What is mobility?: Elements to (re) built the basic definitions in the transport field

Para reflexionar sobre los desafíos de la movilidad urbana y el transporte, es útil comenzar por definir qué entendemos por estos conceptos, revisar qué y cómo medirlos, y así pasar consecuentemente a la evaluación, la toma de decisión y las acciones. El objetivo del artículo es aportar algunas contribuciones conceptuales y metodológicas para estudiar la movilidad y el transporte, como marco para una reflexión sobre los retos que plantea la ciudad de la globalización, tanto a la gestión como a la academia. Metodológicamente se revisa la discusión en el campo, desde el uso práctico de los términos y desde la teoría. Como resultado se recrean definiciones de movilidad, de transporte, y de la propia de la unidad de estudio: el viaje. Se baliza el campo de conocimiento resultante y se plantea el desarrollo de un cuerpo teórico- metodológico complementario del tradicional en transporte.To reflect on the challenges of urban mobility and transport, it is useful begin by defining the precise meaning of these concepts, point out what and how they measure, and according to them, the followed consequential evaluation and decision making process. This paper aims to provide some conceptual and methodological contributions to mobility and transport studies, regarding them as a necessary framework to understand the challenges raised in globalized cities, in both practice and academic fields. Methodologically reviews the discussion in the field, from the practical and theoretical use of terms. As a result, we end up in a reconstruction of the definitions for mobility and transport, as well as unit of study: the journey. These tools set up a field of knowledge and claim for a theoreticalmethodological complementary corpus to the mainstream concepts in transport studies.Para reflexionar sobre os desafios da mobilidade urbana e o transporte, é útil começar por definir que entendemos por estes conceptos, revisar que e como medir os, e assim passar consequentemente à avalição, a tomada de decisão e as ações. O objetivo do artigo é aportar algumas contribuições conceptuais e metodológicas para estudar a mobilidade e o transporte como marco para uma reflexão sobre os retos que o planeja a cidade da globalização, tanto à gestão como à academia. Metodologicamente revisa-se a discussão no campo, desde o uso pratico dos términos e desde a teoria. Como resultado recriam-se definições de mobilidade, de transporte, e da própria da unidade do estudo: a viagem. Baliza-se o campo de conhecimento resultante e se apresenta o desenvolvimento de um corpo teórico-metodológico complementário do tradicional em transporte.Fil: Gutierrez, Andrea Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Para la práctica nada mejor que la teoría: Reflexiones iniciales para un transporte público en transformación

El objetivo del trabajo es proponer una reflexión de carácter teórico sobre el abordaje del transporte público de las grandes ciudades del capitalismo global. Los cambios acaecidos en la economía, en la sociedad y en el territorio en los últimos años tienen a las grandes ciudades como escenario privilegiado, e irremediablemente involucran a su movilidad interna. La dimensión adquirida en superficie y población, la carencia de recursos públicos, empleo e infraestructura de las regiones urbanas de los países pobres enfrentan al transporte público a desafíos complejos y de significativa envergadura económica y social. Es por ello que se considera la necesidad de incluir el plano teórico en el debate de la especialidad, a fin de encuadrar las propuestas técnicas en un contexto más amplio, orientado hacia la comprensión de su significado hacia la nueva realidad de las grandes ciudades, en especial la de aquellas crecientemente empobrecidas y desiguales, como las latinoamericanas.Fil: Gutierrez, Andrea Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Departamento de Geografía; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía "Romualdo Ardissone"; Argentin

Reglamentación y plusganancias en el autotransporte urbano: El caso de Buenos Aires

El objetivo del trabajo es aportar una reflexión teórica acerca de la reglamentación del autotransporte urbano de pasajeros. Se parte de una presentación de los principales enfoques teóricos que sustentan el debate académico acerca de la reglamentación, procurando profundizar su definición conceptual y definir la perspectiva del análisis. A continuación se examina la relación entre reglamentación y generación de diferenciales de acumulación de las empresas operadoras, utilizando los conceptos de plusganancia y renta de la economía política. La investigación empírica refiere al caso del autotransporte metropolitano de Buenos Aires, y observa el comportamiento de la ecuación económica definida por la reglamentación en base a datos de empresas reales del sistema. Se concluye que en mercados de autotransporte público urbano estrictamente reglamentados pueden existir diferenciales de acumulación, originados en beneficios directamente improductivos generados por la reglamentación. Siendo estas plusganancias empresarias susceptibles de fijarse como rentas, se propone su conceptualización como rentas reglamentarias.Regulation and surplus profit in the urban bus transport. The case of Buenos Aires. The purpose of this paper is to contribute a theoretical reflection about the regulation of the urban public transport system. We start from a presentation of the main theoretical approaches supporting the academic debate about the regulation, trying to analyze its conceptual definition in depth and to define the approach of the analysis. Then, through the use of political economy concepts, such as surplus profit and income, we examine the relationship between regulation and generation of accumulation differentials obtained by the operating companies. The empirical research refers to the case of Buenos Aires metropolitan public transport and shows the behavior of the economic equation defined by the regulation on the basis of data from actual companies in the system. The conclusion is that in strictly regulated urban public transport systems there may exist accumulation differentials originated in unproductive benefits directly generated by the regulation. Since these surplus profits obtained by the companies may be established as income, we propose their conceptualization as statutory income.Fil: Gutierrez, Andrea Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía "Romualdo Ardissone"; Argentin

La movilidad cotidiana en ciudades argentinas: Un análisis comparado con enfoque de genero

Argentina tiene escasa tradición en la realización de encuestas de movilidad domiciliaria. Sin embargo, entre 2008 y 2013 se efectuaron de manera oficial en 10 áreas metropolitanas del país, generándose bases de datos estadísticos sobre transporte y movilidad de acceso público que, llamativamente, aún permanecen subutilizadas tanto por los estudios técnicos como académicos. En este marco, el trabajo realiza un análisis comparado y con enfoque de género de las encuestas disponibles, con el objetivo de aportar evidencia a escala nacional sobre la movilidad cotidiana de las mujeres, y por su intermedio, sobre la persistencia de desigualdades no obstante su creciente inserción en el mercado de trabajo. El cotejo busca asimismo aportar a una reflexión sobre las generalidades y las singularidades que hacen a identificar un patrón de género en las ciudades de la globalización, en tanto contexto histórico y territorial de los cambios sociales, culturales y tecnológicos de la humanidad, en curso.Argentina does not have a long tradition in performing household mobility surveys. However, between 2008 and 2013, they were officially carried out in 10 metropolitan areas of the country, creating transport and mobility quantitative databases which counts with public access but remain underused by both technical and academic studies. Considering this, this paper will present a comparative and gender-sensitive analysis of the available surveys, with the aim of providing federal-level evidence on the daily mobility of women, and through it, on the persistence of inequalities despite the progressive insertion of women in the labor market. The comparison also seeks to contribute to a reflection on the generalities and singularities that lead to the identification of a gender pattern in the cities of globalization, as a historical and territorial context of the social, cultural and technological changes of humanity, still in progress.Fil: Gutierrez, Andrea Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía "Romualdo Ardissone"; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, Leda Paula Mariel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía "Romualdo Ardissone"; Argentin

Rv2617c and P36 are virulence factors of pathogenic mycobacteria involved in resistance to oxidative stress

In this study, we characterized the role of Rv2617c in the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rv2617c is a protein of unknown function unique to M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) and Mycobacterium leprae. In vitro, this protein interacts with the virulence factor P36 (also named Erp) and KdpF, a protein linked to nitrosative stress. Here, we showed that knockout of the Rv2617c gene in M. tuberculosis CDC1551 reduced the replication of the pathogen in a mouse model of infection and favored the trafficking of mycobacteria to phagolysosomes. We also demonstrated that Rv2617c and P36 are required for resistance to in vitro hydrogen peroxide treatment in M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis, respectively. These findings indicate Rv2617c and P36 act in concert to prevent bacterial damage upon oxidative stress.Instituto de BiotecnologíaFil: Forrellad, Marina Andrea. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, Cristina Lourdes. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Federico Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Klepp, Laura Ines. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Garcia, Elizabeth Andrea. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rocha, Rosana Valeria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Villafañe, Luciana Maria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bigi, María Mercedes. Fil: Bigi, María Mercedes. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez, Maximiliano Gabriel. The Francis Crick Institute, Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory; Reino UnidoFil: Bigi, Fabiana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas; Argentin

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Ensayos sobre aplicación de la Teoría del Estado en las algunas culturas del Perú antiguo

Investigations of State Theory on the cultures of ancient Peru.Capítulos de libro con investigaciones de Teoría del Estado sobre las culturas del Perú antiguo, realizado por docentes y estudiantes de la Escuela Profesional de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno.      

Ensayos sobre aplicación de la Teoría del Estado en las algunas culturas del Perú antiguo

Investigations of State Theory on the cultures of ancient Peru.Capítulos de libro con investigaciones de Teoría del Estado sobre las culturas del Perú antiguo, realizado por docentes y estudiantes de la Escuela Profesional de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno.