Implicaciones del derecho a la protección de datos personales.

El avance tecnológico, el tratamiento automático de los datos y el fácil acceso a información, han hecho que los datos personales, que generan información, hayan adquirido relevancia económica, política y legal. La concepción de que podemos determinar nuestra privacidad libremente, que tenemos el manejo y somos los dueños absolutos de nuestros datos está un poco apartada de la realidad. Actualmente, existen empresas, gobiernos y negocios interesados en las ventajas de la tecnología y la información. Negocios enteros formados alrededor de la venta y negociación de datos personales, como los corredores de datos o data bróker. Esto se ve agravado por la facilidad que tienen las empresas y administraciones en captar datos personales, puede ser a través de la entrega de un servicio tecnológico o la compra y venta de licencias o simplemente de información recopilada. Estas formas de captar datos personales han hecho notar la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas que contienen los datos, la falta de regulación y protección de la información privada o de la intimidad, la deficiencia del manejo y tratamiento sobre los datos por parte de compañías tecnológicas y el gobierno. Por la misma razón, que se trata de tecnologías actuales, no existen muchos consensos globales ni investigaciones que demuestren cual sistema de protección de datos sería el más eficiente para este manejo. La legislación comparada toma un enfoque de protección de la privacidad y la libre determinación al fortalecer el consentimiento del titular al momento de entregar la información. Junto con disposiciones a favor de reforzar la responsabilidad de las entidades que manejen los datos en caso de que se llegue a producir un mal uso derivado de este tratamiento. Por la relevancia económica, política y legal de nuestros datos, debería existir legislación clara que nos hagan conscientes de la protección adecuada de nuestros datos personales. Debido a las inminentes vulnerabilidades tecnológicas que tiene la seguridad de los sistemas con respecto a nuestra información personal. Para así poder adoptar posturas, sobre la toma de decisiones de nuestra información. La unión europea expidió el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos, que regula medidas para el manejo de los datos e información personal, algo parecido intenta hacer el Proyecto de ley orgánica de protección de datos personales que está siendo discutido actualmente en la Asamblea Nacional. Esta investigación pretende analizar la protección de datos personales, cuales son los retos que impone la era digital, la seguridad de los sistemas que manejan nuestros datos, el tratamiento que se le puede dar a nuestra información y cuáles pueden ser los mecanismos para su protección. Cuestiones que pueden verse influenciadaspor un país no tan avanzado tecnológicamente.Technological advancement, the automatic data processing and easy access to information have meant that personal data, which generate information, have acquired economic, political and legal relevance. The conception that we can determine our privacy freely, that we have control and we are the absolute owners of our data gets a bit blurred. Currently, there are companies, governments and businesses interested in the advantages of technology and information. Entire businesses formed around the sale and negotiation of personal data, such as data brokers. This is also influenced by the advantage that companies and administrations have in capturing personal data, it can be through the delivery of a technological service or the purchase and sale of licenses or simply information collected. These ways of capturing personal data have highlighted the vulnerability of the systems that contain the data, the lack of regulation and protection of private information or privacy, the deficiency in the handling data, caused by technological companies and the government. For the same reason, that these are current technologies, there are not many global consensuses or research that shows which data protection system would be the most efficient for this management. Comparative legislation takes an approach of protection of privacy and self-determination by strengthening the consent of the owner at the time of delivering the information. Along with provisions in favor of reinforcing the responsibility of the entities that handle the data in the event of misuse arising from this treatment. Due to the economic, political and legal relevance of our data, there should be clear legislation that makes us aware of the adequate protection of our personal data. Due to the imminent technological vulnerabilities that the security of the systems has with respect to our personal information. In order to adopt positions, on the decision-making of our information. The European Union issued the General Data Protection Regulation, which regulates measures for the handling of data and personal information, something similar tries to do the Organic Law on the protection of personal data that is currently being discussed in the National Assembly. This research aims to analyze the protection of personal data, what are the challenges imposed by the digital age, the security of the systems that handle our data, the treatment that can be given to our information and what the mechanisms for its protection may be. Issues that can be influenced by a country that is not so technologically advanced

Terahertz Rectennas on Flexible Substrates Based on One-Dimensional Metal–Insulator–Graphene Diodes

Flexible energy harvesting devices fabricated in scalable thin-film processes are crucial for wearable electronics and the Internet of Things. We present a flexible rectenna based on a one-dimensional junction metal–insulator–graphene diode, offering low-noise power detection at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The rectennas are fabricated on a flexible polyimide film in a scalable process by photolithography using graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. A one-dimensional junction reduces the junction capacitance and enables operation up to 170 GHz. The rectenna shows a maximum responsivity of 80 V/W at 167 GHz in free space measurements and minimum noise equivalent power of 80 pW/√Hz

Reconstruction of primary vertices at the ATLAS experiment in Run 1 proton–proton collisions at the LHC

This paper presents the method and performance of primary vertex reconstruction in proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment during Run 1 of the LHC. The studies presented focus on data taken during 2012 at a centre-of-mass energy of √s=8 TeV. The performance has been measured as a function of the number of interactions per bunch crossing over a wide range, from one to seventy. The measurement of the position and size of the luminous region and its use as a constraint to improve the primary vertex resolution are discussed. A longitudinal vertex position resolution of about 30μm is achieved for events with high multiplicity of reconstructed tracks. The transverse position resolution is better than 20μm and is dominated by the precision on the size of the luminous region. An analytical model is proposed to describe the primary vertex reconstruction efficiency as a function of the number of interactions per bunch crossing and of the longitudinal size of the luminous region. Agreement between the data and the predictions of this model is better than 3% up to seventy interactions per bunch crossing

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Creative destruction in science

Drawing on the concept of a gale of creative destruction in a capitalistic economy, we argue that initiatives to assess the robustness of findings in the organizational literature should aim to simultaneously test competing ideas operating in the same theoretical space. In other words, replication efforts should seek not just to support or question the original findings, but also to replace them with revised, stronger theories with greater explanatory power. Achieving this will typically require adding new measures, conditions, and subject populations to research designs, in order to carry out conceptual tests of multiple theories in addition to directly replicating the original findings. To illustrate the value of the creative destruction approach for theory pruning in organizational scholarship, we describe recent replication initiatives re-examining culture and work morality, working parents\u2019 reasoning about day care options, and gender discrimination in hiring decisions. Significance statement It is becoming increasingly clear that many, if not most, published research findings across scientific fields are not readily replicable when the same method is repeated. Although extremely valuable, failed replications risk leaving a theoretical void\u2014 reducing confidence the original theoretical prediction is true, but not replacing it with positive evidence in favor of an alternative theory. We introduce the creative destruction approach to replication, which combines theory pruning methods from the field of management with emerging best practices from the open science movement, with the aim of making replications as generative as possible. In effect, we advocate for a Replication 2.0 movement in which the goal shifts from checking on the reliability of past findings to actively engaging in competitive theory testing and theory building. Scientific transparency statement The materials, code, and data for this article are posted publicly on the Open Science Framework, with links provided in the article

Registered Replication Report: Study 3 From Trafimow and Hughes (2012)

Terror-management theory (TMT) proposes that when people are made aware of their own death, they are more likely to endorse cultural values. TMT is a staple of social psychology, featured prominently in textbooks and the subject of much research. The implications associated with TMT are significant because its advocates claim it can partially explain cultural conflicts, intergroup antagonisms, and even war. However, considerable ambiguity regarding effect size exists, and no preregistered replication of death-thought-accessibility findings exists. Moreover, there is debate regarding the role of time delay between the manipulation of mortality salience and assessment of key measures. We present results from 22 labs in 11 countries (total N = 3,447) attempting to replicate and extend an existing study of TMT, Study 3 from Trafimow and Hughes, and the role of time-delay effects. We successfully replicate Trafimow and Hughes and demonstrate that it is possible to prime death-related thoughts and that priming is more effective when there is no delay between the priming and outcome measure. Implications for future research and TMT are discussed

The Psychological Science Accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

The psychological science accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data

This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability—for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples

In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., "If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others") or potential gains (e.g., "If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others")? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions