HUMUS FLORESTAIS: SINTESE E DIAGNOSTICO DAS INTERRELACÕES VEGETAÇÃO/SOLO

With an essentially ecosystem approach this paper tries to present the problem of the soil organic matter under its most interactive aspect: soil-vegetation interrelationships. The macro-morphological study of the humus type in some forest ecosystems of the intertropical Brazilian coast faced both with dilferent approaches and bibliography resulls about organic matter of forest soils. Thus, the different uses of the humus concept, which perrneates different research, will be clarified to show further ahead our resulls both about the quantitative characteristics of humus layers and their morphological structure in order to classify the humus forms of the Resting and Atlantic forest. The resulls contradict the hypothesis, generally accepted, that in tropical regions the faster recycling of soil organic matter leads to determine humic structures of the mull-like type. The dynamics of the interactive processes arnong litter fall, mineral substrata and decomposer communities (microorganisms and fauna) is analyzed in order to elucidate lhe factors which determine the diversity of the humus form in Brazilian coastal forests.O presente trabalho procura, numa abordagem essencialmente ecossistêmica, resituar o problema da matéria orgânica do solo sob seu aspecto interativo maior: o das interrelações vegetação/solo. O estudo macro-morfológico dos tipos de húmus em alguns ecossistemas de Florestas Costeira Intertropical é situado em relação as diferentes abordagens e resultados da bibliografia sobre matéria orgânica de solos florestais. São, assim, explicitadas as diferentes utilizações da noção de húmus subjacentes a diversas pesquisas, para apresentar posteriormente nossos resultados sobre a estrutura macromorfológica e a classificação de húmus de Restinga e de Floresta Atlântica. Estes resultados contradizem a hipótese geralmente admitida, segundo a qual em região tropical a rápida decomposição dos restos foliares determina estruturas húmicas de tipo mull. A dinâmica do processo interativo entre o substrato mineral, os aportes foliares e os agentes biológicos microrganismos e fauna é analisada, a fim de elucidar os fatores que determinam a diversidade de húmus em florestas costeiras

A PROTEÇÃO DA NATUREZA NO BRASIL: EVOLUÇÃO E CONFLITOS DE UM MODELO EM CONSTRUÇÃO

No Brasil, a institucionalização política e administrativa da proteção da natureza se processou de forma lenta e gradual, se consolidando somente na primeira metade do século XX. Enquanto nos períodos colonial e imperial a visão predominante de proteção era tipicamente gerencial é somente na República que se inicia um processo de consolidação de um ideário protecionista no aparato jurídico- legal e institucional brasileiro que favoreceu a criação de áreas protegidas no país. Tal consolidação e evolução, grosso modo, como se procura analisar e discutir neste trabalho, foi decorrência de uma série de fatos e circunstâncias, dentre eles: a)o fortalecimento e aparelhamento do Estado; b) a participação e influência de diferentes segmentos da sociedade; c) o contexto internacional

