20 research outputs found
The development and nature of Chinese communism : the early years, to 1925
- Author
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- Field of study
The purpose of this thesis is to delineate and analyse
the development and nature of Chinese communism from the
beginning to the death of Sun Yat-sen.
It is divided into two sections. The first section
attempts firstly to describe the social milieu in which the
founders of Chiiese communism found themselves in at, and
just prior to, the time when they embraced communism as their
revolutionary praxis. Secondly, this section deals with the
reasons for the acceptance of communism as the revolutionary
praxis and the resultant actions of this acceptance - the
participation in the National Revolution.
In the second section, a number of the central issues
of Chinese communism pertinent to this period are examined:
the communists 1 concept of the collaboration with the
Kuomintang, the nature of the national revolution and the role
of leadership, and the peasant policies. Finally, as the
Chinese leadership embraced communism partly because of their
consciousness of the need of a new culture for China, this
study concludes with a discussion of the development of the
concept of culture by these Chinese communists.
While this is not, primarily, ä study of Chinese
communist activities nor a comparison between Chinese and
Russian communism, a study of the development and nature of
Chinese communism cannot exclude discussions in these two
aspects. Therefore, to the extent that such discussions will clarify ones perception of Chinese communism, these two
aspects are brought into purview
Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Author
- Aahlin Eirik Kjus
- Aamer Ahmed
- Aaniana Kenneth
- Ababneh Ali
- Abaliksta Tomas
- Abantanga Francis
- Abbas Athar
- Abbasy Jibran
- Abbo Olivier
- Abbott Tom
- Abbouch Meryem
- Abd El-Latif Nadia Khalid
- Abd Elkhalek Esraa
- Abd-Elmawla Manar
- Abdallah Emad
- Abdel-Aty Abdulrahman
- Abdel-Hameed Noran
- Abdel-Kader Sara Mahmoud
- Abdelaal Abdelaziz
- Abdelaty Mohamed
- Abdelazeam Anan Rady
- Abdelazim Galaleldin
- Abdelaziz Mohamed A.
- Abdelbadeai Kholoud
- Abdelfatah Afnan
- Abdelhady Samar
- Abdelhamed Rasha
- Abdelhamid Amina
- Abdelhaq Aram
- Abdelkader Mostafa
- Abdelkader Omar
- Abdelkhalek Mohamed
- Abdelmageed Eman
- Abdelmotaleb Ibrahem
- Abdelraouf Ahmed Mahmoud
- Abdelrouf Doaa Maher
- Abdelshakour Mahmoud
- Abdrabou Abdulshafi Khaled
- Abdul-Latif Saiba
- Abdulaziz Hager
- Abdulaziz Mustafa
- Abdulbagi Omar
- Abdulhakeem Eman Mahmoud
- Abdullah Mohamed Abozed
- Abdullah Nik Azim Nik
- Abdullah Noha
- Abdullahi Lawal
- Abdurrazzaaq Abdussemiu
- Abem Owusu Emmanuel
- Abiola Olajide
- Aboelella Majed
- Aboelmagd Omnia
- Aboelsoud Moustafa R.
- Aboul-Naga Mariam Saad
- Abouzaid Arwa
- Abu Qumbos Amjad
- Abu-toyour Maram
- Abubakr Marwan
- Abuowda Yousef
- Abuqwaider Eman
- Abusalem Lana
- Abushamleh Soha
- Ackom Eric
- Acquah Emmanuel
- Adam Ali
- Adam Nourhan
- Adamu Ahmed
- Adawi Ihdaa
- Adawi Mohammad
- Adebanjo Ademola
- Adebola Oluwaseyi
- Adedeji Adesina
- Adel Badr Eldin
- Adel Israa
- Adella Fidelis Jacklyn
- Adelshone Abdelrahman
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O.
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O.
- Adenekan Babajide
- Adeniran James
- Adeniyi Adewale
- Adesanya Opeoluwa
- Adesina Alaba
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adhitama Novia
- Adil Muhammad
- Adisa Adewale O.
- Adiyaman Can
- Adu-Aryee Niiarmah
- Afana Samah
- Agalianos Christos
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agbedinu Kwabena
- Aglan Amro
- Aguado Suarez Nuria
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera-Arevalo Maria-Lorena
- Ahlonsou Germain
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahmed Asdaq
- Ahmed Ataa
- Ahmed Hayam
- Ahmed Hussien
- Ahmed Lopna Ahmed Mohamed
- Ahmed Sara
- Ahmed Saraibrahim
- Ahounou Ernest Yemalin Stephane
- Ajah Jonathan
- Ajai Olalekan
- Ajao Akinlabi
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- Akoto Elliot
- Akpenyi Onyinye
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- Al Meligy Amgad
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- Al Raouf Eman Abd
- Al Saied Ghiath
- Al Subaie Norah
- Al-Bahrani Ahmed
- Al-Buhaisi Alaa
- Al-Dakka Emad
- Al-faqawi Maha
- Al-farram Hadeel
- Al-khatib Ahmed
- Al-Marakby Dina
- Al-saqqa Sara
- Al-Saqqa Sara W.
- Al-Slaibi Ibrahim
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- Alaloul Enas
- Alamin Shadid
- Alamoudi Mohammed
- Albiety Adel
- Alcca Ticona Willy
- Alejos Bermudez Ysabel Esthefany
- Alexander Philip
- Alexander Philip
- Alexandre Challine
- Alghamdi Ahmed
- Alghamdi Mohammed Saleh A.
- Alhady Khaled
- Alhammali Tariq
- Alhassan Basmah
- Alhazmi Wedyan
- Alherz Mohammad
- Ali Ahmed
- Ali Citra Dewi Mohd
- Ali Elsayed
- Ali Safia
- Ali Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee Wan
- Ali Tebian Hassanein Ahmed
- Ali Wadah
- Alihonou Thierry
- Alis Halil
- Aliyu Halima
- Aliyu Mohammad
- Aliyu Shamsudeen
- Aljboor Khaled
- Aljiffry Murad
- Alkaaki Aroub
- Alkelani Muhammad
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- Altibi Ahmed
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- Alvi Abdul Rehman
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- Alyacoubi Said
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- Alzahrani Ahmed
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- Drake Thomas M.
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- Farhan-Alanie Muhamed M. H.
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- Fergusson Stuart J.
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- Helguero-Santin Luis M.
- Hemmila Mark
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- Ingabire J. C. Allen
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- Irwin Gareth
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- Ismail Mohamed
- Ismail Mohammed Kamal
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- Israelsson Leif
- Ivros Nikolaos
- Iyer Dush
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- Jabal Mohamed Sobhi
- Jaber Sahar
- Jaffry Zahra
- Jaich Robert
- Jama Guled M.
- Jamal Luai
- Janardha K. C.
- Janik Michal
- Jankus Tomas
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- Zilinskiene Reda
- Ziubryte Greta
- Zohair Ahmed
- Zuber Markus
- Zuk Grzegorz
- Zulkifli Athirah
- Zumbuhl Lucius
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/06/2003
- Field of study
BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study
- Author
- Aahlin Eirik Kjus
- Aamer Ahmed
- Aaniana Kenneth
- Ababneh Ali
- Abaliksta Tomas
- Abantanga Francis
- Abbas Athar
- Abbasy Jibran
- Abbo Olivier
- Abbott Tom
- Abbouch Meryem
- Abd El-Latif Nadia Khalid
- Abd Elkhalek Esraa
- Abd-Elmawla Manar
- Abdallah Emad
- Abdel-Aty Abdulrahman
- Abdel-Hameed Noran
- Abdel-Kader Sara Mahmoud
- Abdelaal Abdelaziz
- Abdelaty Mohamed
- Abdelazeam Anan Rady
- Abdelazim Galaleldin
- Abdelaziz Mohamed A
- Abdelbadeai Kholoud
- Abdelfatah Afnan
- Abdelhady Samar
- Abdelhamed Rasha
- Abdelhamid Amina
- Abdelhaq Aram
- Abdelkader Mostafa
- Abdelkader Omar
- Abdelkhalek Mohamed
- Abdelmageed Eman
- Abdelmotaleb Ibrahem
- Abdelraouf Ahmed Mahmoud
- Abdelrouf Doaa Maher
- Abdelshakour Mahmoud
- Abdrabou Abdulshafi Khaled
- Abdul-Latif Saiba
- Abdulaziz Hager
- Abdulaziz Mustafa
- Abdulbagi Omar
- Abdulhakeem Eman Mahmoud
- Abdullah Mohamed Abozed
- Abdullah Nik Azim Nik
- Abdullah Noha
- Abdullahi Lawal
- Abdurrazzaaq Abdussemiu
- Abem Owusu Emmanuel
- Abiola Olajide
- Aboelella Majed
- Aboelmagd Omnia
- Aboelsoud Moustafa R
- Aboul-Naga Mariam Saad
- Abouzaid Arwa
- Abu Qumbos Amjad
- Abu-toyour Maram
- Abubakr Marwan
- Abuowda Yousef
- Abuqwaider Eman
- Abusalem Lana
- Abushamleh Soha
- Ackom Eric
- Acquah Emmanuel
- Adam Ali
- Adam Nourhan
- Adamu Ahmed
- Adawi Ihdaa
- Adawi Mohammad
- Adebanjo Ademola
- Adebola Oluwaseyi
- Adedeji Adesina
- Adel Badr Eldin
- Adel Israa
- Adella Fidelis Jacklyn
- Adelshone Abdelrahman
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O
- Ademuyiwa Adesoji O
- Adenekan Babajide
- Adeniran James
- Adeniyi Adewale
- Adesanya Opeoluwa
- Adesina Alaba
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adeyeye Ademola
- Adhitama Novia
- Adil Muhammad
- Adisa Adewale O
- Adiyaman Can
- Adu-Aryee Niiarmah
- Afana Samah
- Agalianos Christos
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agarwal Arnav
- Agbedinu Kwabena
- Aglan Amro
- Aguado Suarez Nuria
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera Maria Lorena
- Aguilera-Arevalo Maria-Lorena
- Ahlonsou Germain
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahlqvist Sandra
- Ahmed Asdaq
- Ahmed Ataa
- Ahmed Hayam
- Ahmed Hussien
- Ahmed Lopna Ahmed Mohamed
- Ahmed Sara
- Ahmed Saraibrahim
- Ahounou Ernest Yemalin Stephane
- Ajah Jonathan
- Ajai Olalekan
- Ajao Akinlabi
- Ajiboye Anthony
- Akoto Elliot
- Akpenyi Onyinye
- Al Amin Shadid
- Al Attar Samaa Mahmoud
- Al Barraw Fayez Elian
- Al Bastawis Fatema
- Al Meligy Amgad
- Al Rafati Ahmad Abdel Razaq
- Al Raouf Eman Abd
- Al Saied Ghiath
- Al Subaie Norah
- Al-Bahrani Ahmed
- Al-Buhaisi Alaa
- Al-Dakka Emad
- Al-faqawi Maha
- Al-farram Hadeel
- Al-khatib Ahmed
- Al-Marakby Dina
- Al-saqqa Sara
- Al-Saqqa Sara W
- Al-Slaibi Ibrahim
- Al-taher Taher
- AlaaelDein Shahinaz
- Alada Muslimat
- Alakaloko Felix
- Alaloul Enas
- Alamin Shadid
- Alamoudi Mohammed
- Albiety Adel
- Alcca Ticona Willy
- Alejos Bermudez Ysabel Esthefany
- Alexander Philip
- Alexander Philip
- Alexandre Challine
- Alghamdi Ahmed
- Alghamdi Mohammed Saleh A
- Alhady Khaled
- Alhammali Tariq
- Alhassan Basmah
- Alhazmi Wedyan
- Alherz Mohammad
- Ali Ahmed
- Ali Citra Dewi Mohd
- Ali Elsayed
- Ali Safia
- Ali Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee Wan
- Ali Tebian Hassanein Ahmed
- Ali Wadah
- Alihonou Thierry
- Alis Halil
- Aliyu Halima
- Aliyu Mohammad
- Aliyu Shamsudeen
- Aljboor Khaled
- Aljiffry Murad
- Alkaaki Aroub
- Alkelani Muhammad
- Allam Meran
- Allam Yomna
- Alnaby Mohamed Hassab
- Alnusairat Aseel
- Alqahtani Saleh
- Alsaggaf Mohammed Ubaid
- Alser Osaid H
- Alshareef Reham
- Altaf Abdulmalik
- Altamimi Abdullah
- Altamimi Afnan
- Altamini Afnan
- Altarayra Marwa
- Altibi Ahmed
- Altinel Yuksel
- Altinel Yuksel
- Altwijri Abdulaziz
- Alvi Abdul Rehman
- Aly Mohammed Yahia Mohamed
- Alyacoubi Said
- Alyahya Reem
- Alzahrani Ahmed
- Aman Nowrin F
- Amandito Radhian
- Amandito Radhian
- Ambrona-Zafra David
- Amin Hager Abdul Aziz
- Amjad Mohammadasim
- Amoah Michael
- Amoako Joachim
- Amoako Philip Taah
- Amoako-Boateng Mabel
- Amole Isaac
- Amreia Mahmoud
- Anderson Frank
- Andika Ferry Fitriya Ayu
- Andreotti Dario
- Andress Cedar
- Andriola Valeria
- Ang Yun Lin
- Angelieri Daniele
- Anis Echaieb
- Ansaloni Luca
- Ansaloni Luca
- Ansaloni Luca
- Antezana Diego
- Anthoulakis Christos
- Antoniozzi Angelo
- Anwar Nourhan
- Anyanwu Lofty-John
- Aonzo Paolo
- Appeadu-Mensah William
- Appiah Eric Kofi
- Aquilino Fabrizio
- Arafa Omar
- Arafa Sara
- Arango Maria Clara Mendoza
- Arcudi Claudio
- Armellini Andrea
- Arnaud Alexis
- Arnaud Alexis Pierre
- Arshad Mohammad Mohsin
- Arslan Ekin
- Arsyad Hasbi Maulana
- Arthur Tom
- Aruldas Neerav
- Asar Yomna Hosny
- Asare-Bediako Kwasi
- Ashour Ahmad
- Ashour Ahmad
- Ashour Khlood
- Ashtari Morvarid
- Asi Fatema
- Asilah Siti Mohd Desa
- Assal Abdelrahman
- Asturias Sabrina
- Asumah Hamza
- Ata Ahmed
- Ata Aya Yehia
- Atiyeh Anwar
- Atkins Ebenezer Takyi
- Attia Attia
- Augestad Knut Magne
- Aviles Susan
- Avoka Anthony
- Awad Israa
- Awad Sawsan Adel
- Awadallah Salwa
- Ayandipo Omobolaji
- Aydin Mehmet Can
- Aziz Dayang Nita Abdul
- Aziz Mohamed Rezal Abdul
- Aziz Nora Abdul
- Azizeldine Mohammed G
- Azzie Georges
- Azzis Olivier
- Baba Suleiman
- Bachri Houda
- Badawy Mahmoud
- Badenjki Mohamed Adel
- Badicel Maria
- Badr Mohamed Fawzy Mahrous
- Badwi Nermin Mohamed
- Bahar Suraya
- Baillie Katie
- Baki Bahadir Emre
- Bakr Ahmad
- Bakry Hesham Mohammed
- Bala Miklosh
- Balalis Dimitrios
- Balducci Genoveffa
- Ballouhey Quentin
- Balmaceda Ruben
- Balmaceda Ruben
- Balogun Fatai
- Baltrunas Robertas
- Baluch Fatima
- Bamford Rebecca
- Bamicha Athanasia
- Banaitis Vincas Jonas
- Bandi Ashwath
- Bandoh Dickson
- Bani-Sadar Ahmad
- Banipal Gurpreet Singh
- Baquero Suarez Alibeth Andres
- Baraka Heba
- Barendegere Venerand
- Barkolias Christos
- Barmayehvar Behrad
- Barnabas Gandau Naa
- Barrios Emmanuel
- Basilico Silvia
- Basir Elissa Rifhan Mohd
- Bassem Monica
- Bassit Khalil Abdul
- Basso Stefano MM
- Bayram Sefa
- Beamon Mieshia
- Bedada Alemayehu Ginbo
- BediakoBowan Antoinette
- Bekhet Amira Hassan
- Bekhet Nada Mohamed
- Beleno Alvaro Enrique Mendoza
- Belkouchi Abdelkader
- Belli Andrea
- Bello Bashir
- Benammi Sarah
- Benevento Angelo
- Bennai Redouane Mammar
- Bentounsi Zineb
- Benyaiche Chaymae
- Berti Stefano
- Bertuello Isaac
- Beuran Mircea
- Bhangu Aneel
- Bhangu Aneel
- Bhangu Anna
- Bhatnagar Ankur
- Bhopal Kamran Faisal
- Bianco Federica
- Bigaran Annamaria
- Billy Matthew
- Bin Adnan Ahmad
- Bin Hasnan Muhammad
- Bin Ismail Mohamad Jeffrey
- Birindelli Arianna
- Bisset Carly
- Bjorklund Ida
- Blacker Sarah
- Blackwell James
- Blanco Ruth
- Blanco-Colino Ruth
- Blencowe Natalie
- Bliksoen Marte
- Bluelle Rafael
- Bocchetti Tommaso
- Bode Chris
- Bodur Selim
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- Bonavia Karl
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- Borg Elaine
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- Breaud Jean
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- Brincat Svetlana Doris
- Broch Aline
- Brunoni Beatrice
- Bsisu Isam
- Bucci Luigi
- Buisson Philippe
- Bunting David
- Burger Sule
- Burmistrovas Andrius
- Bustangi Nasir
- Bustangi Nasir
- Butt Muhammad Talha
- Cakaloglu Haluk Cem
- Caliman Celeste
- Callan Rory
- Camilleri Georgette Marie
- Camilleri-Brennan Julian
- Campagnaro Tommaso
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- Capito Carmen
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- Carmela Lapitan Marie
- Carmona Juan Manuel
- Carpio Juan
- Carrasco Nahilia
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- Catani Marco
- Cautiero Roberto
- Caydiid Hanaan
- Cecilia Tolg
- Celik Saban
- Cengiz Turgut Bora
- Cengiz Yucel
- Cengiz Yucel
- Cevik Muazzez
- Chabok Abbas
- Chai Chu-Ann
- Chai Feng Yih
- Chan Luke
- Chan Tsz-Yan Katie
- Chan Xue Wei
- Charles Angeline
- Cheah Alvin Ee Zhiun
- Chen Kar Yan
- Chen Tzu-Ling
- Cheong Yih Jeng
- Chetta Nicola
- Cheung Yuk Hong Eric
- Chibuye Chali
- Chiesa Deborah
- Chilton Gareth
- Chin Pui Xin
- Chin Ye Ru
- Chiu Seehui
- Choi Philip
- Chong Choon Seng
- Chong Hoong-Yin
- Choudhry Asad
- Chow Crystal Yern Nee
- Chowdhury Debkumar
- Chu Kathryn
- Chung Kuet Jun
- Chungui Bravo Jorge Armando
- Ciccioli Eleonora
- Ciubotaru Cezar
- Claire Raquillet
- Clarissa Audrey
- Clegg-Lampety Joe-Nat
- Clegg-Lamptey Joe-Nat
- Clerico Giuseppe
- Coccolini Federico
- Coccolini Federico
- Cocorullo Gianfranco
- Cohen Fraser
- Cole Simon
- Coletta Diego
- Coletti Massimo
- Collaborative GlobalSurg
- Cona Camilla
- Conci Simone
- Confalonieri Gianmaria
- Conlon Kevin C
- Connor Katie
- Contreras Elisa
- Coompson Christian Lari
- Corbellini Carlo
- Corbellino Mario
- Cornick Jen
- Coronel Jazmin
- Corral Moreno Sara
- Correa Juan Camilo
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- Costa Cecilia
- Costa-Maia Jose
- Costas-Chavarri Ainhoa
- Courboin Etienne
- Cox Daniel
- Cox Michael
- Coyoy-Gaitan Otto
- Craus-Miguel Andrea
- Cullen Fraser
- Curletti Gianluca
- Currow Chelise
- D'Amours Scott
- D'Souza Michelle S
- Dabboor Majd
- Dabbour Kareem
- Dagoe Enoch
- Dahy Ahmed
- Dainius Edvinas
- Dakubo Jonathan
- Dalli Jeffrey
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- Dambrauskas Zilvinas
- Daniyan Muhammad
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- Darwish Abdelrhman KZ
- Dasari Mohini
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- Dawood Khaled
- Dayie Makafui
- De Boni Davide
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- Deal Rebecca
- Deane Chelsea
- Debrah Sam
- Dedekind Britta
- Dedey Florence
- Del Basso Celeste
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- Delforge Xavier
- Dell Angela
- Denakpo Max
- Denewar Adel
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- Der Yishan
- Deutschmann Peter
- Dhillon Dharminder
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- Di Saverio Salomone
- Diaconescu Bogdan
- Diaz Vico Tamara
- Diaz Zorrilla Carmina
- Diaz-Jover Paula
- Dick Lachlan
- Dijan Emilio
- Dimech Thea
- Din Farhat
- Dindyal Shiva
- Dione Parreno-Sacdalan Marie
- Dissanayake Tharindra
- Djivoh Fernande
- Domini Edgar
- Donnelly Philippa
- Dorani Radin Mohd Nurrahman Radin
- Dorisme Asnel
- Dossou Francis
- Dousset Bertrand
- Dragatas Deividas
- Drake Thomas M
- Drake Thomas M
- Drungilas Mantas
- du Plooy Flip
- Du Toit Frederick
- Duane Therese
- Duinhouwer Lucia
- Dulskas Audrius
- Ebidy Mai
- Ebidy Mai Mohamed
- Eid Mostafa Mahmoud
- El Dahab Ali Abo
- El Gendy Noran Halim
- El Halawany Mohamed
- El Jamassi Alaa
- El Kashash Ahmed
- El Sayed Islam Magdy
- El-Dien Khalid Salah
- El-Din Reham Alaa
- El-Din Shahinaz Alaa
- El-Gizawy Esraa
- El-Sagheer Nada
- El-Sawy Aya
- El-Sehily Ahmed
- El-Taher Esraa
- Elashry Rehab
- Elazab Alaa
- Elbanby Esraa Samir
- Elbe Peter
- Elbisomy Khaled Hesham
- Eldafrawy Mahmoud
- Eldeeb Ahmed Zaki
- Eldeen Esraa Alm
- Eldin Mostafa Ahmed Bahaa
- Elebute Olumide
- Elfarargy Arwa
- Elfeki Hossam
- Elfiky Mahmoud
- Elfouly Nesma
- Elfouly Yasmin
- Elgendy Alyaa Halim
- Elgheriany Mohammed
- Elhadad Alaa
- Elhadary Nourhan Medhat
- Elhadry Shady
- Elhalawany Esraa
- Elhamouly Sara
- Elhelbawy Mohamed Salah
- Elhendawy Abdelaziz
- Elhoseny Ghada
- Elhusseiny Ahmed Abd Elmoen
- Elkholy Shimaa Said
- Ellison Quinn
- Elmashala Amjad
- Elmasry Maha
- Elmihy Sohaila
- Elnagar Ahmedglal
- Elnajjar Mahmoud A
- Elrazek Aly Abd
- Elsabbagh Nourhan
- Elsameea Ahmed Abd
- Elsawy Amira
- Elsayed Nada Ahmed Reda
- Elsemelawy Rofida
- Elshaar Mohammed
- Elshaer Mohamed
- Elshami Mohamedraed
- Elsharkawy Aya Adel
- Elsherbiney Saged
- Elsherif Fawzia Abdellatif
- Elwy Eman
- Elzahed Nada
- Emadeldin Hossam
- Emara Eman
- Emile Sameh
- Eng Calvin
- English William
- Esam Abeer
- Escalante Salas Marilia Del Carmen
- Espin-Basany Eloy
- Espinoza Fernando
- Essam AA
- Essam Ahmed
- Essam Mahitab
- Essoun Samuel
- Esteban Enrique
- Estee Mahnuma Mahfuz
- Etchill Eric
- Etienne Sara
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- Evajelista Cicilia Viany
- Evans David
- Evans Elizabeth
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- Faboya Omolara
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- Falaschi Federica
- Falco Nicolo
- Falzon Malcolm
- Farag Ahmed
- Farag Sameh
- Farahat Mahitab Morsy
- Fares Mohamed
- Farhan-Alanie Muhamed MH
- Farhangmehr Neda
- Farouk Sara Amr Mohamed
- Farrugia Alexia
- Farrugia Alexia
- Faruq Amreen
- Fathy Aya Mohamed
- Fatuga Adedeji
- Faturoti Olubukola
- Favero Alessandro
- Feidantsis Thomas
- Fergany Alaa
- Fergusson Stuart J
- Fergusson Stuart J
- Fermani Claudio Gabriel
- Fernandes Cristina
- Fernandez Carmen
- Fernandez-Vega Laura
- Ferousis Christoforos
- Ferrero Esther
- Filatau Aliaksandr
- Firdouse Mohammed
- Firdouse Mohammed
- Firwana Aya
- Fitsum Agazi
- Fitzgerald J Edward
- Fitzgerald J Edward
- Florez Farfan Erick Samuel
- Foco Maurizio
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- Francisco Roxas Manuel
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- Gaafar Shireen
- Gaarder Tina
- Gad Ahmed
- Gad Mariam O
- Gadelkarim Mohamed
- Gado Ammar
- Gaizauskas Vytautas
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- Gala Tanzeela
- Galiqi Gezim
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- Gribauskaite Jolanta
- Griffiths Ewen
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- Grobler DC
- Grosos Celine
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- Gudal Ahmad
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- Guevara Torres Shalon
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- Gui Daniele
- Gul Enisburak
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- Gulcicek Osman Bilgin
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- Gyedu Adam
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- Haffreingue Aurore
- Hagan Richmond
- Haines Morgan
- Hajeh Haidar
- Halhouli Oday
- Halhouli Oday
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- Hall Elisabeth
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- Hamarshi Aseel
- Hamasaki Hamaguchi Jose Luis
- Hamdan Ayah
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- Hamed Mohamed Fouad
- Hamill Daniel
- Hammad Aya
- Hampton Mark Ian
- Hamsho Ward
- Hanoun Sakhaa
- Hantour Usama
- Hany Ethar
- Haque Muhtarima
- Har Prisca AL
- Haraux Elodie
- Harrison Ewen M
- Harrison Ewen M
- Harrison Ewen M
- Hartford Leila
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- Hasan Ahmad
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- Hascoet Juliette
- Hashad Eman
- Hashim Abdullah
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- Hassan Ihab
- Hassan Osama Mokhtar Mohamed
- Hassanain Mazen
- Hassanein Adel B
- Heard Rachel
- Hegazy Eman Magdy
- Helene Francois-Coridon
- Helguero-Santin Luis M
- Hemmila Mark
- Heng Hian Ee
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- Henry Fitjerald
- Henshall David Ewart
- Herebat Azher
- Herikstad Ragnar
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- Hmila Sophian
- Ho Adrienne
- Hodonou Fred
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- Homeida Anmar
- Hossameldin Amr
- Hrora Abdelmalek
- Hunter Kristina
- Husseiny Reem
- Iacono Calogero
- Iannone Immacolata
- Ibraheem Aya AbdelFatah
- Ibrahem Ahmad Aboelkassem
- Ibrahim Ahmed Mohamed
- Ibrahim Amal
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- Ibrahim Eman
- Ibrahim Eman Mohamed
- Ibrahim Khaled
- Ibrahim Mohamed
- Idress Tasneem
- Idris Faisal
- Iftekhar Farhana
- Iftikhar Zainab
- Ignatavicius Povilas
- Ihediwa George
- Imoro Osman
- Ingabire JC Allen
- Ingabire JC Allen
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- Wong Francisca
- Wong Hong Yee
- Wood Greta
- Worku Mengistu
- Worku Tewodros
- Wright Naomi
- Yahaya Muhammad Taqiyuddin
- Yakubu Musah
- Yam Sir Young
- Yang James
- Yap Suhhuey
- Yau Jih Dar
- Ye Joselyn
- Yeang Li Jing
- Yeung Man Hon Andrew
- Yifieyeh Abiboye
- Yildirim Reyyan
- Yip Chingwan
- Ymeri Shpetim
- Yoganathan Pigeneswaren
- Yolcu Sinem
- Yong Guo Liang
- Younis Abobaker
- Youssef Mohamed
- Yuksek Mahmut Arif
- Yusufali Taha
- Zaa'treh Rula
- Zadoroznas Antanas
- Zahran Diaaaldin
- Zakaria Esraay
- Zakaria Mahmoud
- Zakaria Yehia
- Zaki Ahmed
- Zammit Stefan
- Zampitis Nikolaos
- Zani Augusto
- Zani Augusto
- Zanini Nicola
- Zapata Felipe
- Zarb Ciskje
- Zeta Solis Ludwing Alexander
- Zielinski Martin
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskas Justas
- Zilinskiene Reda
- Ziubryte Greta
- Zohair Ahmed
- Zuber Markus
- Zuk Grzegorz
- Zulkifli Athirah
- Zumbuhl Lucius
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world.
Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231.
Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001).
Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study
- Author
- A A Essam
- A B Jayathilake
- Abbas Chabok
- Abd Elkhalek Sallam
- Abdalla Gamal Saad
- Abdelaziz Abdelaal
- Abdelaziz Elhendawy
- Abdelkader Belkouchi
- Abdelmalek Hrora
- Abdelrahman Adelshone
- Abdelrahman Assal
- Abdelrahman Geuoshy
- Abdelrahman Soliman
- Abdelrhman Kz Darwish
- Abdul Rehman Alvi
- Abdulaziz Altwijri
- Abdullah Altamimi
- Abdullah Hashim
- Abdulmalik Altaf
- Abdulrahman Abdel-Aty
- Abdulrasheed Nasir
- Abdulrazzaq Lawal
- Abdulshafi Khaled AbdRabou
- Abdurrahaman Sheshe
- Abdussemiu Abdurrazzaaq
- Abeer Esam
- Abhishek Sharma
- Abiboye Yifieyeh
- Abobaker Younis
- Abrar Nawawi
- Adam Boggon
- Adam Gyedu
- Ade Waterman
- Adedapo Osinowo
- Adedeji Fatuga
- Adel Albiety
- Adel B Hassanein
- Adel Denewer
- Ademola Adebanjo
- Ademola Adeyeye
- Ademola Popoola
- Adesina Adedeji
- Adesoji O Ademuyiwa
- Adewale Adeniyi
- Adewale O Adisa
- Adham Tarek
- Adomas Ladukas
- Adrian Palma
- Adrienne Ho
- Afifatun Hasanah
- Afizah Salleh
- Afnan Abdelfatah
- Afnan Altamimi
- Afnan Altamini
- Agazi Fitsum
- Agboola Taiwo
- Ahed Ghaben
- Ahmad Abdel Razaq Al Rafati
- Ahmad Aboelkassem Ibrahem
- Ahmad Ashour
- Ahmad Ashour
- Ahmad Bakr
- Ahmad Bani-Sadar
- Ahmad Bin Adnan
- Ahmad Gudal
- Ahmad Hasan
- Ahmad Khaled Sabe
- Ahmad Khoja
- Ahmad Qaissieh
- Ahmad Sabe
- Ahmad Saber Sleem
- Ahmad Sakr
- Ahmad Shalabi
- Ahmad Uzair Qureshi
- Ahmed Aamer
- Ahmed Abd El-Sameea
- Ahmed Abd Elmoen Elhusseiny
- Ahmed Adamu
- Ahmed Al-Bahrani
- Ahmed Alghamdi
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Alkhatib
- Ahmed Altibi
- Ahmed Alzahrani
- Ahmed Ata
- Ahmed Dahy
- Ahmed El Kashash
- Ahmed El-Sehily
- Ahmed Essam
- Ahmed Farag
- Ahmed Gad
- Ahmed Ghanem
- Ahmed Hossam Eldin Fouad Rida
- Ahmed Ismail
- Ahmed M Rashed
- Ahmed Magdy
- Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelraouf
- Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim
- Ahmed Moustafa
- Ahmed Rabeih Mohammed
- Ahmed Rabie Mohamed
- Ahmed Raza
- Ahmed Said Badr
- Ahmed Shahine
- Ahmed Sheta
- Ahmed Soliman
- Ahmed Tarek Abdelbaset Hassan
- Ahmed W Shamsedine
- Ahmed Zaki
- Ahmed Zaki Eldeeb
- Ahmed Zohair
- Ahmedali M Kandil
- Ahmedglal Elnagar
- Ahmet Murat Pektaş
- Aia Mehdi
- Aida Suarez
- Aidan Haslegrave
- Ainhoa Costas-Chavarri
- Aized Raza Shahbaz
- Akin Olaolorun
- Akinlabi Ajao
- Al Faifi Jubran
- Ala Shamasneh
- Alaa Al-Buhaisi
- Alaa Bowabsak
- Alaa El Jamassi
- Alaa Elazab
- Alaa Elhadad
- Alaa Fergany
- Alaa Shaheen
- Alaba Adesina
- Alberto Miyar de León
- Alberto Realis Luc
- Alejandro Matheu
- Alemayehu Ginbo Bedada
- Alessandro Favero
- Alex Makupe
- Alex Reece-Smith
- Alexander Canta Calua
- Alexander Smedley
- Alexandra Gerosa
- Alexia Farrugia
- Alexis Arnaud
- Alexis Pierre Arnaud
- Alfio Alessandro Russo
- Alfredo Gulielmi
- Ali Ababneh
- Ali Abo El Dahab
- Ali Adam
- Ali Guner
- Ali Khan Niazi
- Ali Mussad
- Aliaksandr Filatau
- Aliang Latif
- Alibeth Andres Baquero Suarez
- Alice Murray
- Alina Robledo-Rabanal
- Aline Broch
- Alissa Gübeli
- Alistair Rocke
- Aliyu Ndajiwo
- Alphonse Zeta Mutabazi
- Alvaro Enrique Mendoza Beleño
- Alvin Ee Zhiun Cheah
- Aly Abd-Elrazek
- Aly Sanad
- Alyaa Halim Elgendy
- Amal Ibrahim
- Amany Eldosouky Mohammed
- Amar Kourdouli
- Amgad Al Meligy
- Amina Abdelhamid
- Aminah Hanum Haji Abdul Majid
- Aminu Mohammad
- Amir Ait Kaci
- Amira Elsawy
- Amira Hassan Bekhet
- Amira Reda
- Amjad Abu Qumbos
- Amjad Elmashala
- Ammar Gado
- Amna Mamdouh Mohamed
- Amna Mohamed
- Amr Ahmed Saleh
- Amr Hassaan
- Amr Hossameldin
- Amreen Faruq
- Amro Aglan
- Ana Lucia Contreras-Vergara
- Ana Maria Sandoval Barrantes
- Anahita Mansuri
- Anan Rady Abdelazeam
- Anass Majbar
- Anastasios Stefanopoulos
- Anders Thorell
- Andre L Mihaljevic
- Andre Navarro
- Andrea Armellini
- Andrea Belli
- Andrea Bondurri
- Andrea Craus-Miguel
- Andrea Natili
- Andrea Ruzzenente
- Andrea Simioni
- Andreass Haloho
- Andrejus Subocius
- Andrew Kirby
- Andrey Litvin
- Andrius Burmistrovas
- Angel David Pérez Rojas
- Angela Dell
- Angela Mazzella
- Angelica Genoveva Vergara Mejia
- Angeline Charles
- Angelo Antoniozzi
- Angelo Benevento
- Angelos Tselos
- Anil Kaul
- Anil Semiz
- Ankur Bhatnagar
- Anmar Homeida
- Anna Jeffery
- Anna Lasek
- Anna Maffioli
- Anna Rinaldi
- Anna Verbeek
- Annalisa Lo Conte
- Annamaria Bigaran
- Annisa Dewi Fitriana Mukin
- Antanas Gulbinas
- Antanas Zadoroznas
- Anthonius Santoso Rulie
- Anthony Ajiboye
- Anthony Avoka
- Anthony Chuk-Him Lai
- Anthony Davor
- Anthony Sander
- Antoinette Bediako-Bowan
- Antonella La Brocca
- Antonio Nocito
- Antonio Picardo
- Antonio Ramos-De la Medina
- Antonio Taddei
- Anwar Atiyeh
- Anyomih Theophilus Teddy Kojo
- April Camilla Roslani
- Aram Abdelhaq
- Arazzelly Del Pilar Paucar
- Arcangelo Picciariello
- Arestis Sokratous
- Arezo Kanani
- Ari Leppäniemi
- Ariadne L'Heveder
- Arianna Birindelli
- Arij Ibrahim
- Arjun Paramasivan
- Arlindawati Suyadi
- Armando José Román Velásquez
- Arnav Agarwal
- Aroub Alkaaki
- Arturas Vaicius
- Arvin Khamajeet
- Arvo Reinsoo
- Arwa Abouzaid
- Arwa Elfarargy
- Arwa Ibrahim
- Arwa Mohamed
- Asad Choudhry
- Asaf Kedar
- Asdaq Ahmed
- Aseel Alnusairat
- Aseel Hamarshi
- Aseel Musleh
- Ashish Gupta
- Ashish Minocha
- Ashraf Maghrabi
- Ashrafun Nessa
- Ashrarur Rahman Mitul
- Ashwath Bandi
- Asmaa Rezq
- Asmaa Salah
- Asnel Dorismé
- Aspasia Papailia
- Astrid Leusink
- Ataa Ahmed
- Athanasia Bamicha
- Athar Abbas
- Athirah Zulkifli
- Athula Tennakoon
- Attia Attia
- Audrey Clarissa
- Audrius Dulskas
- Audrius Parseliunas
- Augusto Zani
- Aurel Mironescu
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- Aurora Mariani
- Aurore Haffreingue
- Aurore Thollot
- Awais Raza
- Aya Abdelfatah Ibraheem
- Aya Adel Elsharkawy
- Aya El-Sawy
- Aya Firwana
- Aya Hammad
- Aya Mohamed Fathy
- Aya Reda
- Aya Yehia Ata
- Ayah Hamdan
- Ayat Hassaan
- Ayman And Taher
- Ayman Salman
- Ayman Shwky
- Azher Herebat
- Babajide Adenekan
- Babatunde Odeyemi
- Badr Eldin Adel
- Badreldin Adel Tawfik
- Bahadir Emre Baki
- Bahar Busra Ozkan
- Bakeer Mohamed
- Basant Kumar
- Bashir Bello
- Basma Mahmoud
- Basmah Alhassan
- Bassant Mowafy
- Beatrice Brunoni
- Behrad Barmayehvar
- Belen Sanchez
- Benogreît Parmentier
- Berk Baris Ozmen
- Berna Buse Kobal
- Bernard Limoges
- Bernhard Wolf
- Bertrand Dousset
- Besmir Grizhja
- Bettina Lieske
- Betty Maillot
- Bogdan Diaconescu
- Britta Dedekind
- Bruno Noukpozounkou
- Busra Murutoglu
- Bárbara Málaga
- Calogero Iacono
- Calvin Eng
- Cameron Fairfield
- Camila Sanchez Samaniego
- Camilla Cona
- Can Adiyaman
- Carla Soldevila-Verdeguer
- Carlo Corbellini
- Carlos Nsengiyumva
- Carlos Paz Galvez
- Carly Bisset
- Carmen Capito
- Carmen Fernández
- Carmen García Bernardo
- Carmina Diaz Zorrilla
- Carolina Guzmán Dueñas
- Caroluce K Musyoka
- Catherine A Shaw
- Catrin Jones
- Catrin Morgan
- Cecile Muller
- Cecilia Costa
- Cedar Andress
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- Chi Chung Foo
- Chi Ying Jacquelyn Fok
- Chia Kong
- Chimwemwe Kwatiwani
- Chingwan Yip
- Chloe Roy
- Choon Seng Chong
- Chouikh Taieb
- Choy Ling Tan
- Chris Bode
- Christel Leanne Almanon
- Christian Lari Coompson
- Christina Panteli
- Christine Mizzi
- Christoforos Ferousis
- Christopher Owen
- Christopher Smith
- Christos Agalianos
- Christos Anthoulakis
- Christos Barkolias
- Chu-Ann Chai
- Chui Yee Wong
- Cicilia Viany Evajelista
- Ciskje Zarb
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- Claire Sharpin
- Clare Skerritt
- Claudia Reali
- Claudio Arcudi
- Claudio Gabriel Fermani
- Clement Onuoha
- Colombani Jean-Francois
- Cornelius Mukuzunga
- Corrado Bottini
- Cristina Fernandes
- Cristina Pineño-Flores
- Crystal Yern Nee Chow
- Céline Grosos
- D C Grobler
- Damir Ljuhar
- Dana Jaradat
- Daniel Cox
- Daniel Frey
- Daniel Hamill
- Daniela Magri
- Daniele Angelieri
- Daniele Gui
- Danilo Herrera Cruz
- Danjuma Sale
- Dansou Gaspard Gbessi
- Dario Andreotti
- David Ambrona-Zafra
- David Bunting
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- David Merlini
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- Davide De Boni
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- Dominic Townsend
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- Dushyant Iyer
- Dzianis Khokha
- Dzmitry Paulouski
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- Echaieb Anis
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- Elsayed Ali
- Emad Abdallah
- Emad Al-Dakka
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- Eman Hashad
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- Eman Magdy
- Eman Magdy Hegazy
- Eman Mahmoud Abdulhakeem
- Eman Mohamed Ibrahim
- Eman Mohamed Morshedy
- Eman Rashad
- Eman Yahya Mansor
- Emeka Nwabuoku
- Emilia de Luca
- Emilio Dijan
- Emin Kose
- Emmanuel Acquah
- Emmanuel Akatibo
- Emmanuel Barrios
- Enas Alaloul
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- Enrique Esteban
- Eric Ackom
- Eric Etchill
- Eric Kofi Appiah
- Erick Samuel Florez Farfan
- Erik Hervieux
- Erik Schadde
- Erika Vicario
- Erikas Laugzemys
- Ernest Yemalin Stephane Ahounou
- Eslam Ezzat
- Esraa Abd Elkhalek
- Esraa Abdalmageed Kasem
- Esraa Alm Eldeen
- Esraa El Halawany
- Esraa El-Gizawy
- Esraa El-Taher
- Esraa Gamal
- Esraa Samir Elbanby
- Esraay Zakaria
- Esther Ferrero
- Esther Hg Park
- Ethar Hany
- Etienne Courboin
- Eu Xian Lee
- Eugenio Morandi
- Eunice Zuling Ter
- Evangelos Voulgaris
- Evelina Slapelyte
- Ewen Griffiths
- Ewen M Harrison
- Eyad Khalifah
- Fabrizio Aquilino
- Fahd Abdel Sabour
- Faisal Idris
- Faith Qi Hui Leong
- Fanjandrainy Rasoaherinomenjanahary
- Farah Mahmoud Ali
- Farhana Iftekhar
- Farhat Din
- Farrag Sayed
- Fatai Balogun
- Fatema Al Bastawis
- Fatema Asi
- Fathy Sroor
- Fatima Baluch
- Fatima Sena-Ruiz
- Faustin Ntirenganya
- Fawzia Abdellatif Elsherif
- Fawzy Mohamed
- Fayez Elian Al Barrawi
- Fazlin Noor
- Federica Bianco
- Federica Falaschi
- Federico Coccolini
- Felipe Zapata
- Felix Alakaloko
- Felix Lee
- Feng Yih Chai
- Ferdy Iskandar
- Fernande Djivoh
- Fernando Espinoza
- Ferry Fitriya Ayu Andika
- Fidelis Jacklyn Adella
- Finaritra Casimir Fleur Prudence Rahantasoa
- Fitjerald Henry
- Flip du Plooy
- Florence Dedey
- Francesca Steccanella
- Francesco Pata
- Francesco Riente
- Francesco Ruben Giardino
- Francesco Selvaggi
- Francis Abantanga
- Francis Dossou
- Francisca Wong
- Francois-Coridon Helene
- Frank Anderson
- Frank Enoch Gyamfi
- Frank Owusu
- Françoise Schmitt
- Fraser Cohen
- Fraser Cullen
- Fred Hodonou
- Frederick Du Toit
- Frederick Stourton
- Fredrik Wogensen
- Fridiz Saravia
- Gabriel Pardo
- Gabriela Elisa Nita
- Gabriela Werder
- Gaetano Gallo
- Gaetano Luglio
- Galaleldin Abdelazim
- Gandau Naa Barnabas
- Garba Samson
- Gareth Chilton
- Gareth Irwin
- Gehad Tawfik
- Genoveffa Balducci
- George Christian Manrique Sila
- George Ihediwa
- Georges Azzie
- Georgette Marie Camilleri
- Georgios Gemenetzis
- Georgios Gkiokas
- Georgios Karabelias
- Georgios Kyrou
- Georgios Peros
- Georgios Tzikos
- Gerardo Perrotta
- Germain Ahlonsou
- Gezim Galiqi
- Ghada Elhoseny
- Ghada Saied Nagy
- Ghiath Al Saied
- Giacomo Pata
- Gianfranco Cocorullo
- Gianluca Curletti
- Gianluca Pagano
- Gianluca Pellino
- Gianmaria Confalonieri
- Gianpiero Gravante
- Giedrius Lauzikas
- Giles Bond-Smith
- Gintaras Simutis
- Giorgio Vasquez
- Giovanni Landolfo
- Giovanni Lazzari
- Giovanni Pascale
- Giovanni Pesenti
- Giuliano Borda-Luque
- Giuseppe Clerico
- Giuseppe Rotunno
- Giuseppe Salamone
- Giuseppe Sammarco
- GlobalSurg Collaborative: Aneel Bhangu
- Greg Padmore
- Gregorio Tugnoli
- Greta Wood
- Greta Žiubrytė
- Grzegorz Zuk
- Guillaume Podevin
- Guillermo Sanchez Rosenberg
- Guled M Jama
- Guo Liang Yong
- Gurpreet Singh Banipal
- Gustavo Miguel Machain Vega
- Gustavo Recinos
- Gustavo Rodolfo Pertersen Servin
- Haaris A Shiwani
- Hadeel Al-Farram
- Hager Abdul Aziz Amin
- Hager Abdulaziz
- Haidar Hajeh
- Hakeem Ayomi Sanni
- Hala Saad
- Halil Alis
- Halima Aliyu
- Haluk Cem Çakaloğlu
- Hamza Asumah
- Hanaan Caydiid
- Hanan Adel Saad
- Hani Natalie
- Hannah Sarafilovic
- Hasbi Maulana Arsyad
- Haya Tahboub
- Hayam Ahmed
- Hazmi Dwinanda Nurqistan
- Heather Bougard
- Heba Baraka
- Heba Gamal
- Hector Shibao Miyasato
- Helena Franco
- Helmut Alfredo Segovia Lohse
- Hend Abdel Gawad Shakshouk
- Hend Kandil
- Hend Mahmoud
- Henri Kotobi
- Henry Mendel
- Herlin Karismaningtyas
- Hesham Magdy
- Hesham Mohammed Bakry
- Hesham Mohammed Bakry
- Hew D Torrance
- Hian Ee Heng
- Hildur Thorarinsdottir
- Hogea Mircea
- Hong Yee Wong
- Hoong-Yin Chong
- Hope Edem Kofi Kordorwu
- Hope Glover-Addy
- Hosni Khairy Salem
- Hossam Elfeki
- Hossam Emadeldin
- Houda Bachri
- Hui Lim
- Hussein Mohammed
- Hussien Ahmed
- Hyunjin Jeon
- Iason-Antonios Papaskarlatos
- Ibrahem Abdelmotaleb
- Ibrahim Al-Slaibi
- Ibrahim Rakha
- Ibrahim Raza
- Ida Björklund
- Idelso Vasquez
- Ignatius Liew
- Ihab Hassan
- Ihdaa Adawi
- Ilkan Tansoker
- Ilkay Halicioglu
- Iloba Njokanma
- Immacolata Iannone
- Ioannis Kyriazanos
- Ioannis Mykoniatis
- Ioannis Patoulias
- Ioannis Valioulis
- Ionut Negoi
- Ipek Sapci
- Irene Montes
- Irene Ortega
- Isaac Amole
- Isaac Bertuello
- Isam Bsisu
- Islam Magdy El Sayed
- Israa Adel
- Israa Awad
- Israa Qawasmi
- Ivan Mendoza Restrepo
- J Edward Fitzgerald
- Jaime Ruiz-Tovar
- Jakov Mihanovic
- James Adeniran
- James Blackwell
- James Chean Khun Ng
- James Glasbey
- James Olivier
- James Pape
- James Perera
- James Yang
- Janet Pagnozzi
- Jannin Salcedo
- Javier García Septiem
- Javier Minguez García
- Javier Pastora
- Javier Rosales
- Jay Park
- Jazmin Coronel
- Jc Allen Ingabire
- Jean Bréaud
- Jean-Baptiste Marret
- Jean-François Lecompte
- Jeffrey Dalli
- Jehad Meqbil
- Jehangirshaw Parakh
- Jen Cornick
- Jenifa Jeyakumar
- Jennifer Ploski
- Jennifer Rickard
- Jerry Makama
- Jesse Ron Swire Ting
- Jessica Stuva
- Jia Hao Law
- Jia Yng Siaw
- Jian Er Saw
- Jibran Abbasy
- Jieqi Lim
- Jih Dar Yau
- Joachim Amoako
- Joachim Wiborg
- Joe-Nat Clegg-Lampety
- Joe-Nat Clegg-Lamptey
- Joel Kin Tan
- Johanna Joosten
- Johanna Sigurdadottir
- Johannes Kurt Schultz
- Johannes Wiik Larsen
- John Bondin
- John Jemuel V Mora
- John Whitaker
- Jolanta Gribauskaite
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- Zain Ali Khan
- Zainab Iftikhar
- Zakaria Rob
- Zhan Herr Ng
- Zi Hao Sam
- Zigmantas Urniežius
- Zilvinas Dambrauskas
- Zineb Bentounsi
- Zygimantas Tverskis
- Ömer Faruk Toto
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe
Cerebral microbleeds and stroke risk after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack:a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies
- Author
- Abrigo Jill
- Aghoram Prasanna
- Akijian Layan
- Al-Shahi Salman Rustam
- Algra Ale
- Ambler Gareth
- Anwar Ijaz
- Armitage Paul
- Arsava Ethem Murat
- Assayag Einor Ben
- Ay Hakan
- Bae Hee-Joon
- Bakker Stef
- Banerjee Gargi
- Barbato Carmen
- Barry Adrian
- Beigneux Ysoline
- Berntsen Paul
- Birns Jonathan
- Bonati Leo
- Bordet Régis
- Bornstein Natan M.
- Bracoub Luc
- Brouwers Paul
- Brown Martin
- Browning Simone
- Burger Ilse
- Burn Mathew
- Caine Sarah
- Calvet David
- Camps-Renom Pol
- Carty Fiona
- Chabriat Hugues
- Chadha Dinesh
- Chan Chung Yan
- Chan Koon Ho
- Chan Oi Ling
- Chandra Ronil
- Chang Richard
- Chappell Francesca
- Charidimou Andreas
- Chen Christopher
- Cheung Raymond Tak Fai
- Cheung Ryan Hoi Kit
- Choy Lillian
- Christ Nicolas
- Chu Winnie
- Cohen David
- Cohen Hannah
- Cooper Martin
- Corrigan John
- Coutts Shelagh B.
- Coyle John
- Cullen Claire
- Dani Krishna
- Darawil Khaled
- Datta Prabel
- Davis Michelle
- de Leeuw Frank-Erik
- De Schryver Els
- Delgado Mederos
- Delmaire Christine
- Demirelli Derya Selcuk
- Dennis Martin
- Douste-Blazy Marie-Yvonne
- Douven Elles
- El-Koussy Marwan
- Elmarim Abduelbaset
- Emsley Hedley
- Engelter Stefan T.
- England Timothy
- Eppinger Sebastian
- Escudero Raquel
- Esisi Bernard
- Fazekas Franz
- Fladt Joachim
- Flossman Enrico
- Flossmann Enrico
- Fluri Felix
- Fong Wing Chi
- Fratacci Marie Dominique
- Fujita Kyohei
- Gass Achim
- Gattringer Thomas
- Gensicke Henrik
- Giallombardo Elio
- Gomez-Anson Beatriz
- Gratz Pascal
- Guevarra Christine
- Guisado-Alonso Daniel
- Gunathilagan Gunaratam
- Gunkel Sarah
- Guyler Paul
- Gyanwali Bibek
- Hallevi Hen
- Han Moon-Ku
- Hara Hideo
- Hargroves David
- Harkness Kirsty
- Harrington Frances
- Hassan Ahamad
- Hayden Derek
- Hendrikse Jeroen
- Hennerici Michael
- Heo Ji Hoe
- Hernández Maria Valdés
- Hert Lisa
- Hertzberger Leopold
- Heye Anna
- Hilal Saima
- Ho Shu Leung
- Hoi Chu Peng
- Horstmann Solveig
- Houlden Henry
- Hui Edward
- Ide Toshihiro
- Iida Kotaro
- Ikeda Syuhei
- Imaizumi Toshio
- Inamura Shigeru
- Ip Hing Lung
- Irie Hiroyuki
- Ispoglou Sissi
- Jang Myung Suk
- Jouvent Eric
- Jung Simon
- Jäger Hans R.
- Jöbsis Joost
- Kandiah Nagaendran
- Kang Jihoon
- Kappelle Jaap
- Karayiannis Christopher
- Kelly Deborah
- Kelly Peter J.
- Kim Beom Joon
- Kim Young Dae
- Kliper Efrat
- Ko Eunbin
- Koga Masatoshi
- Kooi M. Eline
- Korczyn Amos
- Koudstaal Peter
- Krishnamurthy Vinodh
- Kwa Vincent I. H.
- Kwan Joseph Shiu Kwong
- Köhler Sebastian
- Lam Bonnie Yin Ka
- Lau Kui Kai
- Lawrence Enas
- Leach Simon
- Lee Keon-Joo
- Leff Alexander
- Legrand Laurence
- Lemmens Robin
- Leung Kam Tat
- Leung Thomas
- Li Linxin
- Li Richard
- Li Siu Hung
- Lim Jae-Sung
- Linn Cisca
- Lip Gregory Y. H.
- Liu Wenyan
- Lou Min
- Lovelock Caroline
- Luder Robert
- Ly John
- Lyrer Philippe
- Ma Henry
- Ma Karen
- Ma Sze Ho
- Maaijwee Noortje
- Maeder Philippe
- Mahawish Karim
- Mak Henry Ka Fung
- Makin Stephen
- Mamun Maam
- Manawadu Dulka
- Mangion David
- Manoj Aravindakshan
- Mansoor Syed
- Marsh Rachel
- Marti-Fabregas Joan
- Martínez-Domeño Alejandro
- Marín Rebeca
- Mas Jean-Louis
- Mattle Heinrich P.
- McCormick Michael
- Medanta Jayesh Modi
- Medrano-Martorell Santiago
- Meenakishundaram Sanjeevikumar
- Mendyk Anne-Marie
- Merino Elisa
- Mess Werner
- Mitchell John
- Miwa Kaori
- Mohd Nor Azlisham
- Mok Vincent
- Molad Jeremy
- Moran Christopher
- Muir Keith
- Murphy Sean
- Muñoz-Maniega Susana
- Nachev Parashkev
- Nallasivam Arumug
- Nederkoorn Paul
- Ng Ping Wing
- Nishihara Masashi
- Nuñez Fidel
- O'Connell Janice
- O'Mahony Paul
- Okwera James
- Orken Dilek Necioglu
- Ozkan Hatice
- Pachai Chahin
- Panos Leonidas D.
- Parry Anthea
- Parry-Jones Adrian
- Pasco Kath
- Patterson Chris
- Perry Richard
- Peters Nils
- Phan Thanh
- Polymeris Alexandros
- Power Michael
- Prabhakaran Mathuri
- Prats-Sánchez Luis
- Price Christopher
- Proschel Harald
- Purrucker Jan
- Putterill Janet
- Ramos Lino
- Randall Marc
- Roffe Christine
- Roos Yvo
- Rothwell Peter M.
- Saastamoinen Kari
- Sajid Mahmud
- Sakka Eleni
- Sato Shoichiro
- Schembri Mark
- Schoonewille Wouter
- Schrooten Maarten
- Scott Jon
- Seiffge David J.
- Sekaran Lakshmanan
- Shakeshaft Clare
- Sharma Pankaj
- Shaw Louise
- Shiozawa Masayuki
- Silva Mauro
- Simister Robert
- Singhal Shahoo
- Slater Lee-Anne
- Smith Eric E.
- Smith Matthew
- Smyth Nigel
- Song Tae-Jin
- Soo Yannie
- Soufan Cathy
- Sprigg Nikola
- Srikanth Velandai
- Staals Julie
- Stam Jan
- Suman Appu
- Sword Jane
- Tanaka Jun
- Tanriverdi Zeynep
- Teo Kay Cheong
- Thijs Vincent
- Thilemann Sebastian
- Thornton John
- Thrippleton Michael
- Toyoda Kazunori
- Traenka Christopher
- Tsang Suk Fung
- Tse Man Yu
- Tuladhar Anil M.
- Uysal Ender
- Vahidassr Djamil
- van Dam-Nolen Dianne H. K.
- van der Lugt Aad
- van der Sande Jaap
- van Gemert Maarten
- van Oostenbrugge Robert
- Veltkamp Roland
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Verbiest Henk
- Vicaut Eric
- Warburton Elizabeth
- Ward Nicholas
- Wardlaw Joanna M.
- Werring David J.
- White Mark
- Wiegertjes Kim
- Wilkinson Peter
- Williams David J.
- Wilson Duncan
- Wong Adrian
- Wong Edmund Ka Ming
- Wong Kwok Kui
- Wong Lawrence
- Wong Yuen Kwun
- Xu Chao
- Yakushiji Yusuke
- Yang Mi Hwa
- Yatawara Chathuri
- Yoshifuji Kazuhisa
- Yousry Tarek
- Zerna Charlotte
- Zhou Ying
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2019
- Field of study
BACKGROUND
Cerebral microbleeds are a neuroimaging biomarker of stroke risk. A crucial clinical question is whether cerebral microbleeds indicate patients with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in whom the rate of future intracranial haemorrhage is likely to exceed that of recurrent ischaemic stroke when treated with antithrombotic drugs. We therefore aimed to establish whether a large burden of cerebral microbleeds or particular anatomical patterns of cerebral microbleeds can identify ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack patients at higher absolute risk of intracranial haemorrhage than ischaemic stroke.
METHODS
We did a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies in adults with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cohorts were eligible for inclusion if they prospectively recruited adult participants with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack; included at least 50 participants; collected data on stroke events over at least 3 months follow-up; used an appropriate MRI sequence that is sensitive to magnetic susceptibility; and documented the number and anatomical distribution of cerebral microbleeds reliably using consensus criteria and validated scales. Our prespecified primary outcomes were a composite of any symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage or ischaemic stroke, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, and symptomatic ischaemic stroke. We registered this study with the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews, number CRD42016036602.
FINDINGS
Between Jan 1, 1996, and Dec 1, 2018, we identified 344 studies. After exclusions for ineligibility or declined requests for inclusion, 20 322 patients from 38 cohorts (over 35 225 patient-years of follow-up; median 1·34 years [IQR 0·19-2·44]) were included in our analyses. The adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] comparing patients with cerebral microbleeds to those without was 1·35 (95% CI 1·20-1·50) for the composite outcome of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke; 2·45 (1·82-3·29) for intracranial haemorrhage and 1·23 (1·08-1·40) for ischaemic stroke. The aHR increased with increasing cerebral microbleed burden for intracranial haemorrhage but this effect was less marked for ischaemic stroke (for five or more cerebral microbleeds, aHR 4·55 [95% CI 3·08-6·72] for intracranial haemorrhage vs 1·47 [1·19-1·80] for ischaemic stroke; for ten or more cerebral microbleeds, aHR 5·52 [3·36-9·05] vs 1·43 [1·07-1·91]; and for ≥20 cerebral microbleeds, aHR 8·61 [4·69-15·81] vs 1·86 [1·23-1·82]). However, irrespective of cerebral microbleed anatomical distribution or burden, the rate of ischaemic stroke exceeded that of intracranial haemorrhage (for ten or more cerebral microbleeds, 64 ischaemic strokes [95% CI 48-84] per 1000 patient-years vs 27 intracranial haemorrhages [17-41] per 1000 patient-years; and for ≥20 cerebral microbleeds, 73 ischaemic strokes [46-108] per 1000 patient-years vs 39 intracranial haemorrhages [21-67] per 1000 patient-years).
INTERPRETATION
In patients with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, cerebral microbleeds are associated with a greater relative hazard (aHR) for subsequent intracranial haemorrhage than for ischaemic stroke, but the absolute risk of ischaemic stroke is higher than that of intracranial haemorrhage, regardless of cerebral microbleed presence, antomical distribution, or burden.
FUNDING
British Heart Foundation and UK Stroke Association
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
- Author
- Abdel-Aziz Amal Kamal
- Abdelfatah Sara
- Abdellatif Mahmoud
- Abdoli Asghar
- Abel Steffen
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abildgaard Marie H
- Abudu Yakubu Princely
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adamopoulos Iannis E
- Adeli Khosrow
- Adolph Timon E
- Adornetto Annagrazia
- Aflaki Elma
- Afshar Elham Ghasemipour
- Agam Galila
- Agarwal Anupam
- Aggarwal Bharat B
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Agrewala Javed N
- Agrotis Alexander
- Aguilar Patricia V
- Ahmad S Tariq
- Ahmed Zubair M
- Ahumada-Castro Ulises
- Aits Sonja
- Aizawa Shu
- Akkoc Yunus
- Akoumianaki Tonia
- Akpinar Hafize Aysin
- Al-Abd Ahmed M
- Al-Akra Lina
- Al-Bari M Abdul Alim
- Al-Gharaibeh Abeer
- Alaoui-Jamali Moulay A
- Alberti Simon
- Alcocer-Gomez Elisabet
- Alcon Soledad Porte
- Alessandri Cristiano
- Ali Muhammad
- Aliwaini Saeb
- Alizadeh Javad
- Almacellas Eugenia
- Almasan Alexandru
- Alonso Alicia
- Alonso Guillermo D
- Altan-Bonnet Nihal
- Altieri Dario C
- Alvarez Elida MC
- Alves Sara
- Alzaharna Mazen M
- Amadio Marialaura
- Amantini Consuelo
- Amaral Cristina
- Ambrosio Susanna
- Amer Amal O
- Ammanathan Veena
- An Zhenyi
- Andersen Stig U
- Andrabi Shaida A
- Andrade-Silva Magaiver
- Andres Allen M
- Angelini Sabrina
- Ann David
- Anozie Uche C
- Ansari Mohammad Y
- Antas Pedro
- Antebi Adam
- Anton Zurine
- Anwar Tahira
- Apetoh Lionel
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Araki Toshiyuki
- Araki Yasuhiro
- Arasaki Kohei
- Araujo Thais Fenz
- Araujo Wagner L
- Araya Jun
- Arden Catherine
- Arevalo Maria-Angeles
- Arguelles Sandro
- Arias Esperanza
- Arikkath Jyothi
- Arimoto Hirokazu
- Ariosa Aileen R
- Armstrong-James Darius
- Arnaune-Pelloquin Laetitia
- Aroca Angeles
- Arroyo Daniela S
- Arsov Ivica
- Artero Ruben
- Asaro Dalia Maria Lucia
- Aschner Michael
- Ashrafizadeh Milad
- Ashur-Fabian Osnat
- Atanasov Atanas G
- Au Alicia K
- Auberger Patrick
- Auner Holger W
- Aurelian Laure
- Autelli Riccardo
- Avagliano Laura
- Avalos Yenniffer
- Aveic Sanja
- Aveleira Celia Alexandra
- AvinWittenberg Tamar
- Aydin Yucel
- Ayton Scott
- Ayyadevara Srinivas
- Azzopardi Maria
- Baba Misuzu
- Backer Jonathan M
- Backues Steven K
- Bae Dong-Hun
- Bae Ok-Nam
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- Baehrecke Eric H
- Baek Ahruem
- Baek Seung-Hoon
- Baek Sung Hee
- Bagetta Giacinto
- Bagniewska-Zadworna Agnieszka
- Bai Hua
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- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Behrens Georg MN
- Bei Roberto
- Bejarano Eloy
- Bel Shai
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- Belgareh-Touze Naima
- Bellarosa Cristina
- Belleudi Francesca
- Bello Perez Melissa
- Bello-Morales Raquel
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- Wang Chenwei
- Wang Cun-Yu
- Wang Dong
- Wang Fangyang
- Wang Feng
- Wang Fengming
- Wang Guansong
- Wang Han
- Wang Hao
- Wang Hexiang
- Wang Hong-Gang
- Wang Jianrong
- Wang Jigang
- Wang Jiou
- Wang Jundong
- Wang Kui
- Wang Lianrong
- Wang Liming
- Wang Maggie Haitian
- Wang Meiqing
- Wang Nanbu
- Wang Peipei
- Wang Pengwei
- Wang Ping
- Wang Ping
- Wang Qing
- Wang Qing Jun
- Wang Qing Kenneth
- Wang Qiong A
- Wang Wen-Tao
- Wang Wuyang
- Wang Xinnan
- Wang Xuejun
- Wang Yan
- Wang Yanchang
- Wang Yanzhuang
- Wang YenYun
- Wang Yihua
- Wang Yipeng
- Wang Yu
- Wang Yuqi
- Wang Zhe
- Wang Zhenyu
- Wang Zhouguang
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- Wong W Wei-Lynn
- Wu An-Guo
- Wu Chengbiao
- Wu Jian
- Wu Junfang
- Wu Kenneth K
- Wu Min
- Wu Shan-Ying
- Wu Shengzhou
- Wu Shufang
- Wu ShuYan
- Wu William KK
- Wu Xiaohong
- Wu Xiaoqing
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- Wu Yihua
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- Xia Hongguang
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- Xia Zhengyuan
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- Xiang Mingliang
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- Xiao Hengyi
- Xiao Hong-tao
- Xiao Jian
- Xiao Lan
- Xiao Shi
- Xiao Yin
- Xie Baoming
- Xie Chuan-Ming
- Xie Min
- Xie Yuxiang
- Xie Zhiping
- Xie Zhonglin
- Xilouri Maria
- Xu Congfeng
- Xu En
- Xu Haoxing
- Xu Jing
- Xu JinRong
- Xu Liang
- Xu Wen Wen
- Xu Xiulong
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- Yamaguchi Masamitsu
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- Yan Shengmin
- Yan Shian-Jang
- Yan Zhen
- Yanagi Yasuo
- Yang Chuanbin
- Yang Dun-Sheng
- Yang Huan
- Yang Huang-Tian
- Yang Hui
- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Jing
- Yang Jingyu
- Yang Ling
- Yang Liu
- Yang Ming
- Yang Pei-Ming
- Yang Qian
- Yang Seungwon
- Yang Shu
- Yang Shun-Fa
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Xiaoyong
- Yang Xuesong
- Yang Yi
- Yang Ying
- Yao Honghong
- Yao Shenggen
- Yao Xiaoqiang
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- Yao Yong-Ming
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- Yin Zhangyuan
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- Yiu Stephanie Pei Tung
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- Yoshida Kiyotsugu
- Yoshii Saori R
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yousefi Bahman
- Yu Boxuan
- Yu Haiyang
- Yu Jun
- Yu Jun
- Yu Li
- Yu Ming-Lung
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Victor C
- Yu W Haung
- Yu Zhengping
- Yu Zhou
- Yuan Junying
- Yuan Ling-Qing
- Yuan Shilin
- Yuan Shyng-Shiou F
- Yuan Yanggang
- Yuan Zengqiang
- Yue Jianbo
- Yue Zhenyu
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- Zaffagnini Gabriele
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- Zang Qun S
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- Zappavigna Silvia
- Zaragoza Pilar
- Zarbalis Konstantinos S
- Zarebkohan Amir
- Zarrouk Amira
- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zeng Jialiu
- Zeng Ju-deng
- Zerovnik Eva
- Zhan Lixuan
- Zhang Bin
- Zhang Donna D
- Zhang Hanlin
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Honghe
- Zhang Huafeng
- Zhang Huaye
- Zhang Hui
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianbin
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Kalin YB
- Zhang Leshuai W
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Lisheng
- Zhang Lu
- Zhang Luoying
- Zhang Menghuan
- Zhang Peng
- Zhang Sheng
- Zhang Wei
- Zhang Xiangnan
- Zhang Xiao-Wei
- Zhang Xiaolei
- Zhang Xiaoyan
- Zhang Xin
- Zhang Xinxin
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhang Yang
- Zhang Yanjin
- Zhang Yi
- Zhang Ying-Dong
- Zhang Yingmei
- Zhang Yuan-Yuan
- Zhang Yuchen
- Zhang Zhe
- Zhang Zhengguang
- Zhang Zhibing
- Zhang Zhihai
- Zhang Zhiyong
- Zhang Zili
- Zhao Haobin
- Zhao Lei
- Zhao Shuang
- Zhao Tongbiao
- Zhao Xiao-Fan
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Yongchao
- Zhao Yongliang
- Zhao Yuting
- Zheng Guoping
- Zheng Kai
- Zheng Ling
- Zheng Shizhong
- Zheng Xi-Long
- Zheng Yi
- Zheng Zu-Guo
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Ao
- Zhou Ben
- Zhou Cefan
- Zhou Gang
- Zhou Hao
- Zhou Hong
- Zhou Hongbo
- Zhou Jie
- Zhou Jing
- Zhou Jing
- Zhou Jiyong
- Zhou Kailiang
- Zhou Rongjia
- Zhou Xu-Jie
- Zhou Yanshuang
- Zhou Yinghong
- Zhou Yubin
- Zhou Zheng-Yu
- Zhou Zhou
- Zhu Binglin
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Guo-Qing
- Zhu Haining
- Zhu Hongxin
- Zhu Hua
- Zhu WeiGuo
- Zhu Yanping
- Zhu Yushan
- Zhuang Haixia
- Zhuang Xiaohong
- Zientara-Rytter Katarzyna
- Zimmermann Christine M
- Ziviani Elena
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorov Dmitry B
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zou Weiping
- Zou Zhen
- Zou Zhengzhi
- Zuryn Steven
- Zwerschke Werner
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2021
- Field of study
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field
Search for intermediate-mass black hole binaries in the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
- Author
- Abbott Rich
- Abbott Thomas D.
- Acernese Fausto
- Ackley Kendall
- Adams Carl
- Adhikari Naresh
- Adhikari Rana X.
- Adya Vaishali B.
- Affeldt Christoph
- Agarwal Deepali
- Agathos Michalis
- Agatsuma Kazuhiro
- Aggarwal Nancy
- Aguiar Odylio D.
- Aiello Lorenzo
- Ain Anirban
- Ajith P.
- Akutsu Tomotada
- Albanesi Simone
- Allocca Annalisa
- Altin Paul A.
- Amato Alex
- Anand Chandana
- Anand Shreya
- Ananyeva Alena
- Anderson Stuart B.
- Anderson Warren G.
- Ando Masaki
- Andrade Tomas
- Andres Nicolas
- Andrić Tomislav
- Angelova Svetoslava V.
- Ansoldi Stefano
- Antelis J.M.
- Antier Sarah
- Appert Stephen
- Arai Koji
- Arai Koya
- Arai Yuya
- Araki Sakae
- Araya Akito
- Araya Melody C.
- Areeda Joseph S.
- Arellano Fabian E. Peña
- Aritomi Naoki
- Arnaud Nicolas
- Aronson Scott M.
- Arun Kg G.
- Arène Marc
- Asada Hideki
- Asali Yasmeen
- Ashton Gregory
- Aso Yoichi
- Assiduo Maria
- Aston Stuart M.
- Astone Pia
- Aubin Florian
- Austin Corey
- Babak Stanislav
- Badaracco Francesca
- Bader Maria K.M.
- Badger Charles
- Bae Sangwook
- Bae Y.
- Baer Anne M.
- Bagnasco Stefano
- Bai Yuntao
- Baiotti Luca
- Baird Jonathon
- Bajastani L.M. Daneshgaran
- Bajpai Rishabh
- Ball Matthew
- Ballardin Giulio
- Ballmer Stefan W.
- Balsamo Alexander
- Baltus Gregory
- Banagiri Sharan
- Bankar Deepak
- Barayoga Juan C.
- Barbieri Claudio
- Barish Barry C.
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- Barneo Pablo
- Barone Fabrizio
- Barr Bryan
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- Barsuglia Matteo
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- Bassiri Riccardo
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- Bhandare Rohan
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- Bilenko Igor A.
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- Yamamoto Hiro
- Yamamoto Kazuhiro
- Yamamoto Kohei
- Yamamoto Takahiro
- Yamashita Kanta
- Yamazaki Ryo
- Yang Fengwei W.
- Yang Le
- Yang Yang
- Yang Yi
- Yang Ziyan
- Yap M.J.
- Yeeles David W.
- Yelikar Anjali B.
- Ying Make
- Yokogawa Kazuya
- Yokoyama J.
- Yokozawa Takaaki
- Yoo Jooheon
- Yoshioka Toshiya
- Yu Hang
- Yu Haocun
- Yuzurihara Hirotaka
- Zadrożny Adam
- Zanolin Michele
- Zeidler Simon
- Zelenova Tatiana
- Zendri J.-P.
- Zevin Michael
- Zhan Mingsheng
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Liyuan
- Zhang Teng
- Zhang Yanqi
- Zhao Chunnong
- Zhao Guoying
- Zhao Yue
- Zhao Yuhang
- Zhou Ruinan
- Zhou Zifan
- Zhu Xingjiang J.
- Zhu Z.-H.
- Zimmerman Aaron B.
- Zlochower Y.
- Zucker Michael E.
- Zweizig John
- Publication venue
- 'EDP Sciences'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
International audienceIntermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) span the approximate mass range 100−105 M⊙, between black holes (BHs) that formed by stellar collapse and the supermassive BHs at the centers of galaxies. Mergers of IMBH binaries are the most energetic gravitational-wave sources accessible by the terrestrial detector network. Searches of the first two observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo did not yield any significant IMBH binary signals. In the third observing run (O3), the increased network sensitivity enabled the detection of GW190521, a signal consistent with a binary merger of mass ∼150 M⊙ providing direct evidence of IMBH formation. Here, we report on a dedicated search of O3 data for further IMBH binary mergers, combining both modeled (matched filter) and model-independent search methods. We find some marginal candidates, but none are sufficiently significant to indicate detection of further IMBH mergers. We quantify the sensitivity of the individual search methods and of the combined search using a suite of IMBH binary signals obtained via numerical relativity, including the effects of spins misaligned with the binary orbital axis, and present the resulting upper limits on astrophysical merger rates. Our most stringent limit is for equal mass and aligned spin BH binary of total mass 200 M⊙ and effective aligned spin 0.8 at 0.056 Gpc−3 yr−1 (90% confidence), a factor of 3.5 more constraining than previous LIGO-Virgo limits. We also update the estimated rate of mergers similar to GW190521 to 0.08 Gpc−3 yr−1.Key words: gravitational waves / stars: black holes / black hole physicsCorresponding author: W. Del Pozzo, e-mail: [email protected]† Deceased, August 2020
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdelhaq Rami
- Abhinav Diwan
- Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Adalberto Merighi
- Adi Kimchi
- Adrian L. Harris
- Agnieszka Sirko
- Ahlberg J
- Ai Yamamoto
- Aimable Nahimana
- Aimee L. Edinger
- Aimin Wang
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Akio Kihara
- Akitsugu Yamamoto
- Aksam EB
- Alan Cheng
- Albert R. La Spada
- Alberto Jiménez
- Alec C. Kimmelman
- Ales Gregorc
- Alessandro Fanzani
- Alexander J. Whitworth
- Alexandra N. Giatromanolaki
- Alexandru Almasan
- Alexei Degterev
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- Roza Kucharczyk
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- Salem Chouaib
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- Salvatore Florio
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- Sandra K. Halonen
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- Sarah L. Waters
- Sasaki K
- Satoru Noguchi
- Saverio Minucci
- Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Schork SM
- Scott J. Bultman
- Scott M. Welford
- Scott O. Zeitlin
- Seamus J. Martin
- Sean T. Sweeney
- Seglen PO
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- Seong Who Kim
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- Sheng Li
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- Shengkan V. Jin
- Shengyun Fang
- Shi Yu Yang
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- Shunhei Yamashina
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- Shweta Saran
- Shyamal D. Desai
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- Simon W. Rabkin
- Simon Wilkinson
- Simone Engelender
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- Sophie Pattingre
- Soraya S. Smaili
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- Srinivasa M. Srinivasula
- Stan B. Sidhu
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- Stefan J. Marciniak
- Stefan Olsson
- Stefan W. Ryter
- Stefania Meschini
- Stefanie Pöggeler
- Stefano Schiaffino
- Steffan T. Nawrocki
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- Stephen A. Spector
- Stephen Doxsey
- Stephen Manon
- Steve S.-L. Chen
- Steven D. Harris
- Steven Finkbeiner
- Steven K. Backues
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- Sug Hyung Lee
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- Terry D. Oberley
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- Thierry Soldati
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- Thomas Farkas
- Thomas G. Hofmann
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- Thomas J. Melia
- Thomas P. Neufeld
- Thomas R. Gawriluk
- Thomas W. Grunt
- Thorsten Nürnberger
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- Timothy J. Kinsella
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- Victor Dosenko
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- Weei-Chin Lin
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- Wei Y
- Wei Yuan Yang
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- Yong Ma
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- Zahra Zakeri
- Zelda H. Cheung
- Zhang H
- Zhen Fan
- Zhen Lu
- Zhen-Bo Wang
- Zheng Dong
- Zheng-Hong Qin
- Zhenyu Yue
- Zhi-Jun Sun
- Zhi-Min Yuan
- Zhifen Yang
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- Zhinong Wang
- Zhiping Xie
- Zhixiang Chen
- Zhizhuang J. Zhao
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- Zuzana Papackova
- Zvulun Elazar
- Åsa B. Gustafsson
- Øverbye A
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T. W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Bourquin Jean Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A. M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
- Chen Guo Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S. L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih Shen
- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong Hyung
- Choi Augustine M. K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung Hsien
- Chueh Sheau Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong Joon
- Chye Mee Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S. B
- Clarke Peter G. H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo Mar\ueda I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo Jos\ue9 L
- Cronj\ue9 Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D\uedaz Araya Guillermo
- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
- Darfeuille Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A. M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- F\ue9s\ufcs L\ue1szl\uf3
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farr\ue9 Jean Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes Jos\ue9 M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Ale\u161
- Gros Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun Lin
- Guan Kun Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- H\ue9bert Marie Jose\ue9
- H\uf6hfeld J\uf6rg
- H\uf8yer Hansen Maria
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil G\uf6khan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien An A
- Hu Hong Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won Ki
- Hung Tai Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N. A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V. W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K
- Joubert Annie M
- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
- Juillerat Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong Keun
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
- Kaushal Gur P
- Kaushik Susmita
- Kawazoe Yoshinori
- Ke Po Yuan
- Kehrl John H
- Kelekar Ameeta
- Kerkhoff Claus
- Kessel David H
- Khalil Hany
- Kiel Jan A. K. W
- Kiger Amy A
- Kihara Akio
- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do Hyung
- Kim Dong Hou
- Kim Eun Kyoung
- Kim Hyung Ryong
- Kim Jae Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
- Kim John K
- Kim Peter K
- Kim Seong Who
- Kim Yong Sun
- Kim Yonghyun
- Kimchi Adi
- Kimmelman Alec C
- King Jason S
- Kinsella Timothy J
- Kirkin Vladimir
- Kirshenbaum Lorrie A
- Kitamoto Katsuhiko
- Kitazato Kaio
- Klein Ludger
- Klimecki Walter T
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- Klucken Jochen
- Knecht Erwin
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- Koch Jan C
- Koga Hiroshi
- Koh Jae Young
- Koh Young Ho
- Koike Masato
- Komatsu Masaaki
- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
- Kong Wei Jia
- Korolchuk Viktor I
- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I
- Kouri Flores Juan B
- Kov\ue1cs Attila L
- Kr\ue4mer Helmut
- Kr\ufcger Rejko
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz Remy Carole
- Krichevsky Anna M
- Kroemer Guido
- Krut Oleg
- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- L\u151w Peter
- L\ue1szl\uf3 Lajos
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn Carlos
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Jos\ue9e N
- Layfield Robert
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- Le Weidong
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- Lee Byung Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju Hyun
- Lee Michael
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- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan Yao
- Lei Qun Ying
- Leib David A
- Leiro Jos\ue9
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
- Lesniak Maciej S
- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue Jun
- Li Yan bo
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- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung Feng
- Liberski Pawel P
- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J
- Lim Kah Leong
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- Liu Wei
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- Liu Yule
- Lockshin Richard A
- Lok Chun Nam
- Lonial Sagar
- Loos Benjamin
- Lopez Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
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- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Lukacs Nicholas W
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- Manon St\ue9phen
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- Miracco Clelia
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- Motyl Tomasz
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- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O
- Murphy Maureen E
- Musar\uf2 Antonio
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- N\ufcrnberger Thorsten
- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
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- Nair Usha
- Nakagawa Toshiyuki
- Nakahira Kiichi
- Nakano Hiroyasu
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- Nanjundan Meera
- Naqvi Naweed I
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- Otsu Kinya
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- Ozpolat Bulent
- P\uf6ggeler Stefanie
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- Pagnini Ugo
- Pallet Nicolas
- Palmer Glen E
- Palumbo Camilla
- Pan Tianhong
- Panaretakis Theocharis
- Pandey Udai Bhan
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- Papassideri Issidora
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- Perrotta Ida
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- Peter Matthias
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- Petrovski Goran
- Phang James M
- Piacentini Mauro
- Pierre Philippe
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- Pierron G\ue9rard
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- Piras Antonio
- Piri Natik
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- Po\ufcs Christian
- Poirot Marc
- Poletti Angelo
- Pozuelo Rubio Mercedes
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- R\ue9gnier Vigouroux Anne
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- Sasnauskiene Ausra
- Sass Mikl\uf3s
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- Sch\ufcller Christoph
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- Scharl Michael
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- Stendel Ruediger
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- Sun Jiaren
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- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T
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- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
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- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
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- von Haefen Clarissa
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- Wyttenbach Andreas
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- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng Chao
- Yao Tso Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei Lien
- Yin Jia jing
- Yin Xiao Ming
- Yoo Ook Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh Herbert J
- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing Pu
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
- Zhu Xiao Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
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- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
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- Legembre Patrick
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- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
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- Li Yan-Bo
- Li Yi-Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung-Feng
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- Lieberman Andrew
- Lim Hyunjung J.
- Lim Kah-Leong
- Lim Kyu
- Lin Chiou-Feng
- Lin Fu-Cheng
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- Lingor Paul
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- Lok Chun-Nam
- Lonial Sagar
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- Lu Bo
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- Luciano Fréderic
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- Manov Irena
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- Marcondes Mateus
- Mardi Mohsen
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- Michels Paul A.M.
- Michiels Carine
- Mijaljica Dalibor
- Milojkovic Ana
- Minucci Saverio
- Miracco Clelia
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- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
- Molero Xavier
- Mollereau Bertrand
- Mollinedo Faustino
- Momoi Takashi
- Monastyrska Iryna
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- Mora Rodrigo
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- Moreira Paula I.
- Moriyasu Yuji
- Moscat Jorge
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- Motyl Tomasz
- Moussa Charbel E.-H.
- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O.
- Murphy Maureen E.
- Musarò Antonio
- Mysorekar Indira
- Müller Sylke
- Münger Karl
- Münz Christian
- Nagata Eiichiro
- Nagata Kazuhiro
- Nahimana Aimable
- Nair Usha
- Nakagawa Toshiyuki
- Nakahira Kiichi
- Nakano Hiroyasu
- Nakatogawa Hitoshi
- Nanjundan Meera
- Naqvi Naweed I
- Narendra Derek P.
- Narita Masashi
- Navarro Miguel
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- Nazarko Taras Y.
- Nemchenko Andriy
- Netea Mihai G.
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- Ney Paul A.
- Nezis Ioannis P.
- Nguyen Huu Phuc
- Nie Daotai
- Nishino Ichizo
- Nislow Corey
- Nixon Ralph A.
- Noda Takeshi
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- Nogalska Anna
- Noguchi Satoru
- Notterpek Lucia
- Novak Ivana
- Nozaki Tomoyoshi
- Nukina Nobuyuki
- Nyfeler Beat
- Nürnberger Thorsten
- Obara Keisuke
- Oberley Terry D.
- Oddo Salvatore
- Ogawa Michinaga
- Ohashi Toya
- Okamoto Koji
- Oleinick Nancy L.
- Oliver F. Javier
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- Olsson Stefan
- Opota Onya
- Osborne Timothy F.
- Ostrander Gary K.
- Otsu Kinya
- Ou Jing-hsiung James
- Ouimet Mireille
- Overholtzer Michael
- Ozpolat Bulent
- Paganetti Paolo
- Pagnini Ugo
- Pallet Nicolas
- Palmer Glen E.
- Palumbo Camilla
- Pan Tianhong
- Panaretakis Theocharis
- Pandey Udai Bhan
- Papackova Zuzana
- Papassideri Issidora
- Paris Irmgard
- Park Junsoo
- Park Ohkmae K.
- Parys Jan B.
- Parzych Katherine R.
- Patschan Susann
- Patterson Cam
- Pattingre Sophie
- Pawelek John M.
- Peng Jianxin
- Perlmutter David H.
- Perrotta Ida
- Perry George
- Pervaiz Shazib
- Peter Matthias
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- Petersen Morten
- Petrovski Goran
- Phang James M.
- Piacentini Mauro
- Pierre Philippe
- Pierrefite-Carle Valérie
- Pierron Gérard
- Pinkas-Kramarski Ronit
- Piras Antonio
- Piri Natik
- Platanias Leonidas C.
- Poirot Marc
- Poletti Angelo
- Pozuelo-Rubio Mercedes
- Poüs Christian
- Prasad Anil
- Prescott Mark
- Priault Muriel
- Produit-Zengaffinen Nathalie
- Progulske-Fox Ann
- Proikas-Cezanne Tassula
- Przedborski Serge
- Przyklenk Karin
- Prætorius-Ibba Mette
- Puertollano Rosa
- Puyal Julien
- Pöggeler Stefanie
- Qian Shu-Bing
- Qin Liang
- Qin Zheng-Hong
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- Raben Nina
- Rabinowich Hannah
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- Rahman Irfan
- Rami Abdelhaq
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- Ravikumar Brinda
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- Reed John C.
- Reggiori Fulvio
- Reichert Andreas S.
- Reiners Jr., John J.
- Reiter Russel J.
- Ren Jun
- Revuelta José L.
- Rhodes Christopher J.
- Ritis Konstantinos
- Rizzo Elizete
- Robbins Jeffrey
- Roberge Michel
- Roca Hernan
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- Rocchi Stephane
- Rodemann H. Peter
- Rodríguez de Córdoba Santiago
- Rohrer Bärbel
- Roninson Igor B.
- Rosen Kirill
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- Rouis Mustapha
- Rouschop Kasper M.A.
- Rovetta Francesca
- Rubin Brian P.
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- Ruckdeschel Klaus
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- Rudich Assaf
- Rudolf Emil
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- Ryter Stefan W
- Régnier-Vigouroux Anne
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- Sadoshima Junichi
- Saha Tapas
- Saitoh Tatsuya
- Sakagami Hiroshi
- Sakai Yasuyoshi
- Salekdeh Ghasem Hoseini
- Salomoni Paolo
- Salvaterra Paul M.
- Salvesen Guy
- Salvioli Rosa
- Sanchez Anthony M.J.
- Sandri Marco
- Sankar Uma
- Sansanwal Poonam
- Santambrogio Laura
- Saran Shweta
- Sarkar Sovan
- Sarwal Minnie
- Sasakawa Chihiro
- Sasnauskiene Ausra
- Sass Miklós
- Sato Ken
- Sato Miyuki
- Schapira Anthony H.V.
- Scharl Michael
- Scheper Wiep
- Schiaffino Stefano
- Schneider Claudio
- Schneider Marion E.
- Schneider-Stock Regine
- Schoenlein Patricia V.
- Schorderet Daniel F.
- Schwartz Gary K.
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- Schüller Christoph
- Scorrano Luca
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- Seo Jong Bok
- Separovic Duska
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- Simon Hans-Uwe
- Simone Cristiano
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- Singh Rajat
- Sinha Debasish
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- Sirko Agnieszka
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- Sivridis Efthimios
- Skop Vojtech
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- Soldati Thierry
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- Sotgia Federica
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- Srinivasula Srinivasa M.
- Stefanis Leonidas
- Steffan Joan S.
- Stendel Ruediger
- Stenmark Harald
- Stephanou Anastasis
- Stern Stephan T.
- Sternberg Cinthya
- Stork Björn
- Strålfors Peter
- Subauste Carlos S.
- Sui Xinbing
- Sulzer David
- Sun Jiaren
- Sun Shi-Yong
- Sun Zhi-Jun
- Sung Joseph J.Y.
- Suzuki Kuninori
- Suzuki Toshihiko
- Swanson Michele S.
- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T.
- Sy Lai-King
- Szabadkai György
- Sánchez-Alcázar José A.
- Sánchez-Prieto Ricardo
- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
- Takano Yoshitaka
- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
- Takeshita Fumihiko
- Takács-Vellai Krisztina
- Talbot Nicholas J.
- Tan Kevin S.W.
- Tanaka Keiji
- Tanaka Kozo
- Tang Daolin
- Tang Dingzhong
- Tanida Isei
- Tannous Bakhos A.
- Tavernarakis Nektarios
- Taylor Graham S.
- Taylor Gregory A.
- Taylor J. Paul
- Terada Lance S.
- Terman Alexei
- Tettamanti Gianluca
- Thevissen Karin
- Thompson Craig B.
- Thorburn Andrew
- Thumm Michael
- Tian FengFeng
- Tian Yuan
- Tocchini-Valentini Glauco
- Tolkovsky Aviva M.
- Tomino Yasuhiko
- Tooze Sharon A.
- Tournier Cathy
- Tower John
- Towns Roberto
- Trajkovic Vladimir
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- Tsai Ting-Fen
- Tschan Mario P.
- Tsubata Takeshi
- Tsung Allan
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- Tönges Lars
- Uchiyama Yasuo
- Ueno Takashi
- Umekawa Midori
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- Valente Enza Maria
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- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V.
- von Haefen Clarissa
- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade-Martins Richard
- Walker Cheryl L.
- Walsh Craig M.
- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang-Bo
- Wang Aimin
- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
- Wang Hong-Gang
- Wang Horng-Dar
- Wang Jin
- Wang Ke
- Wang Mei
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- Wang Ying-Jan
- Wang Yipeng
- Wang Zhen-Bo
- Wang Zhigang Charles
- Wang Zhinong
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- Waters Sarah L.
- Webster Paul
- Wei Lixin
- Weihl Conrad C.
- Weiss William A
- Welford Scott M.
- Wen Long-Ping
- Whitehouse Caroline A.
- Whitton J. Lindsay
- Whitworth Alexander J.
- Wileman Tom
- Wiley John W.
- Wilkinson Simon
- Willbold Dieter
- Williams Roger L.
- Williamson Peter R.
- Wouters Bradly G.
- Wu Chenghan
- Wu Dao-Cheng
- Wu William K.K.
- Wyttenbach Andreas
- Xavier Ramnik J.
- Xi Zhijun
- Xia Pu
- Xiao Gengfu
- Xie Zhiping
- Xie Zhonglin
- Xu Da-zhi
- Xu Jianzhen
- Xu Liang
- Xu Xiaolei
- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun-Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng-Chao
- Yao Tso-Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei-Lien
- Yin Jia-jing
- Yin Xiao-Ming
- Yoo Ook-Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung-Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol-Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh III Herbert J.
- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field