L’affirmation, la constitution et le rôle des organisations professionnelles du corps enseignant primaire de Roumanie (1878-1910)

L’organisation de l’enseignement roumain dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, qui a donné au système éducatif une structure mieux définie, a créé la possibilité d’affirmation, au niveau des organismes professionnels, des sociétés et des associations professionnelles.Même si dans une phase initiale, il y avait des tentatives de la part d’une seule organisation (Société du corp enseignant de tous les degrés de Roumanie-1878) pour la résolution des problèmes de tous les enseignants, leur conscience ne s’est pas suffisamment consolidée, de sorte que les doléances de chaque catégorie d’enseignants ont été partagées au sein de leurs propres organisations.Les initiatives, les tentatives et les réussites ont appartenu, surtout, aux enseignants de l’enseignement primaire, qui se sont affirmés séparément, mais avec plus de courage sur le terrain de l’organisation professionnelle. Après de nombreux essais et de changements de titres, la Société des instituteurs (1887), ensuite du Corps enseignant primaire (1901) et l’Association des maîtres d’école (1902), se sont efforcés à défendre les intérêts de ses membres, s’y impliquant différemment, soit de créer des moyens propres d’assistance et d’aide matérielle, soit d’obtenir certains droits professionnels et matériels de la part de l’Etat. Même dans ces conditions, les maîtres d’école et les instituteurs roumains ont bénéficié, dans leurs démarches séparées, de toute la confiance et de toute la considération du ministre de l’Instruction Publique et des Cultes, Spiru Haret, qui a soutenu la plupart des initiatives qui visaient à réunir les intérêts socio-professionnels des membres du corps enseignant primaire sous la forme des sociétés et des associations

Pleurezia tuberculoasă la copii

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) pleurisy represents a common form of extra-pulmonary TB in children. The immunocompromised status promote the development of TB pleurisy in children. Evolution of TB pleurisy in children presents some particularities. Objective of the study. Studying of evolution particularities of TB pleurisy in children. Material and Methods. A retrospective, descriptive study that included 46 cases of TB Pleurisy in children was performed. All patients were diagnosed and hospitalized in the Municipal Clinical Hospital of Phthysiopneumology in Chisinau for the period 2015- 2019 years. Results. Prevailing age of children was 11-18 ani – 26 (57%). TB contact was found in 27 (59%) children, including ½ cases – at home. Passive detection was in 38 (83%) cases and by activ screening – 18 (17%). The most of patients were new cases – 43(93%). In 29 (63%) cases pleurisy was a complication of TB. The clinical forms of TB were: TB of intrathoracic lymph nodes– 14 (48%), Primary TB complex – 6 (21%), infiltrative pulmonary TB – 9 (31%). In all cases the localization was unilateral. The TB etiology of the pleurisy was confirmed by microbiological examination in 15 (33%). Exudative character of pleural fluid was established in 82%. Treatment for sensitive TB was given in 31 (68%) cases. Conclusion. TB pleurisy develops in children with TB contact. In TB pleurisy, the pleural fluid is an exudate. Evolution of the TB process is influenced by pleurisy. Introducere. Pleurezia tuberculoasă (TB) reprezintă o formă frecventă de TB extrapulmonară la copii. Statusul imun compromis favorizează dezvoltarea pleureziei TB la copii. Evoluția pleureziei TB la copii se prezintă prin unele particularități. Scopul lucrării. Studierea particularităților de evoluție a pleureziei tuberculoase la copii. Material și Metode. A fost efectuat un studiu retrospectiv, descriptiv prin evaluarea foilor de observație a 46 cazuri de pleurezie TB la copiii internați în IMSP Spitalul Clinic Municipal de Ftiziopneumologie, Chișinău în perioada 2015-2019. Rezultate. A predominat vârsta copiilor 11-18 ani – 26 (57%). Contact TB au avut 27 (59%) copii, inclusiv în ½ cazuri - la domiciliu. Depistarea pasivă a fost în 38 (83%) cazuri. Majoritatea pacienților au fost cazuri noi – 43 (93%). În 29 (63%) cazuri pleurezia a fost complicație a TB. Printre formele clinice de TB au fost: TB ganglionilor limfatici intratoracici – 14 (48%), Complex TB primar – 6 (21%), TB pulmonară infiltrativă – 9 (31%). În toate cazurile a fost localizarea unilaterală. Confirmarea etiologiei TB a pleureziei a fost prin examenul microbiologic în 15 (33%). Caracterul exudativ al lichidului pleural s-a stabilit în 82%. Tratament pentru TB sensibilă s-a administrat în 31 (68%) cazuri. Concluzii. Pleurezia TB se dezvolă la copiii din contact TB. În pleurezia TB lichidul pleural este un exudat. Evoluția procesului TB este influențată de pleurezie

Scientists support Medical University "Nicolae Testemițanu" in the development of the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology in Republic of Moldova

Laboratorul de Gastroenterologie, USMF "Nicolae Testemițanu", Chișinău, Republica Moldova, Departamentul Medicină Internă, Disciplina de Gastroenterologie, USMF "Nicolae Testemițanu", Chișinău, Republica, Conferința Națională de Gastroenterologie și Hepatologie cu participare internațională „Actualități în gastroenterologie și hepatologie” MoldovaAfter the end of the Second World War, for the homeland defense, the entire staff of the Leningrad Institute of Medicine was transferred to Chișinău together with students and the entire teaching staff and was named the State Institute of Medicine from Chișinău. The Institute began his work on 20 October 1945 with a single faculty – that of General Medicine. The first rector was appointed Sorocean Evpatii Christoforovici. Teachers within the USSR (Russia) had a great influence on the evolution of Moldova's medicine, including in the area of gastroenterology and hepatology. The modern development of Gastroenterology and hepatology in our country had a permanent success because of the support of university rectors. A big contribution had and still have health care ministers from Moldova. The gastroenterology work progress in clinical and scientific field is determined by a permanent contact with chiefs of the university clinical bases and with colleagues from other specialties. The progress of medical science, both of gastroenterology and hepatology is due to a correct and proper management. The enormouswork, both in the past as well as currently, of the entire team of scientists and illustrious physicians contributed and still contributes to the development of national medicine, including gastroenterology and hepatology.После окончания Второй Мировой Войны, весь коллектив Ленинградского Медицинского Института был переведен в Кишинев вместе с студентами и всеми проффесорами под названием Медицинский Государственный Институт Кишинева. Институт начал свою деятельность 20 октября 1945 года, имея всего один факультет – Общая Медицина. Первым ректором был назван Сорочан Евпатий Кристофорович. Профессоры СССР (Россия) имели особенное влияние на развитие медицины в Молдове, включая гастроэнтерологию и гепатологию. Развитие современной гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии в нашей стране имеет успех благодаря постоянной поддержки ректоров университета. Большой вклад внесли и вносят по сей день министры Здрaвоохранения Молдовы. Процветание клинической и научной деятельности осуществляется при постоянном сотрудничестве с глав-врачами клинической базы университета и при помощи коллег других специальностей. Прогресс медицинских наук, гастроэгтерологии, а также гапатологии, обусловлен правильным и подходящим менеджментом. Огромную работу, как в прошлом, так и в настоящим проделал весь коллектив прославленных ученных и врачей, которые способствовали и способствуют в дальнейшем развитию медицины, включая национальную гастроэнтерологию и гепатологию

RomUkrSeis : seismic model of the crust and upper mantle across the Eastern Carpathians – from the Apuseni Mountains to the Ukrainian Shield

RomUkrSeis was carried out by a consortium of organisations, the Faculty of Geology and Geophysics and the Doctoral School of Geology of the University of Bucharest (Romania), the Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kiev), the Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Warsaw), the Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (Potsdam) and the School of Geosciences of the University of Aberdeen (Scotland). Financial support for drilling/shooting works on the territory of Romania came from S.C. Prospectiuni S.A. (with a special mention to former CEO Gehrig Stannard Schultz, currently at EPI Group, United Kingdom), Hunt Oil of Romania, Repsol Romania and on the territory of Ukraine from Ukrgeofizika. Participation of the Polish group in this work was supported within statutory activities No 3841/E-41/S/2014-2020 of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland. The authors express their sincere appreciation of the activities of many people who took part in field work and data acquisition. A large part of the instrumentation was provided by the Geophysical Instrument Pool of the Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany. Christian Haberland is thanked for his support and kindness facilitating the loan of this equipment to the RomUkrSeis consortium. The public domain packages GMT (Wessel and Smith, 1995) and Seismic Unix (Cohen and Stockwell Jr., 1997) were used in the preparation of maps and for seismic data processing. Tesseral Technologies Inc. (Calgary) developed the software for the full waveform modelling and we express our gratitude to their staff for technical support. The authors also wish to thank Professor Richard England (University of Leicester) and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. This version is much improved as a result.Peer reviewedPostprin

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe