Memperkenalkan: Sistem Saraf Saluran Pencernaan Sebagai Otak Kedua

Pada abad ke-19, Bayliss dan Sterling menemukan gerakan peristalsis yang mendorong makanan d dalam usus ke arah distal walaupun persarafan usus dengan Sistem Saraf Pusat (SSP) diputuskan. Kesimpulan serupa dipublikasikan Trendelenburg (1917); dan John Langley (1921) yang menyebutkan bahwa sistem saraf otonom terdiri dari simpatis, parasimpatis, dan sistem enteric. Subsistem enteric itu kemudian dinyatakan sebagai variasi subsistem parasimpatis.Dalam saluran pencernaan, kedua sistem itu berhubungan dengan rangkaian saraf yang membentuk plexus submucosus dan plexus myentericus, dan pengaruhnya terhadap sistem pencernaan diatur oleh Sistem Saraf Saluran Pencernaan (SSSP). Pengaturan oleh SSSP di proximal dan distal saluran pencernaan masih dintervensi oleh SSP (Goyal & Hirano, 1996; Gershon, 1998).Serabut saraf SSSP mengatur pergerakan organ serta waktu dan kuantitas sekresi kelenjar-kelenjar pencernaan. Jumlah sel saraf dalam SSSP sekitar 100 juta (Goyal & Hirano, 1996), setara dengan jumlah sel saraf di medulla spinalis. Karena itu SSSP dinilai sebagai suatu sistem yang derajatnya setara SSP sehingga dinamakan The Second Brain. Badan. Badan dan serabut saraf SSSP hanya dapat dipelajari dengan menggunakan mikroskop elektron (Gershon, 1998).Michael Gershon memperkenalkan peranan serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) sebagai neurotransmiter di SSSP yang mempengaruhi gerakan peristalstik dan sekresi kelenjar pencernaan. Sampai sekarang telah ditemukan sekitar 20 neurotransmiter di SSSP (Goyal & Hirano, 1996). Keberadaan SSSP menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan mekanisme kerja saluran pencernaan tidak sederhana

Karakterisasi Karbon Pelet Campuran Rumput Gajah (Pennisetum Purpureum Scumach) Dan Tempurung Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum Linn.)

Karbon pelet adalah produk arang yang terbuat dari biomassa karbonisasi yang hancur menjadi bubuk halus dan dipadatkan menjadi pelet. Karbon pelet dirancang untuk energi alternatif terbarukan untuk memasak, proses pembakaran dan kemungkinan untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga uap sebagai pengganti batubara. Makalah ini mempelajari kualitas pelet karbon yang terbuat dari campuran rumput gajah dengan tempurung nyamplung. Setelah karbonisasi, rumput gajah dan kulit biji nyamplung hancur dalam 60 mesh bubuk untuk pelet dengan berbagai rasio rumput gajah arang dan arang tempurung nyamplung dari 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, dan 0:100 homogen. Sepuluh persen PVAC perekat ditambahkan ke dalam campuran sebelum kompresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi campuran 75% arang rumput gajah dan 25% arang tempurung nyamplung direkomendasikan untuk karbon pelet. Komposisi campuran tersebut meningkatkan sifat fisik karbon pelet dengan rata-rata kadar air 3,35%, zat terbang 26,19%, kadar abu 13,59%, karbon terikat 60,21%, kepadatan 0,68 kg/cm3, kuat tekan 5,91 kg/cm2 dan nilai kalor 6080 kal/g

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

The Influence of the Leadership and Character of A Pastor on the Spiritual Growth of the Congregation at the GPdI Alfa Omega Church.

Leadership is a task given by Jesus Christ to Christians through His Church. Leaders are needed by every human being to achieve happiness and prosperity in all fields. Thus the Church has an important role in improving leadership for the spiritual growth of God's congregation because through qualified leaders people can understand correctly how to actually follow God. With this quality leader, people can understand who and for what God created them. Seeing the existence of a congregation that always needs guidance in spiritual growth, and that requires someone who can accompany The congregation is a leader or shepherd who is often referred to as the Pastor of the congregation. And not many Christian ministers or often referred to as Congregational Pastors have these criteria. So that they cannot be an example in the lives of the people they lead. So there are criteria set out in the Bible to become a Christian leader with quality and character. A leader is someone who deserves to be a role model for others because the leader has good character and becomes a leader blessing for the church he leads

Does Pancasila Support Religious Pluralism in Indonesia in Postmodern Era

Since Indonesia is also one of the most diverse societies in the world such as there are over three hundred different ethnic groups in Indonesia, each with its own cultural identity, and more than two hundred and fifty distinct languages are spoken, then Pancasila is created as philosophic fundamentals of the state to supports the diversity in Indonesia. Pancasila (from a Sankrit word: panca: five and sila: principle) consists of five principles that are interrelated and inseparable to generate unity in diversity (bhinnekatunggalika). In this paper, I will argue that Pancasila promotesand facilitates religious diversity although religious culture in Indonesia does not promote religious pluralism

Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care units: analysis of the extended prevalence of infection in intensive care unit study

Item does not contain fulltextOBJECTIVES: To provide a global, up-to-date picture of the prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care unit patients and compare Candida with bacterial bloodstream infection. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of the Extended Prevalence of Infection in the ICU Study (EPIC II). Demographic, physiological, infection-related and therapeutic data were collected. Patients were grouped as having Candida, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and combined Candida/bacterial bloodstream infection. Outcome data were assessed at intensive care unit and hospital discharge. SETTING: EPIC II included 1265 intensive care units in 76 countries. PATIENTS: Patients in participating intensive care units on study day. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 14,414 patients in EPIC II, 99 patients had Candida bloodstream infections for a prevalence of 6.9 per 1000 patients. Sixty-one patients had candidemia alone and 38 patients had combined bloodstream infections. Candida albicans (n = 70) was the predominant species. Primary therapy included monotherapy with fluconazole (n = 39), caspofungin (n = 16), and a polyene-based product (n = 12). Combination therapy was infrequently used (n = 10). Compared with patients with Gram-positive (n = 420) and Gram-negative (n = 264) bloodstream infections, patients with candidemia were more likely to have solid tumors (p < .05) and appeared to have been in an intensive care unit longer (14 days [range, 5-25 days], 8 days [range, 3-20 days], and 10 days [range, 2-23 days], respectively), but this difference was not statistically significant. Severity of illness and organ dysfunction scores were similar between groups. Patients with Candida bloodstream infections, compared with patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bloodstream infections, had the greatest crude intensive care unit mortality rates (42.6%, 25.3%, and 29.1%, respectively) and longer intensive care unit lengths of stay (median [interquartile range]) (33 days [18-44], 20 days [9-43], and 21 days [8-46], respectively); however, these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Candidemia remains a significant problem in intensive care units patients. In the EPIC II population, Candida albicans was the most common organism and fluconazole remained the predominant antifungal agent used. Candida bloodstream infections are associated with high intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates and resource use

DNA Methylation Analysis Identifies Loci for Blood Pressure Regulation

Molecular Technology and Informatics for Personalised Medicine and Healt