FORMAS DE HUMUS EM ECOSSISTEMAS DE FLORESTA COSTEIRA INTERTROPICAL. 1- A MATA ATLANTICA DE TABULEIROS

The Mata Atlantica ecosystems, located in the north part of Espirito Santo (Linhares) has two humus foons according to the forest type: Mata Alta Forest and Mussununga Forest. In the first case, humus is a mull-like fonn, and in the second, a moder-like humus is present. In the moder humus, 22t/ha corresponding to holorganic horizons- are superposed ou the A horizon, with 500kg/ha of organic nitrogen, while in the mull, this quantity reaches 6t/ha, with 100kg/ha of organic nitrogen. Below-ground pools -A horizon at 0-10cm depth- are similar in the two decomposition systems (10t/ha of organic carbon and700kg/ha of total nitrogen). A marked organic matter accumulation in Mussunnnga forest is essentially linked to the parental soil substrata with a limited clay fraction and very poor nutrieut content. Despite the factors detennining the humus fonns, which are simihlr to temperate forests, Mata Atlântica humus are differentiated by faster recycling of nutrieuts and a high organic-maner turnover.O ecossistema de Mata Atlantica localizado no norte do Espírito Santo (Linhares), apresenta duas fomas de húmus, de acordo com o tipo florestal: Mata Alta e Mata Mussununga. No primeiro caso, observa-se um húmus do tipo mull, enquanto a segunda fitofisionomia apresenta um humus do tipo moder. Nesta forma de humus, encontramos no horizonte holorgânico 22t/ha de matéria orgânica superficial e 500kg/ha de nitrogênio orgânico, enquanto no mull, estes valores alcançam 6t/ha de matéria orgânica superficial e 100kg/ha de nitrogênio orgânico. Com relação ao horizonte A subjacente (0-10cm), as duas áreas são similares nos seus conteúdos de matéria orgânica nitrogênio (10t/ha de carbono orgânico e 700kg/ha de nitrogênio total). Uma marcada acumulação superficial de matéria orgânica na Mata de Mussununga está intimamente relacionada à composição do substrato parental, com uma limitada fração de argila e baixíssimo conteúdo de nutrientes. Apesar dos fatores determinantes das formas húmicas serem semelhantes aos das florestas temperadas, os húmus da Mata Atlântica são diferenciados pela rápida reciclagem de nutrientes e alto" turnover" da matéria orgânica

Consumo de opioides: análisis de su disponibilidad y acceso en Colombia

162 páginas: ilustracionesEste libro pretende analizar la disponibilidad y el acceso a los medicamentos opioides en Colombia; entender el problema desde una perspectiva multidimensional, con énfasis territorial, e integrar a los diferentes actores que participan en los procesos requeridos para estos analgésicos. El propósito es identificar las barreras de disponibilidad y acceso a medicamentos opioides, a fin de disminuir las “diferencias evitables” entre grupos de personas por razones sociales, económicas, geográficas o demográficas, para que todos tengan oportunidades justas para alcanzar su máximo potencial en salud y el alivio del sufrimiento. También, busca ofrecer a los tomadores de decisiones, formuladores de políticas públicas, agencias gubernamentales, no gubernamentales y academia, un diagnóstico sobre lo que ocurre con el consumo de opioides y, por tanto, con el goce efectivo del derecho al alivio del dolor y el sufrimiento innecesario en Colombia.1. Acceso Al Tratamiento Del Dolor Como Componente Del Derecho A La Salud || 2. Estado Actual De Los Opioides En Colombia || 3. Recorrido Metodológico: Una Mirada Comprensiva Del Problem

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Measurement of nuclear modification factors of gamma(1S)), gamma(2S), and gamma(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The cross sections for ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) production in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV have been measured using the CMS detector at the LHC. The nuclear modification factors, RAA, derived from the PbPb-to-pp ratio of yields for each state, are studied as functions of meson rapidity and transverse momentum, as well as PbPb collision centrality. The yields of all three states are found to be significantly suppressed, and compatible with a sequential ordering of the suppression, RAA(ϒ(1S)) > RAA(ϒ(2S)) > RAA(ϒ(3S)). The suppression of ϒ(1S) is larger than that seen at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, although the two are compatible within uncertainties. The upper limit on the RAA of ϒ(3S) integrated over pT, rapidity and centrality is 0.096 at 95% confidence level, which is the strongest suppression observed for a quarkonium state in heavy ion collisions to date. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.Peer reviewe

Electroweak production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions root s =13 TeV

A measurement of the electroweak (EW) production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented, based on data recorded in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The measurement is performed in the lljj final state with l including electrons and muons, and the jets j corresponding to the quarks produced in the hard interaction. The measured cross section in a kinematic region defined by invariant masses m(ll) > 50 GeV, m(jj) > 120 GeV, and transverse momenta P-Tj > 25 GeV is sigma(EW) (lljj) = 534 +/- 20 (stat) fb (syst) fb, in agreement with leading-order standard model predictions. The final state is also used to perform a search for anomalous trilinear gauge couplings. No evidence is found and limits on anomalous trilinear gauge couplings associated with dimension-six operators are given in the framework of an effective field theory. The corresponding 95% confidence level intervals are -2.6 <cwww/Lambda(2) <2.6 TeV-2 and -8.4 <cw/Lambda(2) <10.1 TeV-2. The additional jet activity of events in a signal-enriched region is also studied, and the measurements are in agreement with predictions.Peer reviewe

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat