Effect of freezing and preincubaton on isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci from ewes’ milk samples

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do congelamento e da incubação do leite de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês sobre os resultados da cultura bacteriológica. Desta forma, 45 amostras de leite ovino foram coletadas, e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: cultura bacteriológica (T1), e simultaneamente incubadas a 37°C por 18 horas (T2) e congeladas a -20°C por 24 horas (T3). Após esses períodos, as amostras dos T2 e T3 foram submetidas à cultura bacteriológica. O T2 possibilitou aumento no isolamento de estafilococos coagulase-negativo (ECN) comparadas ao T1, não ocorrendo o mesmo com o T3. No entanto, o T2 permitiu o desenvolvimento de bactérias normalmente presentes na microbiota dos ductos dos tetos em ovelhas sadias, como o Bacillus spp. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a incubação pode ser aplicada para a detecção de ECN na tentativa de reduzir resultados falso-negativos na cultura bacteriológica do leite de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, determinando o uso mais eficiente dos recursos laboratoriais e a redução dos custos para os proprietários.Milk samples from 45 halves were collected from lactating ewes to evaluate the effect of freezing and incubation of the whole milk on the qualitative results of bacteriologic culture. Thus, these milk samples were submitted to the following treatments: standard culture technique (T1), incubation for 18h at 37°C (T2) and thawing at -20°C for 24h (T3). After these periods, the milk samples from T2 and T3 were submitted to standard culture technique. The T2 showed an increase in the proportion of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) recovery compared to T1, although the same cannot be predicted by T3. Conversely, the T2 allows the growth of some bacteria present in clinically healthy teats ducts as Bacillus spp.. The results of the present study indicated that the incubation of the whole milk can be applied to detection of CNS in ewes’ milk in attempt to reduce the false-negative culture milk samples that can lead to a more efficient use of laboratory resources and reduce costs to herd owners.À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pelo apoio financeiro ao projeto de sanidade da glândula mamária ovina

Cellular and microbiological profile of Santa Ines ewes in the lactation and the post-weaning period

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil microbiológico e celular do leite no período lactante e de involução ativa de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Foram avaliadas amostras lácteas de 12 ovelhas durante estes distintos períodos. Realizou-se o exame físico da mama, sendo as amostras lácteas submetidas à contagem de células somáticas (CCS), ao California Mastitis Test (CMT), ao exame microbiológico e aos testes de sensibilidade in vitro dos patógenos encontrados. Foram observados maiores escores do exame físico, CCS, CMT durante o período de involução ativa, além de uma alta persistência da infecção durante estes períodos. O período de involução ativa não se mostrou como um momento de alta susceptilidade. Os estafilococos coagulase negativa representaram o único gênero isolado das glândulas infectadas. Uma alta sensibilidade dos agentes etiológicos envolvidos frente aos diferentes antimicrobianos in vitro foi também observadaThe aim was to evaluate and compare the microbiological and cellular profile of the milk of Santa Ines ewes during the lactation period and the active involution. Milk samples were analyzed from 12 ewes during these distinct periods. Clinical examination of the mammary gland, somatic cell count (SCC), California Mastitis Test (CMT), bacteriologic screening and sensibility of the pathogens in vitro were performed. Most alterations were observed in the active involution period. SCC and CMT were higher in this same period. Besides this, a high persistency of infection occurred. The active involution period did not show high susceptibility. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the only isolated bacteria. A high antimicrobial sensibility of these pathogens was also encountere

Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Using Lipophilic Extract of Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollm.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Natural products are potential sources of anticancer components. Among various species, the lipophilic extract of the Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollm. (VALE) has shown promising therapeutic potential. The present work aimed to qualify the plant source and characterize the extract's chemical profile. In addition, a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) containing VALE (SNEDDS-VALE) was developed. METHODS V. album subsp. austriacum histochemistry was performed, and the chemical profile of VALE was analyzed by GC-MS. After the SNEEDS-VALE development, its morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while its stability was evaluated by the average droplet size, polydispersity index (PdI) and pH. Lastly, SNEDDS-VALE chemical stability was evaluated by LC-DAD-MS. RESULTS The histochemical analysis showed the presence of lipophilic compounds in the leaves and stems. The major compound in the VALE was oleanolic acid, followed by lupeol acetate and ursolic acid. SNEDDS was composed of medium chain triglyceride and Kolliphor® RH 40 (PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil). A homogeneous, isotropic and stable nanoemulsion was obtained, with an average size of 36.87 ± 1.04 nm and PdI of 0.14 ± 0.02, for 14 weeks. CONCLUSION This is the first histochemistry analysis of V. album subsp. austriacum growing on Pinus sylvestris L. which provided detailed information regarding its lipophilic compounds. A homogeneous, isotropic and stable SNEDDS-VALE was obtained to improve the low water solubility of VALE. Further, in vitro and in vivo experiments should be performed, in order to evaluate the antitumoral potential of SNEDDS-VALE

Avaliação de carcaça bovina: uma revisão sobre o uso do ultrassom

Diversos métodos de avaliação de carcaça bovina vêm sendo utilizados para expressar características relacionadas à carcaça, à qualidade da carne e ao produto final de um determinado sistema de produção. Atualmente, o uso do ultrassom na técnica de ultrassonografia é um desses métodos. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão é informar sobre o uso do ultrassom na avaliação de carcaça bovina, pontuar os principais indicadores de medidas na carcaça e sua avaliação, além de apresentar as vantagens e limitações do seu uso. A ultrassonografia vem sendo usada para quatro finalidades dentro das técnicas de avaliação de carcaças: avaliação da composição corporal quanto à deposição de músculo e gordura; avaliação dos reprodutores e sua progênie; seleção em rebanhos; e rendimento de carcaça para o mercado consumidor. A técnica permite a coleta de três principais medidas de carcaças in vivo: espessura de gordura subcutânea, área de olho de lombo e gordura de marmoreio, onde esses indicadores, feitos por ultrassom, apresentam boas correlações com as medidas de carcaça post mortem. Como benefícios da utilização da técnica tem-se a obtenção em tempo real, de forma rápida e barata, das características de composição de carcaça em animais ainda vivos. As principais limitações são tecnológicas, experiência do operador, e características particular do animal. Portanto, conclui-se que a ultrassonografia é uma ferramenta que tem sido largamente utilizada, sendo sua aplicação de extrema importância na avaliação da condição corporal e na seleção genética, possibilitando assim a produção de um animal que atenda o mercado consumidor

TECNOLOGIA E SAÚDE: TELEMEDICINA E SEU IMPACTO NA PRESTAÇÃO DE CUIDADOS DE SAÚDE

Telehealth, also known as telemedicine, represents a convergence between technology and health, revolutionizing the way healthcare is provided. With the advent of digital connectivity, telehealth offers a variety of medical services remotely, including virtual consultations, remote monitoring and health education. Objective: This study aims to conduct an integrative review of the literature on telehealth, exploring its impact on the provision of healthcare, identifying trends, benefits and associated challenges. Methodology: The study is a qualitative integrative review that investigates telemedicine in the provision of health care. Using electronic databases (SciELO and BVS), articles published in Portuguese between 2018 and 2022 were selected. Of the 43 articles initially identified, only five met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were studies that addressed telehealth and its impact on the provision of healthcare, published in the last ten years. The analysis of the selected articles was conducted with a focus on identifying trends, benefits and challenges. Results and Discussion: The review results highlight that telehealth has a significant impact on healthcare delivery, facilitating access to medical services, especially in remote or resource-poor areas. Additionally, telehealth has been shown to improve the efficiency of healthcare systems, reducing costs and increasing patient satisfaction. However, challenges such as regulatory issues, data security, and digital accessibility still need to be addressed to maximize the benefits of telehealth. Final Considerations: Telehealth represents a powerful tool for transforming healthcare delivery, offering a viable and effective alternative for the delivery of medical services. However, it is crucial that policies and strategies are implemented to ensure that telehealth is accessible, safe, and efficient for all individuals, regardless of their location or socioeconomic status.A telessaúde, também conhecida como telemedicina, representa uma convergência entre tecnologia e saúde, revolucionando a forma como os cuidados de saúde são prestados. Com o advento da conectividade digital, a telessaúde oferece uma variedade de serviços médicos à distância, incluindo consultas virtuais, monitoramento remoto e educação em saúde. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre a telessaúde, explorando seu impacto na prestação de cuidados de saúde, identificando tendências, benefícios e desafios associados. Metodologia: O estudo é uma revisão integrativa qualitativa que investiga a telemedicina na prestação de cuidados na saúde. Utilizando bases de dados eletrônicas (SciELO e BVS), foram selecionados artigos publicados em português entre 2018 e 2022. Dos 43 artigos inicialmente identificados, apenas cinco atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos que abordassem a telessaúde e seu impacto na prestação de cuidados de saúde, publicados nos últimos dez anos. A análise dos artigos selecionados foi conduzida com foco em identificar tendências, benefícios e desafios. Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados da revisão destacam que a telessaúde tem um impacto significativo na prestação de cuidados de saúde, facilitando o acesso a serviços médicos, especialmente em áreas remotas ou carentes de recursos. Além disso, a telessaúde demonstrou melhorar a eficiência dos sistemas de saúde, reduzindo custos e aumentando a satisfação do paciente. No entanto, desafios como questões regulatórias, segurança de dados e acessibilidade digital ainda precisam ser abordados para maximizar os benefícios da telessaúde. Considerações Finais: A telessaúde representa uma ferramenta poderosa para transformar a prestação de cuidados de saúde, oferecendo uma alternativa viável e eficaz para a entrega de serviços médicos. No entanto, é crucial que políticas e estratégias sejam implementadas para garantir que a telessaúde seja acessível, segura e eficiente para todos os indivíduos, independentemente de sua localização ou condição socioeconômica

Comparative randomised trial of high and conventional doses of praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni

The efficacy of oral praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis has been considered low by most public health institutions. In this paper, we compared the efficacy of two dosages of praziquantel (80 mg/kg vs. 50 mg/kg) in patients with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni. Two hundred eighty-eight patients with schistosomiasis from a community in Brazil were randomly divided into two groups: 145 patients (Group 1) received 80 mg/kg body weight of oral praziquantel divided in two equal doses with 1 h interval and 143 patients (Group 2) received 50 mg/kg body weight of oral praziquantel. To keep the study masked, patients in Group 2 received placebo 1 h after the first dose. All patients were subjected to clinical and ultrasonographic examination. Cure assessment was performed by repeating two stool examinations, by a quantitative method, at 30, 90 and 180 days after treatment. The morbidity of schistosomiasis was low, with a few cases of light periportal thickening and 16 cases of mild splenomegaly. The cure rates were 89.7% for Group 1 and 83.9% for Group 2. There was no difference in the efficacy of both therapeutic dosages of praziquantel assayed. The adverse reactions were more frequent with higher dosage

ANÁLISE DA INFLUÊNCIA DA HIPERTENSÃO ARTERIAL SISTÊMICA E DA INSUFICIÊNCIA CARDÍACA NO AGRAVO DO QUADRO CLÍNICO DE PACIENTES COM DOENÇA RENAL CRÔNICA: uma revisão de literatura

Introduction: systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and heart failure, epidemiologically, are diseases that model consequences for other systems of the human body, for example chronic kidney disease (CKD). The development of this appears to be a social consequence of lack of knowledge, as its secondary outcomes are controllable and treatable. Countries like Brazil have exorbitant expenses when it comes to financing dialysis and transplant procedures, with an increase in these numbers, especially in young patients decompensated for their underlying diseases. The objective of this work is to observe the incidence in the literature of SAH and heart failure in patients related to the worsening of CKD. Methodology: descriptive study in narrative review, which seeks to answer the PICO acromion “What is the influence of systemic arterial hypertension and heart failure on the worsening of the clinical condition of patients with chronic kidney disease? ”. Discussion: CKD's pathophysiology is the loss of kidney function, where they lose functionality and destroy their specific cells, resulting in the inability to maintain metabolic balance. It proves to be a problem of public responsibility, where more and more deaths in the population are reported. The main risk factors for CKD are highly prevalent chronic diseases such as hypertension and heart failure, the first being the most described in the literature as a triggering factor. Thus resulting in worsening of renal function laboratory results, resulting in chronic kidney injury (CRF). Results: Analyzing the databases, articles in the last 10 years were observed, where 38.6% had the descriptors systemic arterial hypertension and heart failure, describing them as their main secondary outcome. Conclusion: to the scientific society, it contributes summarized and updated indexes reporting the relationship between these precursor pathologies. To society, it informs the problem and a way to inform the patient about their health condition and better understanding.Introdução: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e Insuficiência cardíaca, epidemiologicamente são doenças modeladoras de consequências a outros sistemas do corpo humano, por exemplo a doença renal crônica (DRC). O desenvolvimento desta mostra-se como consequência social a falta de conhecimento, pois seus desfechos secundários são controláveis e tratáveis. Países como o Brasil, possuem gastos exorbitantes quando ao custeio de procedimentos de diálise e transplante, sendo observado uma crescente nestes números, principalmente em pacientes jovens descompensados das doenças de base. O objetivo deste trabalho são observar a incidência na literatura, sobre a HAS e insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes relacionadas ao agravo da DRC. Metodologia: estudo descritivo em revisão de narrativa, que procura responder ao acrômio PICO “Qual é a influência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e da insuficiência cardíaca no agravo do quadro clínico de pacientes com doença renal crônica? ”. Discussão: DRC tem como fisiopatologia a perda da função renal, onde estes perdem a funcionalidade e destroem suas células especificas, resultando na incapacidade em manter o equilíbrio metabólico. Mostra-se uma mazela de responsabilidade pública, onde cada vez mais relados de morte na população são relatados. Os principais fatores de risco para a DRC são doenças crônicas de alta prevalência como HAS e insuficiência cardíaca, sendo a primeira a mais descrita na literatura como fator desencadeante. Assim resultando na piora dos resultados laboratoriais de função renal, resultando em uma injúria renal crônica (IRC). Resultados: Analisando as bases de dados, foi observado artigos nos últimos 10 anos, onde 38,6% tinham os descritores hipertensão Arterial sistêmica e insuficiência cardíaca, descrevendo como seu principal desfecho secundário. Conclusão: à sociedade científica, contribui com índices resumidos e atualizados relatando a relação entre estas patologias precursoras. À sociedade, informa sua problemática e uma maneira em informar o paciente sobre a sua condição de saúde e melhor compreensão

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions