Profili di "comunitarizzazione" del terzo pilastro

Nell'articolo, licenziato prima dell'entrata in vigore del trattato di Lisbona, si procede all'analisi della politica dell'Unione europea in materia penale. In una prima parte si considera l'esigenza da cui nasce la cooperazione penale tra gli Stati membri che è strettamente connessa alla piena realizzazione delle libertà nel mercato unico che, in qualche modo, possono favorire la circolazione senza controllo dei fenomeni criminali. Tale forma di cooperazione nasce come cooperazione "intergovernativa" con il Trattato sull'Unione europea stipulato a Maastricht nel 1993, nell'ambito del terzo pilastro dell'Unione, tuttavia, ingerenze nella materia penale da parte della Comunità, proprio in quanto settore collegato al mercato interno, si rinvengono già in atti normativi relativi alla libera circolazione delle persone, quindi nel primo pilastro. A tal proposito si analizza la giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia in tema di reati ambientali, Commissione c. Consiglio, sentenza 13 settembre 2005, causa C-176/03, in cui la Corte annulla una decisione quadro e riconosce la competenza in materia penale nel primo pilastro comunitario ma solo in via funzionale alla realizzazione di una politica comunitaria, nel caso di specie, in materia ambientale. In una successiva sentenza, Commissione c. Consiglio, 27 ottobre 2007, causa C-440/05, la Corte riconosce nuovamente la competenza penale del primo pilastro in quanto funzionale alla realizzazione di una politica comunitaria, ma precisa che è interdetto alle istituzioni UE lo stabilire il tipo e l'entità delle sanzioni penali poiché tale competenza resta una prerogativa degli Stati membri. Nella seconda parte del lavoro oggetto d'esame è la progressiva "comunitarizzazione" del settore penale. Tale fenomeno, ante Lisbona, si è realizzato attraverso il riconoscimento da parte della Corte di giustizia dell'operatività nel terzo pilastro di principi comunitari quali l'obbligo di leale cooperazione e d'interpretazione conforme nella nota sentenza Pupino del 16 giugno 2005, causa C- 105/03. Si analizza, quindi, l'impatto che tale esportazione di principi dal primo al terzo pilastro ha sull'ordinamento interno. Infine, si procede ad una breve disamina delle prospettive delineate dal Trattato di Lisbona (all'epoca non ancora in vigore ma già redatto nella sua versione definitiva) che attraverso l'abolizione dei pilastri dell'Unione colloca la cooperazione penale nel più ampio spazio di libertà sicurezza e giustizia del Trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea, insieme alla cooperazione civile. Si realizza l’estensione del metodo comunitario alla cooperazione penale, tuttavia, nelle disposizioni relative alla materia penale si inserisce un meccanismo tipico della cooperazione intergovernativa (il “freno d’emergenza” nella procedura di formazione degli atti), previsto dal testo del TUE esclusivamente nel pilastro della politica estera e di sicurezza comune PESC . Ciò rispecchia probabilmente la volontà dei governi degli Stati membri di riservarsi la possibilità di continuare a porre un “veto” all’adozione degli atti in materia penale, nonostante l’abbandono della regola dell’unanimità e la previsione del più democratico strumento della procedura legislativa ordinaria. Sembra, quindi, profilarsi nel TFUE il tentativo di conciliare il metodo comunitario con tecniche legislative tipicamente riconducibili alla forma più radicale del metodo intergovernativo quale è quello che caratterizza per l’appunto la cooperazione nella politica estera e di sicurezza comune dell’Unione

La tutela delle vittime dei reati nella recente giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia: un difficile equilibrio tra gli interessi della vittima vulnerabile ed i diritti dell’indagato

Gli artt. 2, 3 e 8, n. 4, della decisione quadro del Consiglio 15 marzo 2001, 2001/220/GAI, relativa alla posizione della vittima nel procedimento penale, devono essere interpretati nel senso che non ostano a disposizioni nazionali, come quelle di cui agli artt. 392, comma 1 bis, 398, comma 5 bis, e 394 del codice di procedura penale, che, da un lato, non prevedono l'obbligo per il pubblico ministero di rivolgersi al giudice affinché quest'ultimo consenta ad una vittima particolarmente vulnerabile di essere sentita e di deporre secondo le modalità dell'incidente probatorio nell'ambito della fase istruttoria del procedimento penale e, dall'altro, non autorizzano detta vittima a proporre ricorso dinanzi ad un giudice avverso la decisione del pubblico ministero recante rigetto della sua domanda di essere sentita e di deporre secondo tali modalità

I confini della competenza dell'Unione europea nel settore culturale

The Cultural European Union competence is a competence to carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement the actions of the Member States. The Member States have exclusive competence in the culture area. In this Paper we analyze the limits of cultural competences of the European Union as they have evolved in European integration, with particular reference to the cultural heritage

Effect of Embryo Aggregation on in Vitro Development of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Bovine Clones

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a method with unique ability to reprogram the epigenome of a fully differentiated cell. However, its efficiency remains extremely low. In this work, we assessed and combined two simple strategies to improve the SCNT efficiency in the bovine. These are the use of less-differentiated donor cells to facilitate nuclear reprogramming and the embryo aggregation (EA) strategy that is thought to compensate for aberrant epigenome reprogramming. We carefully assessed the optimal time of EA by using in vitro-fertilized (IVF) embryos and evaluated whether the use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) as donor for SCNT together with EA improves the blastocyst rates and quality. Based on our results, we determined that the EA improves the preimplantation embryo development per well of IVF and SCNT embryos. We also demonstrated that day 0 (D0) is the optimal aggregation time that leads to a single blastocyst with uniform distribution of the original blastomeres. This was confirmed in bovine IVF embryos and then, the optimal condition was translated to SCNT embryos. Notably, the relative expression of the trophectoderm (TE) marker KRT18 was significantly different between aggregated and nonaggregated ASC-derived embryos. In the bovine, no effect of the donor cell is observed on the developmental rate, or the embryo quality. Therefore, no synergistic effect of the use of both strategies is observed. Our results suggest that EA at D0 is a simple and accessible strategy that improves the blastocyst rate per well in bovine SCNT and IVF embryos and influence the expression of a TE-related marker. The aggregation of two ASC-derived embryos seems to positively affect the embryo quality, which may improve the postimplantation development.Fil: Savy, Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Alberio, Virgilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Vans Landschoot, Geraldina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Moro, Lucía Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia; ArgentinaFil: Olea, Fernanda Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería. Fundación Favaloro. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Álvarez, Lleretny. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Salamone, Daniel Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; Argentin

Pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 antibodies in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires in Argentina

SummaryObjectiveTo estimate the infection prevalence in Buenos Aires during the outbreak of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus (A(H1N1)pdm09).MethodsA(H1N1)pdm09-specific antibodies were measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay in human serum samples collected 6 months after the outbreak and before the introduction of the A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in Argentina. Baseline levels of cross-reactive antibodies to A(H1N1)pdm09 were determined by testing 162 serum samples collected before 2009.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence of A(H1N1)pdm09 in 150 children and 427 adults was 28.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 25–33%), with a 58.0% prevalence in children <19 years of age and an 18.7% prevalence in adults ≥19 years of age (p<0.001). The prevalence was 43.5% in children <5 years old and 60.6% among children aged 5–18 years. The prevalence in adults declined with increasing age: 24.9% in 19–39-year-olds, 9.7% in 40–59-year-olds, and 8.1% in those ≥60 years old. The prevalence of specific A(H1N1)pdm09 antibodies was higher compared with the baseline in children (p=0.014), adolescents (p<0.001), and adults <40 years old (p=0.017). Seroprevalence in health care workers was not different from the rest of the population (13.6% vs. 19.3%, respectively; p=0.421).ConclusionsThe prevalence of specific A(H1N1)pdm09 antibodies was high at 28.9%. The highest prevalence was observed in children, adolescents, and young adults

Evaluation of the SH-SY5Y cell line as an in vitro model for potency testing of a neuropeptide-expressing AAV vector

Viral vectors have become important tools for basic research and clinical gene therapy over the past years. However, in vitro testing of vector-derived transgene function can be challenging when specific post-translational modifications are needed for biological activity. Similarly, neuropeptide precursors need to be processed to yield mature neuropeptides. SH-SY5Y is a human neuroblastoma cell line commonly used due to its ability to differentiate into specific neuronal subtypes. In this study, we evaluate the suitability of SH-SY5Y cells in a potency assay for neuropeptide-expressing adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. We looked at the impact of neuronal differentiation and compared single-stranded (ss) AAV and self-complementary (sc) AAV transduction at increasing MOIs, RNA transcription kinetics, as well as protein expression and mature neuropeptide production. SH-SY5Y cells proved highly transducible with AAV1 already at low MOIs in the undifferentiated state and even better after neuronal differentiation. Readouts were GFP or neuropeptide mRNA expression. Production of mature neuropeptides was poor in undifferentiated cells. By contrast, differentiated cells produced and sequestered mature neuropeptides into the medium in a MOI-dependent manner

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Proceedings of the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2018

On behalf of the Program Committee, a very warm welcome to the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-­‐it 2018). This edition of the conference is held in Torino. The conference is locally organised by the University of Torino and hosted into its prestigious main lecture hall “Cavallerizza Reale”. The CLiC-­‐it conference series is an initiative of the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics (AILC) which, after five years of activity, has clearly established itself as the premier national forum for research and development in the fields of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing, where leading researchers and practitioners from academia and industry meet to share their research results, experiences, and challenges