A finalidade do ensino de Língua Portuguesa em "trecho de um relatório" (1918): o projeto de dizer do estado catarinense, na voz de Orestes Guimarães, para assimilação dos teutos-brasileiros

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Florianópolis, 2015.Esta dissertação constitui-se de pesquisa de cunho qualitativo e interpretativista, vinculada à área de Linguística Aplicada. Tem-se como objetivo geral analisar a finalidade do ensino de língua portuguesa proposta em Trecho de um relatório, publicado em 1918, por Orestes de Oliveira Guimarães, porta-voz do projeto de dizer do Estado. A publicação tem como interlocutores previstos os professores das escolas situadas em comunidades teuto-brasileiras de Santa Catarina, definidas pelo autor como centros de origem alemã. Para tanto, por meio da teoria bakhtiniana, analisam-se as condições de produção da obra, bem como sua intenção e suas relações dialógicas com o discurso nacionalista, com o Deutschtum (germanidade), com o programa de ensino vigente e, ainda, com as obras Primeiras lições de coisas e A arte de ensinar. De cunho pedagógico e, ao mesmo tempo, político e ideológico, Trecho de um relatório apresenta não só movimentos dialógicos de assimilação de já ditos, mas também movimentos dialógicos de distanciamento de já ditos. Evidencia-se, ainda, a presença do discurso autoritário do autor que, como porta-voz do projeto de dizer do estado, buscava persuadir seus interlocutores. Desse modo, materializam-se no discurso de Trecho de um relatório as forças centrípetas da língua, cuja finalidade era assimilar o aluno teuto-brasileiro. Assim, por meio dos movimentos dialógicos prefigurados Orestes Guimarães intencionava abafar a reação-responsiva dos interlocutores. A partir desses movimentos dialógicos, a análise volta-se às concepções de ensino de língua presentes na obra, cujos ensino de leitura, de linguagem oral e de linguagem escrita fundamentaram-se sob uma base lexical, com foco na tradução. Isto porque a obra visava aprimorar a fala, sendo que o ensino da linguagem escrita deveria subordinar-se ao ensino da linguagem oral. Dessa forma, o governo intervinha no vínculo ideológico mais significativo dos teuto-brasileiros: o Deutschtum, a germanidade. No plano ideológico nacionalista do estado, Orestes Guimarães foi um meio, cujo fim era a assimilação dos teuto-brasileiros, considerados pelo governo o perigo alemão. Em torno da língua desenrolaram-se as relações dialógicas estabelecidas em Trecho de um relatório, a fim de mobilizar os professores, concretizar a adesão deles ao projeto de dizer do governo, efetivando a assimilação dos alunos dos centros de origem alemã. Abstract : This work is a qualitative and interpretative research linked to the Applied Linguistics research area, which aimed at analyzing the focus of Portuguese Language teaching proposed by Trecho de um relatório, published in 1918, by Orestes de Oliveira Guimarães, spokesperson of the discursive intent of the State. The predicted interlocutors are the teachers from schools situated in German-Brazilian communities of Santa Catarina, designed by Orestes Guimarães as centers of German origin. The theoretical support of this work comes from the studies of the Bakhtin Circle that constitute dialogic perspective on language, such as dialogism, and it guides our analysis on the conditions of Guimarães' work production, as well as its discursive intent and dialogic relationships among nationalist discourse, Deutschtum (German Language and Culture), Programa de Ensino para os Grupos Escolares e as Escolas Isoladas, Primary Object Lessons and The art of teaching. As a pedagogical and, at the same time, political and ideological work, there are dialogic movements of assimilation of what has already been said and dialogic movements of distancing. It is also evident the authoritative discourse of Orestes Guimarães who, as a spokesperson of the discursive intent of the State, aimed at persuading the teachers. Thus, language is marked by centripetal forces that aimed at assimilating the German-Brazilian students. Consequently, Trecho de um relatório shows dialogic movements oriented toward the silencing of a future responsive reaction from teachers. From this analysis it is possible to examine the concepts of language teaching which aimed the teaching of reading, oral language and writing focused on lexical knowledge and translation. That is because the objective of Trecho de um relatório was to improve the speaking ability, and the written language teaching should be subordinated to the oral language teaching. By doing so, the State also intended to affect the most representative ideological connection of German-Brazilians: their language and culture. Orestes Guimarães was the spokesperson from the ideological-nationalist plan of the government, which aimed at assimilating German-Brazilian students, considered the German danger. For that reason, language was used in Trecho de um relatório as a manipulative tool, to have teachers modelling their saying project according to the government's and, consequently, assimilating the students from the centers of German origin

Optimal loading dose of meropenem before continuous infusion in critically ill patients: a simulation study

The aim of this study was to investigate optimal loading doses prior to continuous infusion of meropenem in critically ill patients. A previously published and successfully evaluated pharmacokinetic model of critically ill patients was used for stochastic simulations of virtual patients. Maintenance doses administered as continuous infusion of 1.5-6~g/24~h with preceding loading doses (administered as 30~min infusion) of 0.15-2~g were investigated. In addition to the examination of the influence of individual covariates, a best-case and worst-case scenario were simulated. Dosing regimens were considered adequate if the 5th percentile of the concentration-time profile did not drop at any time below four times the S/I breakpoint (= 2~mg/L) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa according to the EUCAST definition. Low albumin concentrations, high body weight and high creatinine clearances increased the required loading dose. A maximum loading dose of 0.33~g resulted in sufficient plasma concentrations when only one covariate showed extreme values. If all three covariates showed extreme values (= worst-case scenario), a loading dose of 0.5~g was necessary. Higher loading doses did not lead to further improvements of target attainment. We recommend the administration of a loading dose of 0.5~g meropenem over 30~min immediately followed by continuous infusion

What does it take to detect a change in soil carbon stock? A regional comparison of minimum detectable difference and experiment duration in the north central United States

Variability in soil organic carbon (SOC) results from natural and human processes interacting across time and space, and leads to large variation in the minimum difference in SOC that can be detected with a particular experimental design. Here we report a unique comparison of minimum detectable differences (MDDs) in SOC, and the estimated times required to observe those MDDs across the north central United States, calculated for the two most common SOC experiments: (1) a comparison between two treatments, e.g., moldboard plow (MP) and no-tillage (NT), using a randomized complete block design experiment; and (2) a comparison of changes in SOC over time for a particular treatment, e.g., NT, using a randomized complete block design experiment with time as an additional factor. We estimated the duration of the two experiment types required to achieve MDD through simulation of SOC dynamics. Data for the study came from 13 experimental sites located in Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Minnesota. Soil organic carbon, bulk density, and texture were measured at four soil depths. Minimum detectable differences were calculated with probability of Type I error of 0.05 and probability of Type II error of 0.15. The MDDs in SOC were highly variable across the region and increased with soil depth. At 0 to 10 cm (0 to 3.9 in) soil depth, MDDs with five replications ranged from 1.04 g C kg−1 (0.017 oz C lb−1; 6%) to 7.15 g C kg−1 (0.114 oz C lb−1; 31%) for comparison of two treatments; and from 0.46 g C kg−1 (0.007 oz C lb−1; 3%) to 3.12 g C kg−1 (0.050 oz C lb−1; 13%) for SOC change over time. Large differences were also predicted in the experiment duration required to detect a difference in SOC between MP and NT (from 8 to \u3e100 years with five replications), or a change in SOC over time under NT management (from 11 to 71 years with five replications). At most locations, the time required to detect a change in SOC under NT was shorter than the time required to detect a difference between MP and NT. Minimum detectable difference and experiment duration decreased with the number of replications and were correlated with SOC variability and soil texture of the experimental sites, i.e., they tended to be lower in fine textured soils. Experiment duration was also reduced by increased crop productivity and the amount of residue left on the soil. The relationships and methods described here enable the design of experiments with high power of detecting differences and changes in SOC and enhance our understanding of how management practices influence SOC storage

Nitrite Biosensing via Selective Enzymes—A Long but Promising Route

The last decades have witnessed a steady increase of the social and political awareness for the need of monitoring and controlling environmental and industrial processes. In the case of nitrite ion, due to its potential toxicity for human health, the European Union has recently implemented a number of rules to restrict its level in drinking waters and food products. Although several analytical protocols have been proposed for nitrite quantification, none of them enable a reliable and quick analysis of complex samples. An alternative approach relies on the construction of biosensing devices using stable enzymes, with both high activity and specificity for nitrite. In this paper we review the current state-of-the-art in the field of electrochemical and optical biosensors using nitrite reducing enzymes as biorecognition elements and discuss the opportunities and challenges in this emerging market

The ABC130 barrel module prototyping programme for the ATLAS strip tracker

For the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS Detector, its Inner Detector, consisting of silicon pixel, silicon strip and transition radiation sub-detectors, will be replaced with an all new 100 % silicon tracker, composed of a pixel tracker at inner radii and a strip tracker at outer radii. The future ATLAS strip tracker will include 11,000 silicon sensor modules in the central region (barrel) and 7,000 modules in the forward region (end-caps), which are foreseen to be constructed over a period of 3.5 years. The construction of each module consists of a series of assembly and quality control steps, which were engineered to be identical for all production sites. In order to develop the tooling and procedures for assembly and testing of these modules, two series of major prototyping programs were conducted: an early program using readout chips designed using a 250 nm fabrication process (ABCN-25) and a subsequent program using a follow-up chip set made using 130 nm processing (ABC130 and HCC130 chips). This second generation of readout chips was used for an extensive prototyping program that produced around 100 barrel-type modules and contributed significantly to the development of the final module layout. This paper gives an overview of the components used in ABC130 barrel modules, their assembly procedure and findings resulting from their tests.Comment: 82 pages, 66 figure

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

ience, this issue p. eaap8757 Structured Abstract INTRODUCTION Brain disorders may exhibit shared symptoms and substantial epidemiological comorbidity, inciting debate about their etiologic overlap. However, detailed study of phenotypes with different ages of onset, severity, and presentation poses a considerable challenge. Recently developed heritability methods allow us to accurately measure correlation of genome-wide common variant risk between two phenotypes from pools of different individuals and assess how connected they, or at least their genetic risks, are on the genomic level. We used genome-wide association data for 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants, as well as 17 phenotypes from a total of 1,191,588 individuals, to quantify the degree of overlap for genetic risk factors of 25 common brain disorders. RATIONALE Over the past century, the classification of brain disorders has evolved to reflect the medical and scientific communities' assessments of the presumed root causes of clinical phenomena such as behavioral change, loss of motor function, or alterations of consciousness. Directly observable phenomena (such as the presence of emboli, protein tangles, or unusual electrical activity patterns) generally define and separate neurological disorders from psychiatric disorders. Understanding the genetic underpinnings and categorical distinctions for brain disorders and related phenotypes may inform the search for their biological mechanisms. RESULTS Common variant risk for psychiatric disorders was shown to correlate significantly, especially among attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia. By contrast, neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders, except for migraine, which was significantly correlated to ADHD, MDD, and Tourette syndrome. We demonstrate that, in the general population, the personality trait neuroticism is significantly correlated with almost every psychiatric disorder and migraine. We also identify significant genetic sharing between disorders and early life cognitive measures (e.g., years of education and college attainment) in the general population, demonstrating positive correlation with several psychiatric disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder) and negative correlation with several neurological phenotypes (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke), even though the latter are considered to result from specific processes that occur later in life. Extensive simulations were also performed to inform how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity influence genetic correlations. CONCLUSION The high degree of genetic correlation among many of the psychiatric disorders adds further evidence that their current clinical boundaries do not reflect distinct underlying pathogenic processes, at least on the genetic level. This suggests a deeply interconnected nature for psychiatric disorders, in contrast to neurological disorders, and underscores the need to refine psychiatric diagnostics. Genetically informed analyses may provide important "scaffolding" to support such restructuring of psychiatric nosology, which likely requires incorporating many levels of information. By contrast, we find limited evidence for widespread common genetic risk sharing among neurological disorders or across neurological and psychiatric disorders. We show that both psychiatric and neurological disorders have robust correlations with cognitive and personality measures. Further study is needed to evaluate whether overlapping genetic contributions to psychiatric pathology may influence treatment choices. Ultimately, such developments may pave the way toward reduced heterogeneity and improved diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders

Search for heavy resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons in final states containing four b quarks

A search is presented for narrow heavy resonances X decaying into pairs of Higgs bosons (H) in proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The search considers HH resonances with masses between 1 and 3 TeV, having final states of two b quark pairs. Each Higgs boson is produced with large momentum, and the hadronization products of the pair of b quarks can usually be reconstructed as single large jets. The background from multijet and t (t) over bar events is significantly reduced by applying requirements related to the flavor of the jet, its mass, and its substructure. The signal would be identified as a peak on top of the dijet invariant mass spectrum of the remaining background events. No evidence is observed for such a signal. Upper limits obtained at 95 confidence level for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction sigma(gg -> X) B(X -> HH -> b (b) over barb (b) over bar) range from 10 to 1.5 fb for the mass of X from 1.15 to 2.0 TeV, significantly extending previous searches. For a warped extra dimension theory with amass scale Lambda(R) = 1 TeV, the data exclude radion scalar masses between 1.15 and 1.55 TeV

Search for supersymmetry in events with one lepton and multiple jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark mass using charged particles in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV

Peer reviewe