EFEITOS DE UMA SESSÃO EXTRA DE TREINAMENTO FUNCIONAL NAS CONDIÇÕES FUNCIONAIS DE IDOSOS

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos de uma sessão extra de exercício de condicionamento neuromuscular voltada para o desenvolvimento e manutenção de atividades da vida diária (treinamento funcional) nas condições funcionais de idosos. A amostra foi constituída por 30 idosos divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Experimental (GE; n = 14; média de idade = 68,21 ± 2,88 anos) submetido a um programa trissemanal de treino (duas sessões de treino multicomponente + uma sessão de treino funcional), durante seis meses; e Grupo Controle (GC; n = 16; média de idade = 76,88 ± 5,28 anos) sujeita a duas sessões semanais de treino multicomponente. A bateria de testes “Functional Movement Screen” (FMSTM) foi usada para avaliar os padrões de movimento individuais em condições dinâmicas e funcionais e a respetiva detecção de distúrbios do movimento antes e após o período experimental. Os dados obtidos foram tratados com base nas estatísticas descritivas, média, desvio padrão e frequência. Para avaliar as diferenças entre antes e pós a intervenção utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon que permite comparar amostras emparelhadas. O nível de significância em todos os testes estatísticos foi definido em p ≤ 0,05. Os resultados mostraram: i) diferenças significativas entre o pré e a pós-intervenção no GE, mas não no GC e; ii) diferenças significativas nos padrões do movimento entre o GE e o GC após o protocolo experimental (22,66% e 4,47%, respetivamente). Os resultados sugerem que o treino funcional provocou melhorias significativas nos padrões de movimento avaliados pelo FMSTM e, consequentemente, na funcionalidade do idoso

Neighborhood environmental factors associated with leisure walking in adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To verify the associations of leisure walking with perceived and objective measures of neighborhood environmental factors stratified by gender and socioeconomic status (SES) in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a random sample of 1,130 high school students (47.3% girls; aged 14 to 20 years old) from Porto Alegre, Brazil. Leisure walking and SES were self-reported by the adolescents. Perceived environmental factors were assessed through Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y). Objective measures were evaluated using Geographic Information Systems, with road network calculated around the adolescent’s residential address, using 0.5km and 1.0km buffers. Data collection was carried out in 2017 and generalized linear regression models were used. RESULTS: Leisure walking was positively associated with access to services (0.5 km buffers [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.22] 1.0 km buffers [OR = 2.17]) and lower distance to parks and squares (0.5 km [OR=2.80] 1.0 km [OR = 2.73]) in girls from low SES. Residential density (0.5 km [OR = 1.57] 1.0 km [OR = 1.54]) and walkability index (0.5 km [OR = 1.17] 1.0 km [OR = 1.20]) were associated with leisure walking in girls from middle SES. Boys from low SES showed an inverse association between crime safety and leisure walking (0.5 km [OR = 0.59] 1.0 km [OR = 0.63]). Neighborhood recreation facilities was positively associated with leisure walking in middle SES (0.5 km [OR = 1.55] 1.0 km [OR = 1.60]). Land use mix (0.5 km [OR = 1.81] 1.0 km [OR = 1.81]), neighborhood recreation facilities (0.5 km [OR = 2.32] 1.0 km [OR = 2.28]) and places for walking (0.5 km [OR=2.07] 1.0 km [OR=2.22]) were positively associated with leisure walking in high SES. CONCLUSION: Environmental factors (objectively and subjectively measured) and leisure walking show association in boys and girls of different SES

Perceived and objective measures of neighborhood environment: association with active commuting to school by socioeconomic status in Brazilian adolescents

O deslocamento para a escola é influenciado por fatores ambientais que são específicos de cada país. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre deslocamento ativo de/para escola (DAE) com medidas percebidas e objetivas dos fatores ambientais do bairro, assim como avaliar a influência do nível socioeconômico (NSE) em adolescentes Brasileiros. Estudo transversal, com amostra aleatória de 1130 adolescentes (47,3% meninos), com idades entre 14 e 20 anos, da cidade de Porto Alegre-Brasil. DAE e NSE foram avaliados por questionário e os fatores do ambiente percebido através da Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y). Fatores objetivos do ambiente construído foram mensurados usando o Sistema de Informações Geográficas, pela rede de ruas nos buffers de 0,5 km e 1,0 km em torno do endereço residencial do participante. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de modelos de regressão linear generalizada. Result: ados: A associação entre DAE com medidas percebidas e objetivas dos fatores ambientais no bairro de adolescentes nos buffers de 0,5 km e 1,0 km foram: uso misto do solo, instalações de recreação no bairro, existência de ciclovias e densidade residencial. Além disso, a existência de parques/praças foi associada com DAE apenas no buffer de 0,5 km. A existência de ciclovias nos buffers de 0,5 km e 1,0 km foi associada com DAE em todos os NSE. O uso misto do solo e as instalações de recreação no bairro foram associados com DAE apenas no NSE médio em ambos buffers. Ainda, foi encontrada associação entre o uso misto do solo com DAE no buffer de 0,5 km no NSE baixo e alto. Conclusão: DAE foi associado com o uso misto do solo, instalações de recreação no bairro, existência de parques/praças e ciclovias e densidade residencial em adolescentes Brasileiros. NSE é um fator importante ao considerar DAE e fatores ambientais.El desplazamiento a la escuela es influenciado por factores ambientales específicos de cada país. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la asociación entre los desplazamientos activos de la/desde la escuela (DAE) con las medidas percibidas y objetivas de los factores ambientales del vecindario, así como evaluar la influencia del estado socioeconómico (ESE) en los adolescentes Brasileños. Métodos: Estudio transversal con muestra aleatoria de 1130 adolescentes (47,3% niños), edades entre 14 y 20 años, de la ciudad de Porto Alegre Brasil. DAE y ESE se evaluaron mediante cuestionario y los factores ambientales percibidos a través de Neighborhood Environment Walkability ScaleYouth (NEWS-Y). Factores ambientales construidos objetivamente, los cuales fueron medidos usando Sistemas de Información Geográfica, dentro de los límites de la red vial situados entre 0,5 km y 1 km alrededor de la dirección residencial del participante. El análisis de datos se realizó utilizando modelos de regresión lineal generalizados. Result: ados: La asociación entre DAE con medidas percibidas y objetivas de los factores ambientales del vecindario de los adolescentes en zonas de amortiguación 0,5 km y 1,0 km fueron: mezcla de uso del suelo, instalaciones de recreación en el vecindario, ciclovías y densidad residencial. Adicionalmente, existencia de parques/plazas fue asociado con DAE solo en zona de amortiguación 0,5 km. Existencia de ciclovías en zona de amortiguación 0,5 km y 1,0 km se asoció con SCA en todos ESE. Mezcla de uso del suelo y las instalaciones de recreación del vecindario se asociaron con DAE solo en ESE medio en ambas zonas. Además, se encontró asociación entre mezcla de uso del suelo y DAE en zona de amortiguación 0,5 km para ESE bajo y alto. Conclusión: DAE fue asociado con mezcla de uso del suelo, instalaciones recreativas de vecindario, existencia de parques/plazas, ciclovías y de Conclusión: DAE fue asociado con mezcla de uso del suelo, instalaciones recreativas de vecindario, existencia de parques/plazas, ciclovías y densidad residencial en adolescentes Brasileños. ESE es factor importante a considerar al estudiar DAE y factores ambientales

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions