhecheva Yanitsa V
Zhen Shiqi
Zheng Wei
Zheng Yingfeng
Zholdin Bekbolat
Zhou Bin
Zhou Maigeng
Zhu Dan
Zimmet Paul
Zins Marie
Zitt Emanuel
Zocalo Yanina
Zoghlami Nada
Zuziak Monika
Zuñiga Cisneros Julio
Ängquist Lars
Ågren Åsa
Čapková Naděžda
Publication venue: Elsevier
Publication date: 01/01/2024
Field of study

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe

OAR@UM

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

Author: Abarca-Gómez Leandra
Abdeen Ziad A
Abdrakhmanova Shynar
Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M
Acosta-Cazares Benjamin
Adams Robert J
Aekplakorn Wichai
Afsana Kaosar
Afzal Shoaib
Agdeppa Imelda A
Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A
Agyemang Charles
Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan
Ahmad Noor Ani
Ahmadi Ali
Ahmadi Naser
Ahmed Soheir H
Ahrens Wolfgang
Aitmurzaeva Gulmira
Ajlouni Kamel
Al Nsour Mohannad
Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M
Al-Lahou Badreya
Al-Raddadi Rajaa
Alarouj Monira
AlBuhairan Fadia
AlDhukair Shahla
Ali Mohamed M
Alkandari Abdullah
Alkerwi Ala'a
Allin Kristine
Alvarez-Pedrerol Mar
Aly Eman
Amarapurkar Deepak N
Amiri Parisa
Amougou Norbert
Amouyel Philippe
Anderssen Sigmund A
Anjana Ranjit Mohan
Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer
Araújo Joana
Ariansen Inger
Aris Tahir
Arku Raphael E
Arlappa Nimmathota
Aryal Krishna K
Aspelund Thor
Assah Felix K
Assunção Maria Cecília F
Aung May Soe
Auvinen Juha
Avdicová Mária
Avi Shina
Azevedo Ana
Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen
Azizi Fereidoun
Azmin Mehrdad
Babu Bontha V
Baharudin Azli
Bahijri Suhad
Baker Jennifer L
Balakrishna Nagalla
Bamoshmoosh Mohamed
Banach Maciej
Bandosz Piotr
Banegas José R
Bao Tran Quoc
Baran Joanna
Barbagallo Carlo M
Barceló Alberto
Barkat Amina
Barros Aluisio JD
Barros Mauro Virgílio Gomes
Basit Abdul
Bastos Joao Luiz D
Bata Iqbal
Batieha Anwar M
Batista Rosangela L
Battakova Zhamilya
Batyrbek Assembekov
Baur Louise A
Beaglehole Robert
Bebakar Wan Mohamad Wan
Bel-Serrat Silvia
Belavendra Antonisamy
Benchekor Sounnia Mediene
Benedics Judith
Benet Mikhail
Bennett James E
Bergh Ingunn Holden
Berkinbayev Salim
Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio
Bernotiene Gailute
Bettiol Heloísa
Bezerra Jorge
Bhagyalaxmi Aroor
Bharadwaj Sumit
Bhargava Santosh K
Bhutta Zulfiqar A
Bi Hongsheng
Bi Yufang
Bia Daniel
Bikbov Mukharram M
Bista Bihungum
Bixby Honor
Bjelica Dusko J
Bjerregaard Peter
Bjertness Espen
Bjertness Marius B
Björkelund Cecilia
Bloch Katia V
Blokstra Anneke
Bo Andersen Lars
Bo Simona
Bobak Martin
Boddy Lynne M
Boehm Bernhard O
Boeing Heiner
Boggia Jose G
Bogova Elena
Boissonnet Carlos P
Bojesen Stig E
Boker Lital Keinan
Bonaccio Marialaura
Bongard Vanina
Bonilla-Vargas Alice
Bopp Matthias
Borghs Herman
Bovet Pascal
Braeckevelt Lien
Braeckman Lutgart
Bragt Marjolijn CE
Brajkovich Imperia
Branca Francesco
Braunerová Radka Taxová
Breckenkamp Juergen
Breda João
Brenner Hermann
Brewster Lizzy M
Brian Garry R
Brinduse Lacramioara
Brophy Sinead
Bruno Graziella
Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas
Bugge Anna
Buoncristiano Marta
Burazeri Genc
Burns Con
Cacciottolo Joseph
Cadena Leticia Hernandez
Cai Hui
Cama Tilema
Cameron Christine
Camolas José
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Capanzana Mario V
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Capuano Eduardo
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Casajús José A
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Cañete Felicia
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Chamukuttan Snehalatha
Chan Angelique W
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Chaturvedi Himanshu K
Chaturvedi Nish
Chen Chien-Jen
Chen Fangfang
Chen Huashuai
Chen Shuohua
Chen Zhengming
Cheng Ching-Yu
Cheraghian Bahman
Chetrit Angela
Chikova-Iscener Ekaterina
Chiolero Arnaud
Chiou Shu-Ti
Chirita-Emandi Adela
Chirlaque María-Dolores
Cho Belong
Christensen Kaare
Christofaro Diego G
Chudek Jerzy
Cifkova Renata
Cilia Michelle
Cinteza Eliza
Cisneros Julio Zuñiga
Claessens Frank
Clarke Janine
Clays Els
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Concin Hans
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Cooper Cyrus
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Crampin Amelia C
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Cucu Alexandra M
Cui Liufu
Cureau Felipe V
Czenczek-Lewandowska Ewelina
Cândido Ana Paula C
D'Arrigo Graziella
d'Orsi Eleonora
da Silva Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro
Dacica Liliana
Dallongeville Jean
Damasceno Albertino
Damsgaard Camilla T
Danaei Goodarz
Dankner Rachel
Dantoft Thomas M
Dasgupta Parasmani
Dastgiri Saeed
Dauchet Luc
Davletov Kairat
De Backer Guy
De Bacquer Dirk
de Gaetano Giovanni
De Henauw Stefaan
de León Antonio Cabrera
de Oliveira Paula Duarte
de Paiva Karina Mary
De Ridder David
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de Rooij Susanne R
De Smedt Delphine
de Souza Wanderley Júnior Rildo
de Wit Tobias F Rinke
Deepa Mohan
Deev Alexander D
Dehghan Abbas
del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez María
Delisle Hélène
Delpeuch Francis
Demarest Stefaan
Dennison Elaine
Dereń Katarzyna
Deschamps Valérie
Dhimal Meghnath
Di Castelnuovo Augusto F
Di Cesare Mariachiara
Dias-da-Costa Juvenal Soares
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Dika Zivka
Djalalinia Shirin
Djordjic Visnja
do Carmo Franco Maria
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Donati Maria Benedetta
Donfrancesco Chiara
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dos Santos Henrique Rafael
Doua Kouamelan
Dragano Nico
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Duante Charmaine A
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Dushpanova Anar
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Díaz-Sánchez María Elena
Döring Angela
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Egbagbe Eruke E
Eggertsen Robert
Eghtesad Sareh
Ei K Nang Ei
Eiben Gabriele
Ekelund Ulf
El Ati Jalila
El-Khateeb Mohammad
Eldemire-Shearer Denise
Eliasen Marie
Elliott Paul
Engle-Stone Reina
Enguerran Macia
Erasmus Rajiv T
Erbel Raimund
Erem Cihangir
Eriksen Louise
Eriksson Johan G
Eslami Saeid
Esmaeili Ali
Evans Alun
Ezzati Majid
Faeh David
Fakhretdinova Albina A
Fall Caroline H
Faramarzi Elnaz
Farjam Mojtaba
Farzadfar Farshad
Fattahi Mohammad Reza
Fawwad Asher
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Ferguson Trevor S
Fernandes Romulo A
Fernández-Bergés Daniel
Ferrante Daniel
Ferrao Thomas
Ferrari Marika
Ferrario Marco M
Ferreccio Catterina
Ferrer Eldridge
Ferrieres Jean
Figueiró Thamara Hubler
Fijalkowska Anna
Filippi Sarah
Fink Günther
Fischer Krista
Foo Leng Huat
Forsner Maria
Fouad Heba M
Francis Damian K
Frikke-Schmidt Ruth
Frontera Guillermo
Fuchs Flavio D
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Fujiati Isti I
Fujita Yuki
Fumihiko Matsuda
Furusawa Takuro
Gaciong Zbigniew
Gafencu Mihai
Galbarczyk Andrzej
Galenkamp Henrike
Galeone Daniela
Galfo Myriam
Galvano Fabio
Gao Jingli
Garba Jamila Abubakar
Garcia-de-la-Hera Manoli
García-Solano Marta
Gareta Dickman
Garnett Sarah P
Gaspoz Jean-Michel
Gasull Magda
Gaya Adroaldo Cesar Araujo
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Gazzinelli Andrea
Gehring Ulrike
Geiger Harald
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Ghaffar Suhaila Abdul
Ghanbari Ali
Ghasemi Erfan
Gheorghe-Fronea Oana-Florentina
Giampaoli Simona
Gianfagna Francesco
Gill Tiffany K
Giovannelli Jonathan
Gironella Glen
Giwercman Aleksander
Gkiouras Konstantinos
Godos Justyna
Gogen Sibel
Goldberg Marcel
Goldsmith Rebecca A
Goltzman David
Gomula Aleksandra
Gonzalez Angel R
Gonzalez-Chica David A
Gonzalez-Gross Marcela
González-Leon Margot
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González-Villalpando Clicerio
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Gonçalves Helen
Gottrand Frederic
Graff-Iversen Sidsel
Grafnetter Dušan
Grajda Aneta
Grammatikopoulou Maria G
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Gregg Edward W
Gregor Ronald D
Grodzicki Tomasz
Grosso Giuseppe
Gruden Gabriella
Grøholt Else Karin
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Gualdi-Russo Emanuela
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Gurzkowska Beata
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Gutiérrez-González Enrique
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Hadaegh Farzad
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Haghshenas Rosa
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Halkjær Jytte
Hambleton Ian R
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Heidinger-Felso Regina
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Hejgaard Tatjana
Hendriks Marleen Elisabeth
Henriques Ana
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Herter-Aeberli Isabelle
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Homayounfar Reza
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Horimoto Andrea RVR
Hormiga Claudia M
Horta Bernardo L
Houti Leila
Howitt Christina
Htay Thein Thein
Htet Aung Soe
Htike Maung Maung Than
Hu Yonghua
Huerta José María
Huhtaniemi Ilpo Tapani
Huiart Laetitia
Huisman Martijn
Husseini Abdullatif
Huu Chinh Nguyen
Huybrechts Inge
Hwalla Nahla
Hyska Jolanda
Iacoviello Licia
Ibarluzea Jesús M
Ibrahim Mohsen M
Ikeda Nayu
Ikram M Arfan
Ioannidou Eliza Markidou
Iotova Violeta
Irazola Vilma E
Ishida Takafumi
Islam Muhammad
Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Iurilli Maria LC
Iwasaki Masanori
Jackson Rod T
Jacobs Jeremy M
Jaddou Hashem Y
Jafar Tazeen
James Kenneth
Jamil Kazi M
Jamrozik Konrad
Janszky Imre
Janus Edward
Jarani Juel
Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta
Jasienska Grazyna
Jelakovic Ana
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Jha Anjani Kumar
Jiang Chao Qiang
Jimenez Ramon O
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Jonas Jost B
Jonnagaddala Jitendra
Jonsson Kenisha Russell
Joshi Pradeep
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Jovic Dragana P
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Juresa Vesna
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Kameli Yves
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Kheradmand Motahareh
Khosravi Alireza
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Kiechl-Kohlendorfer Ursula
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Kindblom Jenny M
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Klumbiene Jurate
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Koirala Bhawesh
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Korpelainen Raija
Korrovits Paul
Korzycka Magdalena
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Kouda Katsuyasu
Kovacs Viktoria A
Kowlessur Sudhir
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Kyobutungi Catherine
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Landais Edwige
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Lissner Lauren
Litwin Mieczyslaw
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Luksiene Dalia
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Marrugat Jaume
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Milanovic Sanja Music
Milkowska Karolina
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Mišigoj-Durakovic Marjeta
Mocanu Veronica
Modesti Pietro A
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Mohammadi Zahra
Mohammadifard Noushin
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Mohebi Farnam
Moitry Marie
Molbo Drude
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Momenan Amirabbas
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Monterrubio-Flores Eric
Monyeki Kotsedi Daniel K
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Moreno Luis A
Morgan Karen
Morin Suzanne N
Mortensen Erik Lykke
Moschonis George
Mossakowska Malgorzata
Mostafa Aya
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Mota-Pinto Anabela
Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeel
Motta Jorge
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Msyamboza Kelias P
Mu Thet Thet
Muc Magdalena
Mugoša Boban
Muiesan Maria L
Mukhtorova Parvina
Murphy Neil
Mursu Jaakko
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Musa Kamarul Imran
Musil Vera
Mustafa Norlaila
Mäki Päivi
Møllehave Line T
Møller Niels C
Müller-Nurasyid Martina
Nabipour Iraj
Naderimagham Shohreh
Nagel Gabriele
Naidu Balkish M
Najafi Farid
Nakamura Harunobu
Nangia Vinay B
Nankap Martin
Narake Sameer
Nardone Paola
Nauck Matthias
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
Neal William A
Nejatizadeh Azim
Nekkantti Chandini
Nelis Keiu
Nelis Liis
Nenko Ilona
Neovius Martin
Nervi Flavio
Nguyen Chung T
Nguyen Nguyen D
Nguyen Quang Ngoc
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Nikitin Yury P
Ning Guang
Ninomiya Toshiharu
Nishtar Sania
Noale Marianna
Noboa Oscar A
Nogueira Helena
Norat Teresa
Nordendahl Maria
Nordestgaard Børge G
Noto Davide
Nowak-Szczepanska Natalia
Nuhoglu Irfan
Nurk Eha
Námešná Jana
O'Neill Terence W
O'Reilly Dermot
Obreja Galina
Ochimana Caleb
Ochoa-Avilés Angélica M
Oda Eiji
Oh Kyungwon
Ohara Kumiko
Ohlsson Claes
Ohtsuka Ryutaro
Olafsson Örn
Olinto Maria Teresa A
Oliveira Isabel O
Omar Mohd Azahadi
Onat Altan
Ong Sok King
Ono Lariane M
Ordunez Pedro
Ornelas Rui
Ortiz Ana P
Ortiz Pedro J
Osler Merete
Osmond Clive
Ostojic Sergej M
Ostovar Afshin
Otero Johanna A
Overvad Kim
Owusu-Dabo Ellis
Paccaud Fred Michel
Padez Cristina
Pagkalos Ioannis
Pahomova Elena
Pajak Andrzej
Palli Domenico
Palloni Alberto
Palmieri Luigi
Pan Wen-Harn
Panda-Jonas Songhomitra
Pandey Arvind
Panza Francesco
Papandreou Dimitrios
Park Soon-Woo
Park Suyeon
Parnell Winsome R
Parsaeian Mahboubeh
Pascanu Ionela M
Pasquet Patrick
Patel Nikhil D
Pecin Ivan
Pednekar Mangesh S
Peer Nasheeta
Pei Gao
Peixoto Sergio Viana
Peltonen Markku
Pereira Alexandre C
Peres Marco A
Peterkova Valentina
Peters Annette
Petersmann Astrid
Petkeviciene Janina
Petrauskiene Ausra
Petrescu Constanta Huidumac
Pettenuzzo Emanuela
Peykari Niloofar
Pham Son Thai
Pichardo Rafael N
Pierannunzio Daniela
Pigeot Iris
Pikhart Hynek
Pilav Aida
Pilotto Lorenza
Pistelli Francesco
Pitakaka Freda
Piwonska Aleksandra
Pizarro Andreia N
Plans-Rubió Pedro
Poh Bee Koon
Pohlabeln Hermann
Pop Raluca M
Popovic Stevo R
Porta Miquel
Posch Georg
Poudyal Anil
Poulimeneas Dimitrios
Pouraram Hamed
Pourfarzi Farhad
Pourshams Akram
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Widyahening Indah S
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Willeit Peter
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Wilsgaard Tom
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Wong Andrew
Wong Jyh Eiin
Wong Norazizah Ibrahim
Wong Tien Yin
Wong-McClure Roy A
Woo Jean
Woodward Mark
Wu Frederick C
Wu Jianfeng
Wu Li Juan
Wu Shouling
Xu Haiquan
Xu Liang
Yaacob Nor Azwany
Yamborisut Uruwan
Yan Weili
Yang Ling
Yang Xiaoguang
Yang Yang
Yardim Nazan
Yaseri Mehdi
Yasuharu Tabara
Ye Xingwang
Yiallouros Panayiotis K
Yoosefi Moein
Yoshihara Akihiro
You Qi Sheng
You San-Lin
Younger-Coleman Novie O
Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi
Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli Mohd
Zaccagni Luciana
Zafiropulos Vassilis
Zainuddin Ahmad A
Zakavi Seyed Rasoul
Zamani Farhad
Zambon Sabina
Zampelas Antonis
Zamrazilová Hana
Zapata Maria Elisa
Zargar Abdul Hamid
Zdrojewski Tomasz
Zejglicova Kristyna
Zeng Yi
Zhang Luxia
Zhang Zhen-Yu
Zhao Dong
Zhao Ming-Hui
Zhao Wenhua
Zhen Shiqi
Zheng Wei
Zheng Yingfeng
Zholdin Bekbolat
Zhou Bin
Zhou Maigeng
Zhu Dan
Zins Marie
Zitt Emanuel
Zocalo Yanina
Zuziak Monika
Ängquist Lars
Łuszczki Edyta
Ševcíková Ludmila
Publication venue: eLife Sciences Publications
Publication date: 01/01/2021
Field of study

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

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Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

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Abarca-Gómez L
Abbasi-Kangevari M
Abdeen ZA
Abdrakhmanova S
Abdul Ghaffar S
Abdul Rahim HF
Abdurrahmonova Z
Abu-Rmeileh NM
Abubakar Garba J
Acosta-Cazares B
Adam I
Adamczyk M
Adams RJ
Adu-Afarwuah S
Aekplakorn W
Afsana K
Afzal S
Agbor VN
Agdeppa IA
Aghazadeh-Attari J
Aguenaou H
Aguilar-Salinas CA
Agyemang C
Ahmad MH
Ahmad NA
Ahmadi A
Ahmadi N
Ahmadi N
Ahmed I
Ahmed SH
Ahrens W
Aitmurzaeva G
Ajlouni K
Al Asfoor D
Al Hourani HM
Al Qaoud NM
Al-Hazzaa HM
Al-Hinai H
Al-Lahou B
Al-Lawati JA
Al-Raddadi R
Alarouj M
AlBuhairan F
AlDhukair S
Aldwairji MA
Alexius S
Ali MM
Alieva AV
Alkandari A
Alkerwi A
Alkhatib BM
Allin K
Alomary SA
Alomirah HF
Alshangiti AM
Alvarez-Pedrerol M
Aly E
Amarapurkar DN
Amiano Etxezarreta P
Amoah J
Amougou N
Amouyel P
Andersen LB
Anderssen SA
Androutsos O
Anjana RM
Ansari-Moghaddam A
Anufrieva E
Aounallah-Skhiri H
Araújo J
Ariansen I
Aris T
Arku RE
Arlappa N
Aryal KK
Aspelund T
Assah FK
Assefa N
Assembekov B
Assunção MCF
Aung MS
Aurélio de Valois CJM
Auvinen J
Avdičová M
Avi S
Azad K
Azevedo A
Azimi-Nezhad M
Azizi F
Babu BV
Bacopoulou F
Baharudin A
Bahijri S
Bajramovic I
Bakacs M
Baker JL
Balakrishna N
Balanova Y
Bamoshmoosh M
Banach M
Banegas JR
Baran J
Baran R
Barbagallo CM
Barbosa Filho V
Barceló A
Baretić M
Barkat A
Barnoya J
Barradas-Pires A
Barrera L
Barreto M
Barros AJD
Barros MVG
Bartosiewicz A
Basit A
Bastos JL
Bata I
Batieha AM
Batista AP
Batista RL
Battakova Z
Baur LA
Bayauli PM
Beaglehole R
Bel-Serrat S
Belavendra A
Ben Romdhane H
Benedek T
Benedics J
Benet M
Benitez Rolandi GE
Bennett JE
Bentham J
Benzeval M
Bere E
Berger N
Bergh IH
Berhane Y
Berkinbayev S
Bernabe-Ortiz A
Bernotiene G
Berrios Carrasola X
Bettiol H
Beutel ME
Beybey AF
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Bhagyalaxmi A
Bharadwaj S
Bhargava SK
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Bi H
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Bika Lele EC
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Bista B
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Bjerregaard AA
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Bjertness E
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Björkelund C
Bloch KV
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Blychfeld Magnazu M
Bo S
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Botomba S
Bourne RRA
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Brajkovich I
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Cabrera de León A
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Christofaro DG
Chudek J
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Cinteza E
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Csányi T
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Cureau FV
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d'Orsi E
da Silva AG
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Dahm CC
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Damasceno A
Damsgaard CT
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Dankner R
Dantoft TM
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de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos F
de Assis MAA
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de Bont J
De Curtis A
de Fragas Hinnig P
de Gaetano G
De Henauw S
De Miguel-Etayo P
De Neve J-W
de Paiva KM
De Ridder D
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De Smedt D
de Sá ACMGN
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Yusoff AF
Yépez García M
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Zakavi SR
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Zambon S
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Zamrazilová H
Zapata ME
Zargar AH
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Zayed AA
Zdrojewski T
Zejglicova K
Zeljkovic Vrkic T
Zeng Y
Zentai A
Zhang B
Zhang L
Zhang Z-Y
Zhao D
Zhao M-H
Zhao W
Zhecheva YV
Zhen S
Zheng W
Zheng Y
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Zhou B
Zhou M
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Ängquist L
Ågren Å
Čapková N
Łuszczki E
Šalaj S
Ševčíková Ľ
Żegleń M
Publication venue: Elsevier
Publication date
Field of study

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

LJMU Research Online (Liverpool John Moores University)

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Author: Abarca-Gómez L
Abdeen ZA
Abdrakhmanova S
Abdul Rahim HF
Abdurrahmonova Z
Abril GL
Abu-Rmeileh NM
Acosta-Cazares B
Adam I
Adamczyk M
Adams RJ
Adu-Afarwuah S
Aekplakorn W
Afsana K
Afzal S
Agbor VN
Agdeppa IA
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Aguenaou H
Aguilar-Salinas CA
Agyemang C
Ahmad MH
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Ahmadi A
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Ahmadi N
Ahmed I
Ahmed SH
Ahrens W
Aitmurzaeva G
Ajlouni K
Al Hourani HM
Al Qaoud NM
Al-Hazzaa HM
Al-Lahou B
Al-Raddadi R
Alarouj M
AlBuhairan F
AlDhukair S
Aldwairji MA
Alexius S
Ali MM
Alkandari A
Alkerwi A
Alkhatib BM
Allin K
Alvarez-Pedrerol M
Aly E
Amarapurkar DN
Amoah J
Amougou N
Amouyel P
Andersen LB
Anderssen SA
Androutsos O
Anjana RM
Ansari-Moghaddam A
Anufrieva E
Aounallah-Skhiri H
Araújo J
Ariansen I
Aris T
Arku RE
Arlappa N
Aryal KK
Aseffa N
Aspelund T
Assah FK
Assembekov B
Assunção MCF
Aung MS
Auvinen J
Avdičová M
Avi S
Azevedo A
Azimi-Nezhad M
Azizi F
Azmin M
Babu BV
Baharudin A
Bahijri S
Bakacs M
Baker JL
Balakrishna N
Balanova Y
Bamoshmoosh M
Banach M
Banegas JR
Bao TQ
Baran J
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Barbagallo CM
Barceló A
Baretić M
Barkat A
Barnoya J
Barrera L
Barreto M
Barros AJD
Barros MVG
Bartosiewicz A
Basit A
Bastos JLD
Bata I
Batieha AM
Batista AP
Batista RL
Battakova Z
Baur LA
Bayauli PM
Beaglehole R
Bebakar WMW
Bel-Serrat S
Belavendra A
Ben Romdhane H
Benchekor SM
Benedics J
Benet M
Bennett JE
Bentham J
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Bergh IH
Berhane Y
Berkinbayev S
Bernabe-Ortiz A
Bernotiene G
Bettiol H
Beutel ME
Beybey AF
Bezerra J
Bhagyalaxmi A
Bharadwaj S
Bhargava SK
Bhutta ZA
Bi H
Bi Y
Bia D
Biasch K
Bikbov MM
Bista B
Bixby H
Bjelica DJ
Bjerregaard AA
Bjerregaard P
Bjertness E
Bjertness MB
Björkelund C
Black RE
Bloch KV
Blokstra A
Bo S
Bobak M
Boddy LM
Boehm BO
Boer JMA
Boggia JG
Bogova E
Boissonnet CP
Bojesen SE
Boker LK
Bonaccio M
Bongard V
Bonilla-Vargas A
Bopp M
Borghs H
Bovet P
Boymatova K
Braeckevelt L
Braeckman L
Bragt MCE
Brajkovich I
Branca F
Braunerová RT
Breckenkamp J
Breda J
Brenner H
Brewster LM
Brian GR
Briceño Y
Brinduse L
Brito M
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Brug J
Bruno G
Bugge A
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Buoncristiano M
Burazeri G
Burns C
Cacciottolo J
Cadena LH
Cai H
Caixeta RB
Cama T
Cameron C
Camolas J
Can G
Capanzana MV
Capuano E
Capuano R
Capuano V
Cardol M
Cardoso VC
Carlsson AC
Carmuega E
Carrasola XB
Carrillo-Larco RM
Carvalho J
Casajús JA
Casanueva FF
Casas M
Cañete F
Celikcan E
Censi L
Cervantes‐Loaiza M
Cesar JA
Chamukuttan S
Chan A
Chan Q
Chaturvedi HK
Chaturvedi N
Chee ML
Chen C-J
Chen F
Chen H
Chen S
Chen Z
Cheng C-Y
Cheng YJ
Cheraghian B
Chetrit A
Chikova-Iscener E
Chinapaw MJM
Chinnock A
Chiolero A
Chiou S-T
Chirita-Emandi A
Chirlaque M-D
Cho B
Christensen K
Christofaro DG
Chudek J
Cifkova R
Cilia M
Cinteza E
Cirillo M
Cisneros JZ
Claessens F
Clarke J
Clays E
Cohen E
Compañ-Gabucio L-M
Concin H
Confortin SC
Cooper C
Coppinger TC
Corpeleijn E
Cortés LY
Costanzo S
Cottel D
Cowan MJ
Cowell C
Craig CL
Crampin AC
Cross AJ
Crujeiras AB
Cruz JJ
Csilla S
Csányi T
Cucu AM
Cuesta MG
Cui L
Cureau FV
Cuschieri S
Czenczek-Lewandowska E
Cândido APC
da Silva BGC
Dacica L
Dallongeville J
Damasceno A
Damsgaard CT
Danaei G
Dankner R
Dantoft TM
Dasgupta P
Dastgiri S
Dauchet L
Davletov K
de Assis MAA
De Backer G
De Bacquer D
De Curtis A
de Fragas Hinnig P
de Gaetano G
De Henauw S
de León AC
De Miguel-Etayo P
de Moura Silva CR
de Oliveira PD
de Paiva KM
De Ridder D
De Ridder K
de Rooij SR
De Smedt D
de Souza Wanderley Júnior R
Deepa M
Deev AD
DeGennaro V
del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez M
Delisle H
Delpeuch F
Demarest S
Dennison E
Dereń K
Deschamps V
Dhimal M
Di Castelnuovo A
Di Cesare M
Dias-da-Costa JS
Diaz A
Dika Z
Djalalinia S
Djordjic V
do Carmo Franco M
Do HTP
Dobson AJ
Dominguez L
Donati MB
Donfrancesco C
Dong G
Dong Y
Donoso SP
Dorobantu M
Dorosty AR
dos Santos Henrique R
Doua K
Dragano N
Drygas W
Duan JL
Duante CA
Duboz P
Duleva VL
Dulskiene V
Dumith SC
Dushpanova A
Dyussupova A
Dzerve V
Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E
Díaz-Sánchez ME
Döring A
D’Arrigo G
d’Orsi E
Echeverría G
Eddie R
Eftekhar E
Egbagbe EE
Eggertsen R
Eghtesad S
Eiben G
Ekelund U
El Ammari L
El Ati J
El-Khateeb M
Eldemire-Shearer D
Eliasen M
Elliott P
Endevelt R
Engle-Stone R
Erasmus RT
Erbel R
Erem C
Ergor G
Eriksen L
Eriksson JG
Escobedo-de la Peña J
Eslami S
Esmaeili A
Etxezarreta PA
Evans A
Ezzati M
Faeh D
Fakhradiyev I
Fakhretdinova AA
Fall CH
Faramarzi E
Farjam M
Farzadfar F
Fattahi MR
Fawwad A
Fawzi WW
Feigl E
Felix-Redondo FJ
Ferguson TS
Fernandes RA
Fernández PD
Fernández-Bergés D
Ferrante D
Ferrao T
Ferrari G
Ferrari M
Ferrario MM
Ferreccio C
Ferreira HS
Ferrer E
Ferrieres J
Figueiró TH
Fijalkowska A
Filho VB
Fink G
Fisberg M
Fischer K
Foo LH
Forsner M
Fouad HM
Francis DK
Fras Z
Frontera G
Fuchs FD
Fuchs SC
Fujiati II
Fujita Y
Fumihiko M
Furdela V
Furusawa T
Gaciong Z
Gafencu M
Galbarczyk A
Galenkamp H
Galeone D
Galfo M
Galvano F
Gao J
Gao P
Garba JA
Garcia-de-la-Hera M
García MY
Gareta D
Garnett SP
Gaspoz J-M
Gasull M
Gaya ACA
Gaya AR
Gazzinelli A
Gehring U
Geiger H
Geleijnse JM
George R
Ghaderi E
Ghaffar SA
Ghanbari A
Ghasemi E
Gheorghe-Fronea O-F
Gialluisi A
Giampaoli S
Gianfagna F
Gieger C
Gill TK
Giovannelli J
Gironella G
Giwercman A
Gkiouras K
Glushkova N
Gluškova N
Godara R
Godos J
Gogen S
Goldberg M
Goltzman D
Gomez LF
Gomula A
Gonzalez AR
Gonzalez-Chica DA
Gonzalez-Gross M
González EG
González-Alvarez AD
González-Gil EM
González-Leon M
González-Rivas JP
González-Villalpando C
González-Villalpando M-E
Gonçalves H
Gonçalves M
Gottrand F
Graff-Iversen S
Grafnetter D
Grajda A
Grammatikopoulou MG
Graça AP
Gregg EW
Gregor RD
Gregório MJ
Grosso G
Gruden G
Grøholt EK
Grøntved A
Gu D
Guajardo V
Gualdi-Russo E
Guallar-Castillón P
Gualtieri A
Gudmundsson EF
Gudnason V
Guerrero R
Guessous I
Guimaraes AL
Gulliford MC
Gunnlaugsdottir J
Gunter MJ
Guo X-H
Guo Y
Gupta PC
Gupta R
Gureje O
Gutierrez L
Gutzwiller F
Gwee X
Gómez G
Gómez JHG
Gómez SF
Ha S
Hadaegh F
Hadjigeorgiou CA
Haghshenas R
Hakimi H
Halkjær J
Hambleton IR
Hamzeh B
Hanekom WA
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Hanif AAM
Hantunen S
Hao J
Hardman CM
Harooni J
Hashemi-Shahri SM
Hassapidou M
Hata J
Haugsgjerd T
Hayes AJ
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He Y
He Y
Heidinger-Felső R
Heier M
Heinen M
Hejgaard T
Hendriks ME
Henriques A
Herrala S
Herrera VM
Herrera-Cuenca M
Herter-Aeberli I
Herzig K-H
Heshmat R
Hill AG
Ho SC
Ho SY
Hobbs M
Holdsworth M
Homayounfar R
Homs C
Hopman WM
Horimoto ARVR
Hormiga CM
Horta BL
Houti L
Howitt C
Htay TT
Htet AS
Htike MMT
Hu Y
Huerta JM
Huhtaniemi IT
Huiart L
Huisman M
Husseini A
Huu CN
Huybrechts I
Hwalla N
Hyska J
Höfelmann DA
Iacoviello L
Iakupova EM
Ibarluzea JM
Ibrahim MM
Ikeda N
Ikram MA
Ioannidou EM
Iotova V
Irazola VE
Ishida T
Isiguzo GC
Islam M
Islam SMS
Islek D
Iurilli MLC
Ivanova-Pandourska IY
Iwasaki M
Iñiguez C
Jackson RT
Jacobs JM
Jadoul M
Jafar T
Jallow B
James K
Jamil KM
Jamrozik K
Jansson A
Janszky I
Janus E
Jarani J
Jarvelin M-R
Jasienska G
Jelaković A
Jelaković B
Jennings G
Jiang CQ
Jimenez ML
Jimenez RO
Joffres M
Jokelainen JJ
Jonas JB
Jonnagaddala J
Jonsson KR
Joshi P
Josipović J
Joukar F
Judge DS
Juolevi A
Jurak G
Juresa V
Jääskeläinen T
Jérome CS
Jóźwiak JJ
Jöckel K-H
Jørgensen MB
Jørgensen T
Kaaks R
Kaducu FO
Kafatos A
Kaj M
Kajantie EO
Kakutia N
Kalmatayeva Z
Kalter-Leibovici O
Kameli Y
Kampmann FB
Kanala KR
Kannan S
Kapantais E
Karaglani E
Karakosta A
Karki KB
Katchunga PB
Katibeh M
Katz J
Katzmarzyk PT
Kauhanen J
Kaur P
Kavousi M
Kazakbaeva GM
Kaze FF
Ke C
Keil U
Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S
Kelishadi R
Kelleher C
Kemper HCG
Kengne AP
Keramati M
Kerimkulova A
Kersting M
Key T
Khader YS
Khaledifar A
Khalili D
Khang Y-H
Khaw K-T
Kheiri B
Kheradmand M
Khosravi A
Khouw IMSL
Kiechl S
Kiechl SJ
Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U
Killewo J
Kim HC
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Kindblom JM
Kingston A
Klakk H
Klimek M
Klimont J
Klumbiene J
Knoflach M
Koirala B
Kolle E
Kolsteren P
Korpelainen R
Korrovits P
Korzycka M
Kos J
Koskinen S
Kouda K
Kovacs VA
Kovalskys I
Kovtun OP
Kovács É
Kowlessur S
Koziel S
Kratenova J
Kratzer W
Kriaucioniene V
Kriemler S
Kristensen PL
Krizan H
Kroker-Lobos MF
Krokstad S
Kromhout D
Kruger HS
Kruger R
Kryst Ł
Kubinova R
Kuciene R
Kujala UM
Kujundzic E
Kulaga Z
Kulimbet M
Kumar RH
Kumar RK
Kunešová M
Kurjata P
Kusuma YS
Kutsenko V
Kuulasmaa K
Kyobutungi C
Kállayová D
Kårhus LL
König J
La QN
Laamiri FZ
Laatikainen T
Lachat C
Lackner KJ
Laid Y
Lall L
Lam TH
Landais E
Lanska V
Lappas G
Larijani B
Larissa SP
Lassen TH
Latt TS
Laurenzi M
Lauria L
Laxmaiah A
Lazo-Porras M
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Le Nguyen Bao K
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Lele ECB
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Leth-Møller KB
Leung GM
Levitt NS
Lhoste V
Li Y
Liivak M
Lilly CL
Lim C
Lim W-Y
Lima-Costa MF
Lin H-H
Lin X
Lin Y-T
Lind L
Lingam V
Linkohr B
Linneberg A
Lissner L
Litwin M
Liu J
Liu L
Lo W-C
Loit H-M
Long KQ
Lopes L
Lopes MVV
Lopes O
Lopez T
Lopez-Garcia E
Lotufo PA
Lozano JE
Lukrafka JL
Luksiene D
Lundqvist A
Lunet N
Lunogelo C
Lustigová M
Ma G
Ma J
Ma X
Machado-Coelho GLL
Machado-Rodrigues AM
Macia E
Macieira LM
Madar AA
Madsen AL
Maestre GE
Maggi S
Magliano DJ
Magnacca S
Magnazu MB
Magriplis E
Mahasampath G
Maire B
Majer M
Makdisse M
Malekzadeh F
Malekzadeh R
Malhotra R
Malyutina SK
Maniego LV
Manios Y
Manix MI
Mann JI
Mansour-Ghanaei F
Manyanga T
Manzato E
Marcil A
Margozzini P
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Mariño J
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Markey O
Marques LP
Marques-Vidal P
Marrugat J
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Martinez ES
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Marventano S
Masala G
Mascarenhas LP
Masoodi SR
Mathiesen EB
Mathur P
Matijasevich A
Matsha TE
Matsudo V
Matłosz P
Mavrogianni C
Mazur A
Mbanya JCN
McFarlane SR
McGarvey ST
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McLean RM
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McNulty BA
Medzioniene J
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Meirhaeghe A
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Meisinger C
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Melkumova M
Mello J
Mendivil CO
Menezes AMB
Menon GR
Mensink GBM
Menzano MT
Meshram II
Meto DT
Mi J
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Mikkel K
Milanović SM
Miller JC
Milushkina O
Minderico CS
Mini GK
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Miranda JJ
Mirjalili MR
Mirkopoulou D
Mirrakhimov E
Mishra A
Mistretta A
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Mišigoj-Duraković M
Mocanu V
Modesti PA
Moghaddam SS
Mohajer B
Mohamed MK
Mohamed SF
Mohammad K
Mohammadi MR
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Mohammadifard N
Mohammadpourhodki R
Mohamud WNW
Mohan V
Mohanna S
Mohebbi I
Mohebi F
Moitry M
Molnár D
Momenan A
Mondo CK
Monroy-Valle M
Montenegro Mendoza RA
Monterrubio-Flores E
Monyeki KDK
Moon JS
Moosazadeh M
Mopa HT
Moradpour F
Moreira LB
Morejon A
Moreno ER
Moreno LA
Morey F
Morgan K
Morin SN
Mortensen EL
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Moslem A
Mossakowska M
Mostafa A
Mostafavi S-A
Mota J
Mota-Pinto A
Motlagh ME
Motta J
Moura-dos-Santos MA
Movsesyan Y
Mridha MK
Msyamboza KP
Mu TT
Muc M
Muca F
Mugoša B
Muiesan ML
Mursu J
Murtagh EM
Musa KI
Musil V
Musinguzi G
Muyer MTMC
Mäki P
Méndez F
Mérida MJG
Møllehave LT
Møller NC
Müller-Nurasyid M
Münzel T
M’Buyamba-Kabangu J-R
Nabipour I
Naderimagham S
Nagel G
Najafi F
Nakamura H
Nalecz H
Nang EEK
Nangia VB
Nankap M
Narake S
Nardone P
Naseri T
Nauck M
Neal WA
Nejatizadeh A
Nekkantti C
Nelis K
Nenko I
Neovius M
Nervi F
Ng TP
Nguyen CT
Nguyen ND
Nguyen QN
Ni MY
Nicolescu R
Nie P
Nieto-Martínez RE
Nikitin YP
Ning G
Ninomiya T
Nishi N
Nishtar S
Noale M
Noboa OA
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Nordendahl M
Nordestgaard BG
Noto D
Nowak-Szczepanska N
Nsour MA
Nuhoğlu I
Nunes B
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Nuwaha F
Nyirenda M
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Ochimana C
Ochoa-Avilés AM
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Olafsson Ö
Olinto MTA
Oliveira IO
Omar MA
Omar SM
Onat A
Ong SK
Onland-Moret NC
Ono LM
Ordunez P
Ornelas R
Ortiz AP
Ortiz PJ
Osler M
Osmond C
Ostojic SM
Ostovar A
Otero JA
Overvad K
Owusu-Dabo E
O’Neill TW
O’Reilly D
Paccaud FM
Paciorek CJ
Padez CP
Pagkalos I
Pahomova E
Pająk A
Palloni A
Palmieri L
Pan W-H
Panda-Jonas S
Pandey A
Panza F
Paoli M
Papadopoulou SK
Papandreou D
Pareja RG
Park S
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Parnell WR
Parsaeian M
Pascanu IM
Pasquet P
Patel ND
Pattussi M
Pavlyshyn H
Pechlaner R
Pednekar MS
Pedro JM
Peer N
Peixoto SV
Peltonen M
Pereira AC
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Peterkova V
Peters A
Petersmann A
Petkeviciene J
Petrauskiene A
Petrescu CH
Pettenuzzo E
Peykari N
Pećin I
Pfeiffer N
Phall MC
Pham ST
Phelps NH
Pichardo RN
Pierannunzio D
Pigeot I
Pikhart H
Pilav A
Pilotto L
Pistelli F
Pitakaka F
Piwonska A
Pizarro AN
Plans-Rubió P
Platonova AG
Poh BK
Pohlabeln H
Polka NS
Pop RM
Popovic SR
Porta M
Posch G
Poudyal A
Poulimeneas D
Pouraram H
Pourfarzi F
Pourshams A
Poustchi H
Pradeepa R
Price AJ
Price JF
Prista A
Providencia R
Puder JJ
Pudule I
Puiu M
Punab M
Pérez CM
Qadir MS
Qasrawi RF
Qorbani M
Quintana HK
Quiroga-Padilla PJ
Rach S
Radic I
Radisauskas R
Rahim NCA
Rahimikazerooni S
Rahman M
Rahman M
Raitakari O
Raj M
Rajabov T
Rakhmatulloev S
Rakovac I
Ramachandran A
Ramadan OPC
Ramires VV
Ramke J
Ramos E
Ramos R
Rampal L
Rampal S
Rangelova LS
Rao KM
Rao SR
Rarra V
Rascon-Pacheco RA
Rech CR
Redon J
Reganit PFM
Regecová V
Renner JDP
Repasy JA
Reuter CP
Revilla L
Reynolds A
Rezaianzadeh A
Rho Y
Ribas-Barba L
Ribeiro R
Riboli E
Richter A
Rigo F
Rigotti A
Riley LM
Rinaldo N
Rinke de Wit TF
Ripollés MPD
Rito AI
Ritti-Dias RM
Rivera JA
Roa RG
Robinson L
Robitaille C
Roccaldo R
Rodrigues D
Rodriguez-Martinez A
Rodríguez AY
Rodríguez IS
Rodríguez-Artalejo F
Rodríguez-Villamizar LA
Roggenbuck U
Rohloff P
Rohner F
Rojas-Martinez R
Rojroongwasinkul N
Rolandi GEB
Romaguera D
Romeo EL
Rosario AS
Rosario RV
Rosengren A
Rouse I
Rouzier V
Roy JGR
Ruano MH
Rubinstein A
Ruidavets J-B
Ruiz-Betancourt BS
Ruiz-Castell M
Rusakova IA
Russo P
Rust P
Rutkowski M
Rühli FJ
Saamel M
Sabanayagam C
Sabbaghi H
Sacchini E
Sachdev HS
Sadjadi A
Safarpour AR
Safi S
Safiri S
Saghi MH
Saidi O
Saki N
Salanave B
Saleva C
Salmerón D
Salomaa V
Salonen JT
Salvetti M
Samoutian M
Sandjaja
Sans S
Santacruz E
Santos DA
Santos IS
Santos LC
Santos MP
Santos O
Santos R
Santos TR
Sant’Angelo VF
Saramies JL
Sardinha LB
Sarrafzadegan N
Sathish T
Saum K-U
Savin S
Savva S
Savy M
Sawada N
Sbaraini M
Scazufca M
Schaan BD
Schargrodsky H
Schienkiewitz A
Schindler K
Schipf S
Schmidt CO
Schmidt IM
Schneider A
Schnohr P
Schramm S
Schramm S
Schröder H
Schultsz C
Schulze MB
Schutte AE
Schöttker B
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Sedaghattalab M
Selamat R
Sember V
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Senbanjo IO
Sepanlou SG
Sequera G
Serra-Majem L
Servais J
Shalnova S
Shamah-Levy T
Shamshirgaran SM
Shanthirani CS
Sharafkhah M
Sharma SK
Shaw JE
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Shayesteh AA
Sheffer KE
Shengelia L
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Wannamethee SG
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Wedderkopp N
Weghuber D
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Yngve A
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Yoshihara A
You QS
You S-L
Younger-Coleman NO
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Yusoff MFM
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Zafiropulos V
Zainuddin AA
Zakavi SR
Zamani F
Zambon S
Zampelas A
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Publication venue: 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
Publication date
Field of study

AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p

LJMU Research Online (Liverpool John Moores University)

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

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Abarca-Gomez L.
Abbasi-Kangevari M.
Abdeen Z. A.
Abdrakhmanova S.
Abdul Ghaffar S.
Abdul Rahim H. F.
Abdurrahmonova Z.
Abu-Rmeileh N. M.
Abubakar Garba J.
Acosta-Cazares B.
Adam I.
Adamczyk M.
Adams R. J.
Adu-Afarwuah S.
Aekplakorn W.
Afsana K.
Afzal S.
Agbor V. N.
Agdeppa I. A.
Aghazadeh-Attari J.
Agren A.
Aguenaou H.
Aguilar-Salinas C. A.
Agyemang C.
Ahmad M. H.
Ahmad N. A.
Ahmadi A.
Ahmadi N.
Ahmadi N.
Ahmed I.
Ahmed S. H.
Ahrens W.
Aitmurzaeva G.
Ajlouni K.
Al Asfoor D.
Al Hourani H. M.
Al Qaoud N. M.
Al-Hazzaa H. M.
Al-Hinai H.
Al-Lahou B.
Al-Lawati J. A.
Al-Raddadi R.
Alarouj M.
AlBuhairan F.
AlDhukair S.
Aldwairji M. A.
Alexius S.
Ali M. M.
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Alkandari A.
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Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2024
Field of study

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università dell'Insubria

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Iurilli M.L.C. Zhou, B. Bennett, J.E. Carrillo-Larco, R.M. Sophiea, M.K. Rodriguez-Martinez, A. Bixby, H. Solomon, B.D. Taddei, C. Danaei, G. Di Cesare, M. Stevens, G.A. Riley, L.M. Savin, S. Cowan, M.J. Bovet, P. Damasceno, A. Chirita-Emandi, A. Hayes, A.J. Ikeda, N. Jackson, R.T. Khang, Y.-H. Laxmaiah, A. Liu, J. Miranda, J.J. Saidi, O. Sebert, S. Sorić, M. Starc, G. Gregg, E.W. Abarca-Gómez, L. Abdeen, Z.A. Abdrakhmanova, S. Ghaffar, S.A. Rahim, H.F.A. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. Garba, J.A. Acosta-Cazares, B. Adams, R.J. Aekplakorn, W. Afsana, K. Afzal, S. Agdeppa, I.A. Aghazadeh-Attari, J. Aguilar-Salinas, C.A. Agyemang, C. Ahmad, M.H. Ahmad, N.A. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, N. Ahmed, S.H. Ahrens, W. Aitmurzaeva, G. Ajlouni, K. Al-Hazzaa, H.M. Al-Lahou, B. Al-Raddadi, R. Alarouj, M. AlBuhairan, F. AlDhukair, S. Ali, M.M. Alkandari, A. Alkerwi, A. Allin, K. Alvarez-Pedrerol, M. Aly, E. Amarapurkar, D.N. Amiri, P. Amougou, N. Amouyel, P. Andersen, L.B. Anderssen, S.A. Ängquist, L. Anjana, R.M. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Aounallah-Skhiri, H. Araújo, J. Ariansen, I. Aris, T. Arku, R.E. Arlappa, N. Aryal, K.K. Aspelund, T. Assah, F.K. Assunção, M.C.F. Aung, M.S. Auvinen, J. Mária Avdicová Avi, S. Azevedo, A. Azimi-Nezhad, M. Azizi, F. Azmin, M. Babu, B.V. Bæksgaard Jørgensen, M. Baharudin, A. Bahijri, S. Baker, J.L. Balakrishna, N. Bamoshmoosh, M. Banach, M. Bandosz, P. Banegas, J.R. Baran, J. Barbagallo, C.M. Barceló, A. Barkat, A. Barros, A.J.D. Barros, M.V.G. Basit, A. Bastos, J.L.D. Bata, I. Batieha, A.M. Batista, R.L. Battakova, Z. Batyrbek, A. Baur, L.A. Beaglehole, R. Bel-Serrat, S. Belavendra, A. Romdhane, H.B. Benedics, J. Benet, M. Bergh, I.H. Berkinbayev, S. Bernabe-Ortiz, A. Bernotiene, G. Bettiol, H. Bezerra, J. Bhagyalaxmi, A. Bharadwaj, S. Bhargava, S.K. Bhutta, Z.A. Bi, H. Bi, Y. Bia, D. Lele, E.C.B. Bikbov, M.M. Bista, B. Bjelica, D.J. Bjerregaard, P. Bjertness, E. Bjertness, M.B. Björkelund, C. Bloch, K.V. Blokstra, A. Bo, S. Bobak, M. Boddy, L.M. Boehm, B.O. Boeing, H. Boggia, J.G. Bogova, E. Boissonnet, C.P. Bojesen, S.E. Bonaccio, M. Bongard, V. Bonilla-Vargas, A. Bopp, M. Borghs, H. Braeckevelt, L. Braeckman, L. Bragt, M.C.E. Brajkovich, I. Branca, F. Breckenkamp, J. Breda, J. Brenner, H. Brewster, L.M. Brian, G.R. Brinduse, L. Brophy, S. Bruno, G. Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B. Bugge, A. Buoncristiano, M. Burazeri, G. Burns, C. de León, A.C. Cacciottolo, J. Cai, H. Cama, T. Cameron, C. Camolas, J. Can, G. Candido, A.P.C. Cañete, F. Capanzana, M.V. Capková, N. Capuano, E. Capuano, V. Cardol, M. Cardoso, V.C. Carlsson, A.C. Carmuega, E. Carvalho, J. Casajús, J.A. Casanueva, F.F. Celikcan, E. Censi, L. Cervantes-Loaiza, M. Cesar, J.A. Chamukuttan, S. Chan, A.W. Chan, Q. Chaturvedi, H.K. Chaturvedi, N. Rahim, N.C.A. Chee, M.L. Chen, C.-J. Chen, F. Chen, H. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Cheng, C.-Y. Cheraghian, B. Chetrit, A. Chikova-Iscener, E. Chiolero, A. Chiou, S.-T. Chirlaque, M.-D. Cho, B. Christensen, K. Christofaro, D.G. Chudek, J. Cifkova, R. Cilia, M. Cinteza, E. Claessens, F. Clarke, J. Clays, E. Cohen, E. Concin, H. Confortin, S.C. Cooper, C. Coppinger, T.C. Corpeleijn, E. Costanzo, S. Cottel, D. Cowell, C. Craig, C.L. Crampin, A.C. Crujeiras, A.B. Csilla, S. Cucu, A.M. Cui, L. Cureau, F.V. Czenczek-Lewandowska, E. D’Arrigo, G. d’Orsi, E. Dacica, L. Dal Re Saavedra, M.A. Dallongeville, J. Damsgaard, C.T. Dankner, R. Dantoft, T.M. Dasgupta, P. Dastgiri, S. Dauchet, L. Davletov, K. De Backer, G. De Bacquer, D. de Gaetano, G. De Henauw, S. de Oliveira, P.D. De Ridder, D. De Ridder, K. de Rooij, S.R. De Smedt, D. Deepa, M. Deev, A.D. DeGennaro, V., Jr Dehghan, A. Delisle, H. Delpeuch, F. Demarest, S. Dennison, E. Dereń, K. Deschamps, V. Dhimal, M. Di Castelnuovo, A.F. Dias-da-Costa, J.S. Díaz-Sánchez, M.E. Diaz, A. Dika, Z. Djalalinia, S. Djordjic, V. Do, H.T.P. Dobson, A.J. Donati, M.B. Donfrancesco, C. Donoso, S.P. Döring, A. Dorobantu, M. Dorosty, A.R. Doua, K. Dragano, N. Drygas, W. Duan, J.L. Duante, C.A. Duboz, P. Duda, R.B. Duleva, V. Dulskiene, V. Dumith, S.C. Dushpanova, A. Dzerve, V. Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, E. Eddie, R. Eftekhar, E. Egbagbe, E.E. Eggertsen, R. Eghtesad, S. Eiben, G. Ekelund, U. El-Khateeb, M. Ati, J.E. Eldemire-Shearer, D. Eliasen, M. Elliott, P. Engle-Stone, R. Enguerran, M. Erasmus, R.T. Erbel, R. Erem, C. Eriksen, L. Eriksson, J.G. Escobedo-de la Peña, J. Eslami, S. Esmaeili, A. Evans, A. Faeh, D. Fakhretdinova, A.A. Fall, C.H. Faramarzi, E. Farjam, M. Sant’Angelo, V.F. Farzadfar, F. Fattahi, M.R. Fawwad, A. Felix-Redondo, F.J. Ferguson, T.S. Fernandes, R.A. Fernández-Bergés, D. Ferrante, D. Ferrao, T. Ferrari, M. Ferrario, M.M. Ferreccio, C. Ferrer, E. Ferrieres, J. Figueiró, T.H. Fijalkowska, A. Fink, G. Fischer, K. Foo, L.H. Forsner, M. Fouad, H.M. Francis, D.K. Maria do Carmo Franco Frikke-Schmidt, R. Frontera, G. Fuchs, F.D. Fuchs, S.C. Fujiati, I.I. Fujita, Y. Fumihiko, M. Furusawa, T. Gaciong, Z. Gafencu, M. Galbarczyk, A. Galenkamp, H. Galeone, D. Galfo, M. Galvano, F. Gao, J. Garcia-de-la-Hera, M. García-Solano, M. Gareta, D. Garnett, S.P. Gaspoz, J.-M. Gasull, M. Gaya, A.C.A. Gaya, A.R. Gazzinelli, A. Gehring, U. Geiger, H. Geleijnse, J.M. Ghanbari, A. Ghasemi, E. Gheorghe-Fronea, O.-F. Giampaoli, S. Gianfagna, F. Gill, T.K. Giovannelli, J. Gironella, G. Giwercman, A. Gkiouras, K. Godos, J. Gogen, S. Goldberg, M. Goldsmith, R.A. Goltzman, D. Gómez, S.F. Gomula, A. da Silva, B.G.C. Gonçalves, H. Gonzalez-Chica, D.A. Gonzalez-Gross, M. González-Leon, M. González-Rivas, J.P. González-Villalpando, C. González-Villalpando, M.-E. Gonzalez, A.R. Gottrand, F. Graça, A.P. Graff-Iversen, S. Grafnetter, D. Grajda, A. Grammatikopoulou, M.G. Gregor, R.D. Grodzicki, T. Grøholt, E.K. Grøntved, A. Grosso, G. Gruden, G. Gu, D. Gualdi-Russo, E. Guallar-Castillón, P. Gualtieri, A. Gudmundsson, E.F. Gudnason, V. Guerrero, R. Guessous, I. Guimaraes, A.L. Gulliford, M.C. Gunnlaugsdottir, J. Gunter, M.J. Guo, X.-H. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. 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James, K. Jamil, K.M. Jamrozik, K. Janszky, I. Janus, E. Jarani, J. Jarvelin, M.-R. Jasienska, G. Jelakovic, A. Jelakovic, B. Jennings, G. Jha, A.K. Jiang, C.Q. Jimenez, R.O. Jöckel, K.-H. Joffres, M. Johansson, M. Jokelainen, J.J. Jonas, J.B. Jonnagaddala, J. Jørgensen, T. Joshi, P. Joukar, F. Jovic, D.P. Jóźwiak, J.J. Juolevi, A. Jurak, G. Simina, I.J. Juresa, V. Kaaks, R. Kaducu, F.O. Kafatos, A. Kajantie, E.O. Kalmatayeva, Z. Kalter-Leibovici, O. Kameli, Y. Kampmann, F.B. Kanala, K.R. Kannan, S. Kapantais, E. Karakosta, A. Kårhus, L.L. Karki, K.B. Katibeh, M. Katz, J. Katzmarzyk, P.T. Kauhanen, J. Kaur, P. Kavousi, M. Kazakbaeva, G.M. Keil, U. Boker, L.K. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S. Kelishadi, R. Kelleher, C. Kemper, H.C.G. Kengne, A.P. Keramati, M. Kerimkulova, A. Kersting, M. Key, T. Khader, Y.S. Khalili, D. Khaw, K.-T. Kheiri, B. Kheradmand, M. Khosravi, A. Khouw, I.M.S.L. Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U. Kiechl, S. Killewo, J. Kim, D.W. Kim, H.C. Kim, J. Kindblom, J.M. Klakk, H. 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Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2021
Field of study

Pergamos : Unified Institutional Repository / Digital Library Platform of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens