Forest fire protection efficiency in Monte Alegre, Brazil and Pinar del Río, Cuba.

ResumenPara perfeccionar el sistema de protección contra incendios forestales es importante tener informaciones sobre su eficiencia. Este trabajo fue desarrollado con el objetivo de comparar la eficiencia del sistema de protección contra incendios forestales en la Fazenda Monte Alegre, estado del Paraná, sur de Brasil y en las Empresas Forestales de la Provincia Pinar del Río, Cuba. Los datos utilizados se refieren al período 01/01/2001 - 31/12/2010. Para evaluar la eficiencia fueron utilizados indicadores tales como: densidad de incendios, densidad de área quemada, áreas quemadas medias por incendios, porcentaje del área forestal quemada y tamaño de los incendios. Los indicadores fueron estimados considerando la distribución temporal y espacial de los incendios. De forma general los valores medios obtenidos para los indicadores muestran mejor eficiencia en Monte Alegre. En ambas regiones la eficiencia fue menor durante los meses correspondientes a la época de incendios. En Monte Alegre la eficiencia fue similar en bosques naturales y en plantaciones, mientras que en Pinar del Río es menor en los bosques naturales. La eficiencia obtenida para el sistema de protección contra incendios tanto en Monte Alegre como en Pinar del Río, es menor en el grupo de especies de los Pinus spp.Palabras-clave:   Prevención; combate; densidad de incendios; densidad de área quemada; clases de tamaño. AbstractForest fire protection efficiency in Monte Alegre, Brazil and Pinar del Río, Cuba. It’s important to have information about the efficiency of the forest fire protection system to take decisions that will improve the protection against wildfires. The objective of this work was to compare the efficiency of the forest fire protection system in the Monte Alegre Forest District, State of Parana, south of Brazil and the Forest Companies of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. A ten year period (01/01/2001 to 31/12/2010) was considered. For the efficiency evaluation, we used the following indicators: forest fires density, burned area density, burned area average by fire, burned surface percentage, and fire size class. These indicators have been considered observing temporary and spatial distribution of forest fire. After analyzing all the indicators, results revealed a higher efficiency regarding fire control in the Monte Alegre fire protection system. In both regions, the efficiency was lower in the fire season. In Monte Alegre, the efficiency was similar in natural forests and plantations. However, in Pinar del Río, the efficiency was lower in natural forests. The efficiency of forest fire protection system in Monte Alegre and Pinar del Río was lower in the Pinus spp plantations.Keywords: Forest fires; prevention; suppression; fire size; forest protection.AbstractForest fire protection efficiency in Monte Alegre, Brazil and Pinar del Río, Cuba. It’s important to have information about the efficiency of the forest fire protection system to take decisions that will improve the protection against wildfires. The objective of this work was to compare the efficiency of the forest fire protection system in the Monte Alegre Forest District, State of Parana, south of Brazil and the Forest Companies of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. A ten year period (01/01/2001 to 31/12/2010) was considered. For the efficiency evaluation, we used the following indicators: forest fires density, burned area density, burned area average by fire, burned surface percentage, and fire size class. These indicators have been considered observing temporary and spatial distribution of forest fire. After analyzing all the indicators, results revealed a higher efficiency regarding fire control in the Monte Alegre fire protection system. In both regions, the efficiency was lower in the fire season. In Monte Alegre, the efficiency was similar in natural forests and plantations. However, in Pinar del Río, the efficiency was lower in natural forests. The efficiency of forest fire protection system in Monte Alegre and Pinar del Río was lower in the Pinus spp plantations.Keywords: Forest fires; prevention; suppression; fire size; forest protection.Abstract It’s important to have information about the efficiency of the forest fire protection system to take decisions that will improve the protection against wildfires. The objective of this work was to compare the efficiency of the forest fire protection system in the Monte Alegre Forest District, State of Parana, south of Brazil and the Forest Companies of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. A ten year period (01/01/2001 to 31/12/2010) was considered. For the efficiency evaluation, we used the following indicators: forest fires density, burned area density, burned area average by fire, burned surface percentage, and fire size class. These indicators have been considered observing temporary and spatial distribution of forest fire. After analyzing all the indicators, results revealed a higher efficiency regarding fire control in the Monte Alegre fire protection system. In both regions, the efficiency was lower in the fire season. In Monte Alegre, the efficiency was similar in natural forests and plantations. However, in Pinar del Río, the efficiency was lower in natural forests. The efficiency of forest fire protection system in Monte Alegre and Pinar del Río was lower in the Pinus spp plantations.Keywords: Forest fires; prevention; suppression; fire size; forest protection

Causalidad de los incendios forestales en Pinar del Río, Cuba (1975-2018)

Understanding the evolution of the causes of fires allows for objective prevention work. This research aimed to analyzing the causality of forest fires in Pinar del Río, Cuba (1975-2018). The analyzes were carried out considering sub-periods, months of the year and affected vegetation. In the period, 2,896 fires occurred and 51 217.75 hectares were burned. The fires originated by anthropogenic causes, mainly negligence, showed an increasing trend over time, contrary to what happened in the case of lightnings. This evolution determined that the fire season changed from March to June in the 1975-1985 sub-period to occur from March to May in the 2008-2018 sub-period. However, the time when more fires occur for each individual cause did not change during the 44 years analyzed. These results will make it possible to improve the forest fire prevention work.Comprender la evolución de las causas de los incendios permite realizar un trabajo objetivo de prevención. Esta investigación analiza la causalidad de los incendios forestales en Pinar del Río, Cuba (1975-2018). Los análisis se realizaron considerando sub-periodos, meses del año y vegetación afectada. En el periodo ocurrieron 2896 incendios y se quemaron 51 217.75 hectáreas. Los incendios originados por causas antropogénicas, principalmente las negligencias, mostraron una tendencia al aumento en el tiempo, contrario a lo ocurrido para el caso de los rayos. Esta evolución determinó que la época de incendios cambiara de marzo a junio en el sub-periodo 1975-1985, y pasara a presentarse de marzo a mayo en el sub-periodo 2008-2018. No obstante, la época donde más incendios ocurren por cada causa de forma individual no cambió durante los 44 años analizados. Estos resultados permitirán perfeccionar el trabajo de prevención de incendios forestales

Anti-Spike antibodies 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine booster dose in patients on hemodialysis: the prospective SENCOVAC study

Background: Patients on hemodialysis are at high-risk for complications derived from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The present analysis evaluated the impact of a booster vaccine dose and breakthrough severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections on humoral immunity 3 months after the booster dose. Methods: This is a multicentric and prospective study assessing immunoglobulin G anti-Spike antibodies 6 and 9 months after initial SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients on hemodialysis that had also received a booster dose before the 6-month assessment (early booster) or between the 6- and 9-month assessments (late booster). The impact of breakthrough infections, type of vaccine, time from the booster and clinical variables were assessed. Results: A total of 711 patients [67% male, median age (range) 67 (20-89) years] were included. Of these, 545 (77%) received an early booster and the rest a late booster. At 6 months, 64 (9%) patients had negative anti-Spike antibody titers (3% of early booster and 29% of late booster patients, P =. 001). At 9 months, 91% of patients with 6-month negative response had seroconverted and there were no differences in residual prevalence of negative humoral response between early and late booster patients (0.9% vs 0.6%, P =. 693). During follow-up, 35 patients (5%) developed breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antibody titers at 9 months were independently associated with mRNA-1273 booster (P =. 001), lower time from booster (P =. 043) and past breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection (P <. 001). Conclusions: In hemodialysis patients, higher titers of anti-Spike antibodies at 9 months were associated with mRNA-1273 booster, lower time from booster and past breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infectionThe present project has been supported by Fresenius Medical Care, Diaverum, Vifor Pharma, Vircell, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo and ISCIII FEDER funds RICORS2040 (RD21/0005

Manual de simulación clínica en especialidades médicas

Manual sobre técnicas y modos de simulación clínica en diversas especialidades médicas.La enseñanza y formación en medicina necesita el uso de la simulación. Existen evidencias de su uso desde hace cientos de años, pero, en los últimos años se ha incrementado y diseminado. La simulación clínica está validada científicamente en múltiples contextos médicos y de otras áreas profesionales de la salud. Y es considerada de gran importancia como proceso de entrenamiento y de mejora de las competencias y adquisición de habilidades médicas en campos que incluye desde la historia clínica, comunicación con el paciente, exploración, diagnóstico terapéutica médica-farmacológica y quirúrgica y seguridad al tratar al paciente. Hoy en día, para muchas técnicas y situaciones clínicas es inaceptable llegar junto a los pacientes sin un dominio adquirido en simulación. La simulación puede ocurrir sin el uso de recursos adicionales, solo las personas, o utilizando pocos o muchos recursos de baja hasta alta tecnología y se puede adaptar a los recursos disponibles, abarcando todas las áreas de conocimiento, y dentro de ellas competencias técnicas o actitudes, solas o en conjunto. El uso racional y basado en evidencia de la simulación es de la mayor importancia por la necesidad de una mayor efectividad y eficiencia en la transformación de los profesionales de la salud para que puedan mejorar su capacidad de atender a los pacientes. La simulación es también una buena herramienta de evaluación de competencias y habilidades en Medicina y otras disciplinas de las Ciencias de la Salud Este manual incluye técnicas y modos de simulación clínica en diversas especialidades médicas, útiles, para quien busque un manual práctico y actualizado.Cátedra de Mecenazgo de la Universidad de Málaga. Cátedra de Terapias Avanzadas en Patología Cardiovascular Cátedra de Mecenazgo de la Universidad de Málaga. Cátedra de Investigación Biomédica Quirón Salu

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Historical fire behavior of forest fires occurred from 2002 to 2011 in the Forest Enterprise Minas de Matahambre, Pinar del Río, Cuba

The forest fires are a global problem. In all cases, they occur and develop showing certain regularities, imposed mainly by weather, fuel and topography. To evaluate these regularities of spatial and temporal character helps to explain the phenomenon in order to plan their management in a given territory. In correspondence with the above mentioned the present paper aims at evaluating the historical fire behavior of the forest fires occurred from 2002 to 2011 in the Forest Enterprise Minas de Matahambre. To carry out this objective the database, which collects the fires occurred at the enterprise, was updated. Its data processing was carried out with the Integrated Management Database System for Forest Fires (SIMBDIF, in Spanish). In addition, it can be mentioned that in the same period 87 fires occurred and as a result affected a surface of 1,515.11 ha. The fire season was observed between the months of March and May. During the day the 58.62% of fires occurred between 14:00 and 17:00 hours. The main causes were the streak of lightning with the 62.07%, while the 47.08% of burned areas was caused by negligence. Most fires (72.41%) are grouped into the size class I and II (< 4.0 ha), indicating the good efficiency of the protection service

Comportamiento histórico de los incendios forestales en la empresa forestal “Minas de Matahambre”, Pinar del Río, Cuba de 2002 a 2011

The forest fires are a global problem. In all cases, they occur and develop showing certain regularities, imposed mainly by weather, fuel and topography. To evaluate these regularities of spatial and temporal character helps to explain the phenomenon in order to plan their management in a given territory. In correspondence with the above mentioned the present paper aims at evaluating the historical fire behavior of the forest fires occurred from 2002 to 2011 in the Forest Enterprise Minas de Matahambre. To carry out this objective the database, which collects the fires occurred at the enterprise, was updated. Its data processing was carried out with the Integrated Management Database System for Forest Fires (SIMBDIF, in Spanish). In addition, it can be mentioned that in the same period 87 fires occurred and as a result affected a surface of 1,515.11 ha. The fire season was observed between the months of March and May. During the day the 58.62% of fires occurred between 14:00 and 17:00 hours. The main causes were the streak of lightning with the 62.07%, while the 47.08% of burned areas was caused by negligence. Most fires (72.41%) are grouped into the size class I and II (< 4.0 ha), indicating the good efficiency of the protection service.Los incendios forestales son un problema global desde hace algunos años. En todos los casos, surgen y se desarrollan mostrando determinadas regularidades, impuestas fundamentalmente, por las condiciones meteorológicas, el combustible y la topografía. Evaluar estas regularidades de carácter espacial y temporal ayuda a entender el fenómeno para planificar su manejo en un territorio determinado. En correspondencia con lo anterior el presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento histórico de los incendios forestales en la Empresa Forestal “Minas de Matahambre” del 2002 al 2011. Para esto se actualizó la base de datos sobre los incendios ocurridos en la empresa y su procesamiento se realizó con el Sistema Integrado para el Manejo de Bases de Datos sobre Incendios Forestales (SIMBDIF). Entre otros resultados pueden mencionarse que en el periodo ocurrieron 87 incendios que afectaron 1 515,11 ha de bosques. La época de incendios se observó de marzo a mayo. Durante el día el 58,62 % de los incendios ocurrieron entre las 14:00 y 17:00 horas. La principal causa de ocurrencias fueron los rayos con el 62,07 % mientras que de las superficies quemadas fueron las negligencias con el 47,08 %. La mayor cantidad de los incendios (72,41 %) se agrupan en las clases de tamaño I y II (< 4,0 ha), lo cual indica buena eficiencia del servicio de protección

La Transformada Teórica de Números para Kyber

La Transformada Teórica de Números es un método eficiente para la multiplicación de dos polinomios de grado alto, ampliamente usado para sistemas criptográficos basados en retículos como Kyber y Dilithium. Este documento se centra en el caso concreto de Kyber. Incluye una revisión de los conceptos básicos del álgebra de anillos y posteriormente una explicación sobre la convolución de polinomios usando la Transformada Teórica de Números. Además, se introducen algunos algoritmos básicos como el radix-2 basado en los algoritmos de Cooley-Tukey y Gentleman-Sande. Finalmente se describe una implementación en Python de la Transformada Teórica de Números generalizada y la correspondiente convolución de polinomios en Kyber

Herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injuries in the spanish DILI registry

There have been increasing reports of liver injury associated with use of herbal and dietary supplements.We collected and analyzed data on demographic and clinical features, along with biochemical parameters, of 32 patients with herbal and dietary supplement-associated liver injury reported to the Spanish DILI registry from 1994 through 2016.We used analysis of variance to compare these data with those from cases of liver injury induced by conventional drugs or anabolic androgenic steroid-containing products.Herbal and dietary supplements were responsible for 4% of the 856 DILI cases in the registry;20 cases of DILI were caused by anabolic androgenic steroids.Patients with herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury were a mean age of 48 years and 63% were female;they presented a mean level of alanine aminotransferase 37-fold the upper limit of normal, 28% had hypersensitivity features, and 78% had jaundice.Herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury progressed to acute liver failure in 6% of patients, compared with none of the cases of anabolic androgenic steroid-induced injury and 4% of cases of conventional drugs.Liver injury after repeat exposure to the same product that caused the first DILI episode occurred in 9% of patients with herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury vs none of the patients with anabolic androgenic steroid-induced injury and 6% of patients with liver injury from conventional drugs.In an analysis of cases of herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury in Spain, we found cases to be more frequent among young women than older patients or men, and to associate with hepatocellular injury and high levels of transaminases.Herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury is more severe than other types of DILI and re-exposure is more likely.Increasing awareness of the hepatoxic effects of herbal and dietary supplements could help physicians make earlier diagnoses and reduce the risk of serious liver damage

Itálica : tiempo y paisaje

253 páginas.Dos argumentos tan poderosos y sugestivos como el tiempo y el paisaje han impulsado la realización del Seminario Internacional sobre Itálica, entre el 26 de septiembre y el 1 de octubre de 2010. Para arquitectos y arqueólogos ha sido una extraordinaria oportunidad de profundizar en las relaciones entre las disciplinas más directamente involucradas en la conservación, la protección, la restauración y la gestión de los sitios arqueológicos: la Arqueología y la Arquitectura. Dos argumentos las vinculan inevitablemente: el tiempo, entendido como memoria, como rica acumulación de huellas y de saberes de la historia, y el paisaje, que es forma y expresión de una cultura en el territorio. Paisaje que entendemos como una realidad compleja en la que podemos rastrear el espesor de la acción humana a lo largo de los siglos. La obra consta de dos partes: I. Seminario científico sobre Arquitectura y Arquelogía, que incluye diversas ponencias que son desglosadas en esta descripción. II. Taller Internacional de Proyectos. A. Esther Mayoral y Gabriel Bascones. B. Marco D'Annutis y Libero Carlo Palazzolo. C. Antonio Tejedor y Mauro Marzo. D. José Enrigue López-Cani y Félix de la Iglesia. E. Mercedes Linares y Francisco Pinto. F. Andrés López y María García de Casasola. G. Gianluigi Mondalini y Rita Simone. H. Mar Loren y José Pérez de Lama. I. Gernot Schulz y Luis Ridao. J. Francisco Reina y Claudia Zavalet