Eficiencia de trampas pegantes de colores en la captura de insectos de hortalizas de hoja

In vegetables, as well as in other crops, insect pests cause yield losses, therefore, in the search to solve this problem and as part of an integrated pest management, this research aimed to evaluate trapping efficiency of sticky traps for phytophagous insects present in leafy vegetables. For this, traps of different colors were installed in chard crops (Beta vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and coriander (Coriandrium sativum). The most common insects were thrips (Frankliniella sp.), Cicadelline leafhoppers (Borongonalia sp.), aphids (Myzus persicae and Myzus sp.), psyllid (Russelliana sp.) and root fly (Diptera-Anthomiidae). Light blue and white sticky traps, show capture efficiency for thrips in 30% and 28% respectively; adults of root fly were captured with efficiency of 23% of all insects on white traps and 17% on light blue traps. Yellow traps efficiently attract aphids by 26% and by green traps by 20%; the greatest attraction of cicadelline leafhoppers occurred on orange (21%) and yellow (20%) traps; for psyllids, traps of orange, green and yellow colors show captures of 21%, 20% and 18%, respectively. The lower efficient traps were pink, red and black, with caught of 10%, 8% and 6%, respectively.En hortalizas, así como en otros cultivos, plagas de insectos ocasionan pérdidas de producción. Como parte de un manejo integrado de plagas, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia de trampas pegantes en la captura de insectos fitófagos presentes en hortalizas de hoja. Para ello se instalaron trampas de diferentes colores en parcelas de acelga (Beta vulgaris), repollo (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), lechuga (Lactuca sativa) y cilantro (Coriandrium sativum). Los insectos plaga más frecuentes fueron trips (Frankliniella sp.), cigarritas (Borongonalia sp.), pulgones (Myzus persicae y Myzus sp.), silidos (Russelliana sp.) y mosca de la raíz (Díptera-Anthomiidae). Trampas pegantes celeste y blanco, muestran eficiencia para captura de trips en 30% y 28% respectivamente; adultos de mosca de la raíz, fueron atrapados con eficiencia de 23% del total de insectos en trampas blancas y 17% en trampas celestes; pulgones son eficientemente atraídos por trampas amarillas en 26% y con trampas verdes en 20%; la mayor atracción de cigarritas ocurrió en trampas de color naranja (21%) y amarillo (20%); para silidos trampas de colores naranja, verde y amarillo muestran capturas de 21%, 20% y 18% respectivamente. Las trampas de menor eficiencia fueron rosadas, rojas y negras, con capturas de 10%, 8% y 6% respectivamente

Identificación de especies del género Meloidogyne en cucurbitáceas: Distribución y ocurrencia en Arequipa, Perú

Cucurbitaceae contribute to the diet of the population, as well as to the economy of farmers; but are harmed by phyto-parasites like to Meloidogyne spp. The know about the root-knot nematode is empty to put suitable strategies to management. The objectives of this research were identified species of Meloidogyne genera in cucurbitaceaes and determine their distribution and occurrence in Arequipa, Peru. Roots of Cucurbita maxima, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo and Cucurbita pepo were collected, identifying them by electrophoresis for the enzyme esterase. Meloidogyne spp. is present in 87.1% from places that were evaluated and M. incognita I1 (Rm: 1.00), M. incognita I2 (Rm: 1.02 - 1.07), M. incognita S2 (Rm: 0.87), M. arenaria A1 (Rm: 1.19), M. arenaria A2 (Rm: 1.19 - 1.25), M. hapla H2 (Rm: 0.95) and one specie atypical of Meloidogyne (Rm: 0.87) were identified with occurrences of 17.14%, 42.86%, 2.86%, 17.14%, 2.86%, 11.43% y 5.71% respectively.Las cucurbitáceas contribuyen en la dieta de la población, así como en la economía de los agricultores; pero son afectadas por nematodos fitoparásitos como Meloidogyne spp. El conocimiento del “nemátodo del nudo de la raíz” es escaso y limitante para el planteamiento de estrategias adecuadas de manejo. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar especies del género Meloidogyne en cucurbitáceas y determinar su distribución y ocurrencia en Arequipa, Perú. Se colectaron raíces de Cucurbita maxima, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo y Cucurbita pepo, identificándolas mediante electroforesis para la enzima esterasa. Se determinó que Meloidogyne spp. está presente en 87,1% de las zonas evaluadas y se identificaron a M. incognita I1 (Rm: 1,00), M. incognita I2 (Rm: 1,02 – 1,07), M. incognita S2 (Rm: 0,87), M. arenaria A1 (Rm: 1,19), M. arenaria A2 (Rm: 1,19 – 1,25), M. hapla H2 (Rm: 0,95) y una especie atípica de Meloidogyne (Rm: 0,87) con ocurrencias de 17,14%, 42,86%, 2,86%, 17,14%, 2,86%, 11,43% y 5,71% respectivamente, de las especies identificadas

Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ~1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of 40+8-8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 Mo. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ~40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One- Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ~9 and ~16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of ∼ 1.7 {{s}} with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of {40}-8+8 Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 {M}ȯ . An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at ∼ 40 {{Mpc}}) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ∼10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position ∼ 9 and ∼ 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.</p

Diversity of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. populations parasitizing potato in southern Brazil and their pathogenicity on Solanum spp.

