Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. FINDINGS: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. INTERPRETATION: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. FUNDING: WHO

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Efeitos do imiquimode na cicatrizaÃÃo de queimaduras em ratos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoQueimaduras podem causar substancial morbidade e contraturas devido à hiperproliferaÃÃo fibroblÃstica. O imiquimode, imunomodulador utilizado em doenÃas virais e neoplasias cutÃneas, promove resposta imune inata e adaptativa, interagindo com Toll-Like Receptors, permitindo reconhecer antÃgenos e cÃlulas invasoras, ativando cÃlulas de Langerhans e citocinas endÃgenas capazes de suprimir a hiperproliferaÃÃo fibroblÃstica, mostrando-se Ãtil no tratamento de cicatrizes hipertrÃficas e quelÃides. Inexistiam trabalhos sobre o imiquimode em queimaduras cutÃneas. Avaliou-se os efeitos do imiquimode na cicatrizaÃÃo de queimaduras utilizando-se mÃtodos macroscÃpicos, microscÃpicos e computacionais. Produziram-se queimaduras dÃrmicas profundas de cada lado da linha mÃdia dorsal em 32 ratos Wistar utilizando um ferro-de-solda modificado aplicado a pele por 9s. Instituiram-se tratamentos 3X/semana a partir do segundo dia pÃs-queimadura (D2PQ). No lado direito (controle) utilizou-se soluÃÃo salina isotÃnica (SAL). à esquerda utilizou-se imiquimode (IMQ) tÃpico 5%. Oito animais foram eutanasiados nos D4, D7, D14 e D21PQ, obtendo-se fotografias digitais e amostras teciduais. Na anÃlise macroscÃpica utilizou-se escala visual analÃgica (EVA), escala de exame clÃnico (EEC) e planimetria digital. Para anÃlises microscÃpicas utilizaram-se amostras coradas pela hematoxilina-eosina (HE) ou picrosirius-red (PR). Nas amostras HE, sob microscopia Ãtica, quantificou-se o tipo e a intensidade da reaÃÃo inflamatÃria e a involuÃÃo temporal do dano tecidual pela atribuiÃÃo de escores. Amostras PR foram analisadas à microscopia de luz polarizada, quantificando-se a densidade do colÃgeno tipo I e tipo III e razÃo colÃgeno I: colÃgeno III (RazÃo I:III). NÃo houve mortes, infecÃÃo nem autocanibalismo. Os parÃmetros biomÃtricos nÃo evidenciaram efeitos deletÃrios sobre o estado nutricional. A EVA favoreceu discretamente o grupo SAL (P=0,0491). A EEC nÃo mostrou diferenÃas significativas. A planimetria digital evidenciou menor velocidade de reparaÃÃo nas feridas do grupo IMQ (P<0,05). A quantificaÃÃo da Ãrea de lesÃo mostrou involuÃÃo similar, exceto no D14PQ onde a Ãrea de necrose era maior no grupo IMQ (P<0,05). A anÃlise histolÃgica qualitativa mostrou um processo reparatÃrio mais lentificado no grupo IMQ em todos os tempos. No D7PQ, a intensidade da reaÃÃo inflamatÃria foi classificada como discreta em 50% das feridas do grupo SAL e intensa ou moderada em 75% do grupo IMQ (P<0,005). No D21PQ a inflamaÃÃo foi mais extensa no grupo IMQ (P<0,005). Observou-se que 50% das feridas do grupo SAL exibiam reaÃÃo inflamatÃria subaguda e 37,5% crÃnica, enquanto nenhuma ferida do grupo IMQ mostrava inflamaÃÃo crÃnica no D7PQ (P<0,005). No D21PQ a inflamaÃÃo no grupo IMQ era subaguda (68,75%) e no grupo SAL 56,25% era crÃnica (P<0,05). A morfometria do colÃgeno evidenciou aumento do colÃgeno tipo I e diminuiÃÃo do colÃgeno tipo III nos dois grupos. A razÃo colÃgeno I: colÃgeno III foi menor no grupo IMQ em D4 e D21PQ (P<0,05). O modelo reproduziu queimaduras dÃrmicas, preservando anexos essenciais à reepitelizaÃÃo. A picrossirius-polarizaÃÃo foi eficaz no reconhecimento do colÃgeno e os mÃtodos computacionais foram eficientes, identificando diferenÃas mÃnimas no processo lesÃo-reparaÃÃo. O imiquimode foi eficaz em promover o processo inflamatÃrio e retardar a maturaÃÃo, gerando menor quantidade de fibroseBurns can result in substantial morbidity because of fibroblastic hyperproliferation and contracture. Imiquimod is a immunomodifier -TLR-7 agonist used in viral diseases and in neoplastic conditions like actinic keratosis, melanoma, and non-melanoma skin cancer. It acts by promoting endogenous cytokines known to suppress fibroblast proliferation. A new recent use is in treating keloids and hypertrophic scars to reduce scarring. No study of the effect of imiquimod on cutaneous burns has been performed. This study examined burn healing in the presence of topical imiquimod by evaluation of wound appearance, computer-aided image analysis, and histology in a rat model. Standardized partial-thickness burns were produced on the dorsum of thirty-two Wistar rats. Right-sided wounds received therapy with isotonic saline (sham). Left-sided wounds were treated with imiquimod cream at 5% (IMQ). This was repeated 3 times/week after injury. Euthanasia was performed at 4th, 7th, 14th and 21st Postburn days (PBD). Wounds were harvested for histological analysis. Evaluation of wound appearance was performed using clinical assessment scale (CAS) and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Scars area and perimeter were measured using digital planimetry to assess wound edge migration by Gilmanâs modified Equation. Inflammation type and intensity was graded by histological scale. Collagen type was identified by picrosirius-polarization and morphometric analysis was performed. VAS scores showed discretally improved appearance in the imiquimod-treated wounds versus the saline-treated control at PBD21 (P=0.0491). There was no difference in CAS scores. Wound edge migration was significantly slowest in imiquimod-treated wounds (p<0.05). Histological evidence of partial thickness dermal injury with sparing of dermal appendage epithelial cells was seen in all wounds. Histologic characteristics of gradually diminished injured area between groups were similar except in imiquimod-treated wounds at PBD14 (p<0.05). Inflamattory state was bigger in imiquimod-treated wounds at PBD7 and PBD21 (p<0.005). At PBD7 there was no chronic-type of inflammatory reaction in imiquimod-treated group, although in saline-treated group chronic plus sub-acute type was present in 87.5% (p<0.005). At PBD21 68.75% of imiquimod-treated group showed acute plus subacute inflammatory state, and saline-treated group displayed chronic-type in 56.25% of the wounds. The total amount of collagen increased in both groups throughout all time points. Morphometry showed an inversed ratio type I to type III collagen. Ratios of type I collagen to type III collagen was much lower in imiquimod-treated wounds at PBD4 and PBD21. Topical treatment with Imiquimod 5% cream for partial-thickness burn wounds 3 times/week courses do not improve clinical appearance and scarring during late healing. There is no difference in histology during the short-term healing process. Computer-aided image proccessing was efficient to evaluate burned-wound healing. Wound healing and fibrosis was impaired in imiquimod- treated wound grou