Scaling laws for the photo-ionisation cross section of two-electron atoms

The cross sections for single-electron photo-ionisation in two-electron atoms show fluctuations which decrease in amplitude when approaching the double-ionisation threshold. Based on semiclassical closed orbit theory, we show that the algebraic decay of the fluctuations can be characterised in terms of a threshold law $\sigma \propto |E|^{\mu}$ as $E \to 0_-$ with exponent $\mu$ obtained as a combination of stability exponents of the triple-collision singularity. It differs from Wannier's exponent dominating double ionisation processes. The details of the fluctuations are linked to a set of infinitely unstable classical orbits starting and ending in the non-regularisable triple collision. The findings are compared with quantum calculations for a model system, namely collinear helium.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Corpora and evaluation tools for multilingual named entity grammar development

We present an effort for the development of multilingual named entity grammars in a unification-based finite-state formalism (SProUT). Following an extended version of the MUC7 standard, we have developed Named Entity Recognition grammars for German, Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, English, and Czech. The grammars recognize person names, organizations, geographical locations, currency, time and date expressions. Subgrammars and gazetteers are shared as much as possible for the grammars of the different languages. Multilingual corpora from the business domain are used for grammar development and evaluation. The annotation format (named entity and other linguistic information) is described. We present an evaluation tool which provides detailed statistics and diagnostics, allows for partial matching of annotations, and supports user-defined mappings between different annotation and grammar output formats

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology as an addendum to sentinel lymph node biopsy can perfect the staging strategy in melanoma patients

Background Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (US-guided FNAC) can identify microscopic involvement of lymph nodes as in breast cancer and avoid surgical sentinel node (SN). Its utility in melanoma patients is controversial and subject of this study. Methods Between 2001 and 2010 over 1000 stage I/II consecutive melanoma patients prospectively underwent US-FNAC prior to SN biopsy. All patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy prior to US-FNAC. The Berlin US morphology criteria: Peripheral perfusion (PP), loss of central echoes (LCE) and balloon shaped (BS) were registered. FNAC was performed in case of presence of any of these factors. SN tumour burden was measured according to the Rotterdam criteria. All patients underwent SN or lymph node dissection (LND) in case of positive FNAC. Findings Mean/median Breslow thickness was 2.58/1.57 mm. Mean/median follow-up was 56/53 months (1-132). SN positivity rate was 21%. US-FNAC Sensitivity was 71% (US only) and 51% (US-FNAC). Sensitivity of US-FNAC was highest for T4 (76%) and ulcerated melanomas (63%). PP, LCE and BS had sensitivity of 69%, 24% and 24% respectively. Sensitivity of US-FNAC increased with increasing SN tumour burden. PP was an early sign of metastasis (58% in <0.1 mm metastases). Threshold size of a metastasis for FNAC was 0.3 mm. Five-year survival correlated to US-FNAC status (95% in negative and 59% in positive). Interpretation Ultrasound guided FNAC (US-FNAC) according to the Berlin morphology criteria could correctly identify at least half of all tumour positive sentinel nodes, prior to the surgical SN procedure. Peripheral perfusion is an early sign of metastasis, which is very sensitive, but with lower positive predictive value (PPV). It is responsible for the sensitivity of the procedure. Balloon shape is a sign of advanced metastases, with lower sensitivity, but high PPV. US-FNAC sensitivity correlated with increasing T-stage, ulceration of the primary and increasing SN tumour burden. US-FNAC status accurately predicts survival

Orexin receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

Orexin receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Orexin receptors [39]) are activated by the endogenous polypeptides orexin-A and orexin-B (also known as hypocretin-1 and -2; 33 and 28 aa) derived from a common precursor, preproorexin or orexin precursor, by proteolytic cleavage and some typical peptide modifications [102]. Currently the only orexin receptor ligand in clinical use is suvorexant, which is used as a hypnotic. Orexin receptor crystal structures have been solved [124, 123]

Orexin receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3

Orexin receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Orexin receptors [42]) are activated by the endogenous polypeptides orexin-A and orexin-B (also known as hypocretin-1 and -2; 33 and 28 aa) derived from a common precursor, preproorexin or orexin precursor, by proteolytic cleavage and some typical peptide modifications [109]. Currently the only orexin receptor ligands in clinical use are suvorexant and lemborexant, which are used as hypnotics. Orexin receptor crystal structures have been solved [134, 133, 54, 117, 46]

Orexin receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1

Orexin receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Orexin receptors [43]) are activated by the endogenous polypeptides orexin-A and orexin-B (also known as hypocretin-1 and -2; 33 and 28 aa) derived from a common precursor, preproorexin or orexin precursor, by proteolytic cleavage and some typical peptide modifications [117]. Orexin signaling has been associated with regulation of sleep and wakefulness, reward and addiction, appetite and feeding, pain gating, stress response, anxiety and depression. Currently the orexin receptor ligands in clinical use are the dual orexin receptor antagonists suvorexant and lemborexant and daridorexant, which are used as hypnotics, and several dual and OX2-selective antagonists are under development. Multiple orexin agonists are in development for the treatment of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders. Orexin receptor 3D structures have been solved [146, 144, 55, 126, 47, 109, 7, 145]

Quantum walks and quantum search on graphene lattices

Quantum walks have been very useful in developing search algorithms in quantum information, in particular for devising of spatial search algorithms. However, the construction of continuous-time quantum search algorithms in two-dimensional lattices has proved difficult, requiring additional degrees of freedom. Here, we demonstrate that a continuous-time quantum walk search is possible in two dimensions by changing the search topology to a graphene lattice, utilizing the Dirac point in the energy spectrum. This is made possible by making a change to standard methods of marking a particular site in the lattice. Various ways of marking a site are shown to result in successful search protocols. We further establish that the search can be adapted to transfer probability amplitude across the lattice between specific lattice sites thus establishing a line of communication between these sites

Constitutivism

A brief explanation and overview of constitutivism

The twilight of the Liberal Social Contract? On the Reception of Rawlsian Political Liberalism

This chapter discusses the Rawlsian project of public reason, or public justification-based 'political' liberalism, and its reception. After a brief philosophical rather than philological reconstruction of the project, the chapter revolves around a distinction between idealist and realist responses to it. Focusing on political liberalism’s critical reception illuminates an overarching question: was Rawls’s revival of a contractualist approach to liberal legitimacy a fruitful move for liberalism and/or the social contract tradition? The last section contains a largely negative answer to that question. Nonetheless the chapter's conclusion shows that the research programme of political liberalism provided and continues to provide illuminating insights into the limitations of liberal contractualism, especially under conditions of persistent and radical diversity. The programme is, however, less receptive to challenges to do with the relative decline of the power of modern states