The Objectives of this study were i) to characterize root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and root-lesion nematodes (RLN) (Pratylenchus spp.) parasitizing potato crops in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC) and Paraná (PR), southern Brazil; ii) to access the aggressiveness of Meloidogyne javanica populations on selected potato cultivars; iii) to evaluate the resistance of commercial cultivars and wild accessions of potato to Meloidogyne spp., and iv) to study the life cycle of M. javanica on resistant and susceptible potato genotypes. In this study, 47 and 27 populations of Meloidogyne spp., and Pratylenchus spp. were obtained, respectively. Meloidogyne populations were biochemically characterized using esterase isozyme (Est). A subset of twenty populations was further characterized molecularly by SCAR PCR and RAPD markers. Populations of Pratylenchus spp. were characterized by morphological and morphometric characters. Subsequently, the aggressiveness of four populations of M. javanica from RS, SC and PR were evaluated in the commercial potato cultivars BRS Clara and Agata. Subsequently, the reaction of nine commercial potato cultivars for resistance to Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the resistance of 24 wild potato accessions to Meloidogyne javanica was evaluated in greenhouse conditions. Finally, the life cycle of M. javanica in a susceptible cultivar (BRS Ana) and other resistant wild potato (68-16) was investigated under controlled conditions (24°C ± 0,5°C; 14h light). Overall, Meloidogyne spp. was present at 42.34% of sampled sites, and M. javanica (Est J3) was the most frequent species. Forty-two populations of Meloidogyne with five different esterase phenotypes were obtained from RS state. M. javanica J2, J2a and J3 occurred on 3%, 12.1% and 100% of sampled sites, respectively. Forty-two populations of Meloidogyne with five different esterase (Est) phenotypes were obtained In the collected samples from RS. M. javanica Est J3, J2 and J2a occurred at 100, 3.0 and 12.1% of the samples, respectively. Moreover, two populations of M. incognita I2, and two populations of M. arenaria A2 (13.2% in total), were detected. In SC state, M. javanica (J3) was observed on 100% of sampled sites. In PR state, six populations of M. javanica (J3), one population of M. ethiopica (E3) and one population of M. incognita (I2) were observed, which corresponds to 85.7%, 14.3% and 14.3% of the total samples, respectively. The occurrence of Pratylenchus spp., was observed in 24.32% of the total samples. Among them, samples obtained from RS state, there were 17 populations identified as P. brachyurus (81%) and it was not 10 possible to characterize four populations (19%) by specific level. In SC and PR, P. brachyurus occurred in two and four samples, respectively, and was the only species identified. In the RAPD analysis, 317 and 435 reproducible amplified fragments were observed for the isolates whose percentage of polymorphisms varied from 13.9% within M. javanica populations and 27.1% between M. javanica and other Meloidogyne spp. In the phylogenetic analysis, there was three groups, in which 15 populations of M. javanica (J3) formed a major group; M. incognita (I2), M. ethiopica (E3), and M. arenaria (A2) formed a second group, and the third group formed by two populations of M. javanica (J2a) with a low intraspecific variability between them (9.47%). In the aggressiveness of M. javanica populations, there was significant interactions between potato cultivars and nematode populations according to total number of galls (roots and tubers), nematode reproduction factor, plant height and tuber weight. For the genetic screenings, most potato cultivars were susceptible to both Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus brachyurus. Interesting, two accessions of wild potatoes (675 and 68-16) were resistant and one (51-9) moderately susceptible to M. javanica. Finally, we observed an extended life cycle of M. javanica in the resistant accession of wild potato compared to the susceptible potato cultivar BRS Ana.Teve-se por objetivo no presente estudo: i) caracterizar as populações do nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne spp.) e das lesões (Pratylenchus spp.) em lavouras de batata do Rio Grando do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC) e Paraná (PR); ii) avaliar a agressividade de populações de M. javanica em cultivares comerciais de batata selecionadas; iii) avaliar a resistência de cultivares comerciais batata e acessos silvestres a Meloidogyne spp.; e iii) estudar a o ciclo de vida de M. javanica em genótipos de batata resistente e suscetível. Foram obtidas 47 populações de Meloidogyne spp. e 27 de Pratylenchus spp. nos três estados. As populações de Meloidogyne spp. foram caracterizadas bioquimicamente através da enzima esterase (Est), sendo 20 dessas populações, caracterizadas molecularmente por marcadores PCR e RAPD. As populações de Pratylenchus foram identificadas por meio de caracteres morfológicos e morfométricos. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a agressividade de quatro populações de M. javanica provenientes dos três estados nas cultivares de batata Agata e BRS Clara. A seguir, avaliou-se, em casa de vegetação, a reação de nove cultivares comerciais de batata quanto a resistência a Meloidogyne spp. e Pratylenchus brachyurus, e de 24 acessos de batata silvestre a M. javanica. Finalmente, estudou-se o ciclo de vida de M. javanica em uma cultivar suscetível (Ana) e em um acesso de batata silvestre resistente (68-16) sob condições controladas (24oC ± 0,5oC; 14h luz). De forma geral, verificou-se a presença de Meloidogyne spp. em 42,34% das amostradas coletadas nas lavouras de batata, sendo M. javanica com o fenótipo Est J3, a espécie mais frequente. Nas amostras provenientes do RS, foram obtidas 42 populações de Meloidogyne com cinco fenótipos esterásticos. Os fenótipos de M. javanica Est J3, J2 e J2a foram encontrados em 100, 3,0 e 12,1% das amostras, respectivamente. Alem disso, foram detectadas duas populações de M. incognita Est I2, e duas populações de M. arenaria Est A2, que corresponderam a 13,2% das amostras. Em SC foram identificadas sete populações de M. javanica Est J3 em todas as amostras onde foi detectado o nematoide das galhas. No estado do PR, constatou-se a ocorrência de seis populações de M. javanica Est J3, uma população de M. ethiopica Est E3 e uma população de M. incognita Est I2, as quais corresponderam a 85,7, 14,3 e 14,3% das áreas amostradas onde o nematoide das galhas foi detectado, respectivamente. Registrou-se a ocorrência do nematoide das lesões (Pratylenchus spp.) em 24,32% das amostras. Entre as amostras coletadas no RS cuja a presença de Pratylenchus spp. foi 8 registrada, identificaram-se 17 populações como P. brachyurus e quatro não foram possíveis de serem caracterizadas ao nível de espécie. Nos estados de SC e do PR, verificou-se apenas a ocorrência de P. brachyurus em duas e quatro amostras, respectivamente. Pela análise RAPD, 317 e 435 fragmentos reprodutíveis foram amplificados para as espécies/populações de Meloidogyne testadas, cuja percentagem de bandas polimórficas amplificadas variou de 13,9 a 27,1% respectivamente. Pela análise filogenética, três grupos se formaram: em um grupo, 15 populações de M javanica Est J3 se agruparam; M. incognita Est I2, M. ethiopica Est E3 e M. arenaria Est A2 formaram um segundo grupo, e um terceiro agrupamento foi formado por duas populações de M. javanica Est J2a, observando-se uma baixa variabilidade intraespecífica entre ambas (9,47%). Avaliando-se a agressividade das populações de M. javanica, verificou-se interação significativa entre cultivares de batata e populações do nematoide com as variáveis número de galhas, fator de reprodução, número de 'pipocas', altura de planta e massa de tubérculos. Na avaliação da reação das cultivares de batata a Meloidogyne spp., a maioria dos materiais testados foi suscetível. Em relação à reação dos acessos de batatas silvestres a M. javanica, dois genótipos foram selecionados como resistentes (675 e 68-16) e um, como moderadamente suscetível (51-9). E, pela análise do desenvolvimento e reprodução de M. javanica em dois diferentes genótipos de batata, verificou-se prolongamento do ciclo de vida do nematoide no acesso resistente 68-16 comparativamente à cultivar suscetível Ana

Bioindicator nematodes in relation to an abiotic stress gradient in soils influenced by mining

The attributes of nematodes are presented as valuable tools for determining the quality of soil, especially that of mining companies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of nematodes against a stress gradient in a rainy season and a dry season in soils influenced by mining. Thus, field sampling was carried out over 100 m2 in triplicate for four types of soils classified according to their uses (pasture, maize cultivation, fig cultivation, and eucalyptus cultivation), and these areas were located on the periphery (500 to 1500 m) of the Ollachea mining community of Puno in Peru; subsequently, the samples were processed in the laboratory to determine edaphic, agrochemical, heavy metal, and microbiological parameters and identify the nematodes. The abiotic stress gradient was determined by a principal component analysis; and through a canonical correlation analysis, the relationships between the abiotic stress gradient and the nematodes were determined. Canonical correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations: in the rainy season, Helicotylenchus and vanadium (r = 0.99), Globodera and titanium (r = 0.97), and Tylenchus and lead (r = 0.96); in the dry season: Meloidogyne and vanadium (r = 0.99), and Hemicycliophora and lead (r = 0.91). In conclusion, the abiotic stress gradient had a high correlation with bacterivorous, fungivorous, and phytoparasitic nematodes and a low correlation with omnivorous and predatory nematodes, showing the bioindicator capacity of nematodes in relation to stress parameters that impact soil quality