Free, Prior and Informed Consent : does it give indigenous peoples more control over development of their lands in the Philippines?

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-167).The 1998 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) grants indigenous peoples (IPs) in the Philippines the right to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) with regard to development projects undertaken on their ancestral lands. My thesis explores whether the current practice of generating such consent guarantees indigenous peoples the control over development, particularly in relation to mining, that such procedures were designed to ensure. Two case studies involving the Mamanwa and the Manobo tribes in Region XIII of Mindanao suggest that the government agencies involved failed to follow the rules set out in the officially approved guidelines that govern the conduct of the FPIC process. The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) - the operating agency for FPIC in the Philippines - does not seem to have either the facilitation skills or an understanding of the complexity of issues involved required to achieve the goals of the 1998 IPRA. NCIP does not have the resources it needs to do its job and at times appears powerless vis-a-vis the mining companies and the Philippine government which has aggressively pursued the expansion and deregulation of the mining industry. In my two representative case studies, the mining companies used the promise of financial benefits at the outset of the consultations to short circuit the required FPIC process. Long-term social and environmental impacts and benefits were hardly discussed. The responses of the mining companies to concerns expressed by the tribes were not transparent. The Memorandums of Agreement (MOAs) produced in both cases hardly mentioned what would be done to meet the concerns of the aboriginal leadership before, during and after mining operations commenced.(cont.) Cultural erosion in many IP communities has led to the imposition of centralized decisionmaking that works against the goals of the FPIC process. In addition, the traditional decisionmaking procedures employed by IPs are inadequate to generate the kind .of conversation required to ensure Free, Prior and Informed Consent. Finally, most IP communities do not have a long-term development plans. They live on a day-to-day basis merely trying to survive. In the absence of such plans, it is hard to see how the tribes involved can really make informed decisions and ask for appropriate safeguards and shared commitments.by Ronilda R. Co.M.C.P

Ensayo clínico aleatorizado: efecto de la ovoalbúmina sobre la acidogenicidad del biofilm y el PH salival

44 p.Se ha reportado evidencia sobre el potencial de la ovoalbúmina como agente anti caries en múltiples estudios in vitro, pero su efecto in vivo no ha sido comprobado. Objetivo: Determinar si la ovoalbúmina posee un efecto modulador sobre la acidogenicidad del biofilm dental y el pH salival, frente a la acción cariogénica de la sacarosa, in vivo. Procedimientos: Se realizó un estudio clínico aleatorizado doble ciego, en 4 fases, donde participaron 12 voluntarios sanos, previo a cada sesión, estos suspendieron el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sus hábitos de higiene oral durante las 48 horas previas y ayunaron durante 8 hrs. Los participantes fueron asignados leatoriamente a uno de 4 grupos en cada fase, donde todos los sujetos fueron expuestos a sacarosa 10% por un minuto, seguido del tratamiento asignado por un minuto adicional: agua destilada (control) (grupo 1), ovoalbúmina 0.2% (grupo 2), ovoalbúmina 2% (grupo 3) o fluoruro de sodio 0.05% (control anti caries) (grupo 4). Se realizó la recolección de muestras de saliva con anterioridad a la administración de los enjuagues y luego a los 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 y 30 minutos posteriores a la administración de los tratamientos. Posteriormente se midió el pH de las muestras de saliva con un pH metro (HI91926, HANNA, Rumania). A su vez, se midió la acidogenicidad del biofilm a nivel del espacio interdental entre primer molar y primer premolar del cuadrante I, en los mismos tiempos antes mencionados, con tiras de pH reactivas (Spezialindikator, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Posteriormente se calculó el área bajo la cuerva (AUC) y se comparó las diferencias entre los tratamientos con un nivel de significancia de p<0,05. Resultados: al comparar con el tratamiento de sacarosa seguido de agua destilada, la ovoalbúmina redujo efectivamente la caída del pH en saliva y biofilm, AUC fue significativamente más baja en los 2, 5, 10 y 15 minutos posteriores al tratamiento (p<0,0001). A los 20 y 30 minutos, el pH retorno a su nivel basal sin diferencias entre los diferentes grupos. Conclusión: el enjuague de ovoalbúmina podría modular eficazmente la caída del pH de la cavidad oral inducida por la sacarosa. La ovoalbúmina podría ser usado como un nuevo agente anti caries

Intervenciones sanitarias en poblaciones marginales de la ciudad de Córdoba

Este programa aborda la investigación epidemiológica, el diagnóstico, tratamiento y medidas profilácticas para control de diversas patologías, desde una construcción local, con el objetivo de lograr una vida más digna. La intervención sanitaria con su objetivo de prevención, tratamiento y educación en el área de salud es un modelo de atención primaria que intenta alcanzar “la salud para todos”.Fil: Giraudo, Federico Javier. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; ArgentinaFil: Rollán, María del Rosario. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Argentin

Intervenciones sanitarias en poblaciones marginales de la ciudad de córdoba

Este programa aborda la investigación epidemiológica, el diagnóstico, tratamiento y medidas profilácticas para control de diversas patologías, desde una construcción local, con el objetivo de lograr una vida más digna. La intervención sanitaria con su objetivo de prevención, tratamiento y educación en el área de salud es un modelo de atención primaria que intenta alcanzar “la salud para todos”.Fil: Giraudo, Federico Javier. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; ArgentinaFil: Rollán, María del Rosario. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Argentin

Factores determinantes que condicionan el comportamiento ético frente a la evasión de impuestos. Parte I

88 p.Esta investigación explora cómo influyen los distintos determinantes en el comportamiento del contribuyente frente a la evasión fiscal, buscando la respuesta, por medio de revisión literaria de investigaciones, informes y libros. Mediante éstos se explorará la cultura tributaria y conexión que se genera con la Educación Cívica- Tributaria, y cuál es la influencia que podrían tener el comportamiento ético del contribuyente frente al cumplimiento impositivo. El propósito de este estudio se enmarcará en analizar los programas de educación fiscal de la Administración Tributaria (Servicio de Impuestos Internos y otros entes públicos), así evidenciar como la educación chilena no incorpora dentro de sus mallas curriculares la relevancia que tienen los impuestos y su obligación social de pagarlos. El enfoque metodológico que tendrá esta investigación es cualitativo, debido a la naturaleza de los datos que serán considerados, estos no serán de carácter numérico. La recolección va dirigida a proporcionar una mayor comprensión respecto de la cultura y educación tributaria y cívica, que cobran relevancia en los tiempos que corren, dada la contingencia que vive el país, la evasión fiscal, la falta de compromiso y cumplimiento de los ciudadanos con la administración de los fondos públicos. Este estudio se orientará a determinar cuáles son los lineamientos realizados, tanto por entes públicos fiscales, así como las instituciones de educación, tanto aquellos declarados y no cumplidos, así como también aquellos que se alejan o no se involucran en el contexto de la importancia de los impuestos en la recaudación y distribución de los recursos fiscales, en un ámbito social y solidario. Finalmente, entregará los resultados obtenidos en cuanto se refiere a la actuación de la Administración fiscal y los entes de educación en los distintos niveles de enseñanza. // ABSTRACT: This research explores how the different determinants influence taxpayer’s behavior in the face of tax evasion, seeking the answer through a literary review of research, reports, and books. This research explores how the different determinants influence the taxpayer's behavior in the face of tax evasion, seeking the answer through a literary review of research, reports, and books. Through these, the tax culture and its connection with Civic-Tax Education will be explored, and what is the influence that the ethical behavior of the taxpayer could have in relation to tax compliance. The purpose of this study will be framed in analyzing the tax education programs of the Tax Administration (Internal Revenue Service and other public entities), thus demonstrating how Chilean education does not incorporate within its curricular networks the relevance of taxes and their social obligation to pay them. The methodological approach of this research is qualitative due to the nature of the data that will be considered, which will not be numerical. The collection is aimed at providing a greater understanding of culture, tax, and civic education, which are relevant in these times, given the national contingency, tax evasion, the lack of commitment, and compliance of citizens with the administration of public funds. This study will be oriented to determine which are the guidelines carried out, both by public fiscal entities and educational institutions, both those declared and not complied with, as well as those that move away or are not involved in the context of the importance of taxes in collection and distribution of fiscal resources, in a social and supportive environment. Finally, it will deliver the results obtained regarding the performance of the Tax Administration and educational entities at the different levels of education

Ferromanganese nodules and micro-hardgrounds associated with the Cadiz Contourite Channel (NE Atlantic): Palaeoenvironmental records of fluid venting and bottom currents

Ferromanganese nodule fields and hardgrounds have recently been discovered in the Cadiz Contourite Channel in the Gulf of Cadiz (850–1000 m). This channel is part of a large contourite depositional system generated by the Mediterranean Outflow Water. Ferromanganese deposits linked to contourites are interesting tools for palaeoenviromental studies and show an increasing economic interest as potential mineral resources for base and strategic metals. We present a complete characterisation of these deposits based on submarine photographs and geophysical, petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical data. The genesis and growth of ferromanganese deposits, strongly enriched in Fe vs. Mn (av. 39% vs. 6%) in this contourite depositional system result from the combination of hydrogenetic and diagenetic processes. The interaction of the Mediterranean Outflow Water with the continental margin has led to the formation of Late Pleistocene–Holocene ferromanganese mineral deposits, in parallel to the evolution of the contourite depositional system triggered by climatic and tectonic events. The diagenetic growth was fuelled by the anaerobic oxidation of thermogenic hydrocarbons (δ13CPDB=−20 to −37‰) and organic matter within the channel floor sediments, promoting the formation of Fe–Mn carbonate nodules. High 87Sr/86Sr isotopic values (up to 0.70993±0.00025) observed in the inner parts of nodules are related to the influence of radiogenic fluids fuelled by deep-seated fluid venting across the fault systems in the diapirs below the Cadiz Contourite Channel. Erosive action of the Mediterranean Outflow Water undercurrent could have exhumed the Fe–Mn carbonate nodules, especially in the glacial periods, when the lower core of the undercurrent was more active in the study area. The growth rate determined by 230Thexcess/232Th was 113±11 mm/Ma, supporting the hypothesis that the growth of the nodules records palaeoenvironmental changes during the last 70 ka. Ca-rich layers in the nodules could point to the interaction between the Mediterranean Outflow Water and the North Atlantic Deep Water during the Heinrich events. Siderite–rhodochrosite nodules exposed to the oxidising seabottom waters were replaced by Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides. Slow hydrogenetic growth of goethite from the seawaters is observed in the outermost parts of the exhumed nodules and hardgrounds, which show imprints of the Mediterranean Outflow Water with low 87Sr/86Sr isotopic values (down to 0.70693±0.00081). We propose a new genetic and evolutionary model for ferromanganese oxide nodules derived from ferromanganese carbonate nodules formed on continental margins above the carbonate compensation depth and dominated by hydrocarbon seepage structures and strong erosive action of bottom currents. We also compare and discuss the generation of ferromanganese deposits in the Cadiz Contourite Channel with that in other locations and suggest that our model can be applied to ferromanganiferous deposits in other contouritic systems affected by fluid venting

Supported exercise TrAining for Men wIth prostate caNcer on Androgen deprivation therapy (STAMINA): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the STAMINA lifestyle intervention compared with optimised usual care, including internal pilot and parallel process evaluation

Background: UK national clinical guidance recommends that men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy are offered twice weekly supervised aerobic and resistance exercise to address iatrogenic harm caused by treatment. Very few NHS trusts have established adequate provision of such services. Furthermore, interventions fail to demonstrate sustained behaviour change. The STAMINA lifestyle intervention offers a system-level change to clinical care delivery addressing barriers to long-term behaviour change and implementation of new prostate cancer care pathways. This trial aims to establish whether STAMINA is clinically and cost-effective in improving cancer-specific quality of life and/or reducing fatigue compared to optimised usual care. The process evaluation aims to inform the interpretation of results and, if the intervention is shown to benefit patients, to inform the implementation of the intervention into the NHS. Methods: Men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy (n = 697) will be identified from a minimum of 12 UK NHS trusts to participate in a multi-centre, two-arm, individually randomised controlled trial. Consenting men will have a ‘safety to exercise’ check and be randomly allocated (5:4) to the STAMINA lifestyle intervention (n = 384) or optimised usual care (n = 313). Outcomes will be collected at baseline, 3-, 6- and 12-month post-randomisation. The two primary outcomes are cancer-specific quality of life and fatigue. The parallel process evaluation will follow a mixed-methods approach to explore recruitment and aspects of the intervention including, reach, fidelity, acceptability, and implementation. An economic evaluation will estimate the cost-effectiveness of the STAMINA lifestyle intervention versus optimised usual care and a discrete choice experiment will explore patient preferences. Discussion: The STAMINA lifestyle intervention has the potential to improve quality of life and reduce fatigue in men on androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Embedding supervised exercise into prostate cancer care may also support long-term positive behaviour change and reduce adverse events caused by treatment. Findings will inform future clinical care and could provide a blueprint for the integration of supervised exercise and behavioural support into other cancer and/or clinical services. Trial registration: ISRCTN 46385239, registered on 30/07/2020. Cancer Research UK 17002, retrospectively registered on 24/08/2022

Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America—A Systematic Review

Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease characterized by fever, spleen and liver enlargement, and low blood cell counts. In the Americas VL is zoonotic, with domestic dogs as main animal reservoirs, and is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi). Humans acquire the infection through the bite of an infected sand fly. The disease is potentially lethal if untreated. VL is reported from Mexico to Argentina, with recent trends showing a rapid spread in Brazil. Control measures directed against the canine reservoir and insect vectors have been unsuccessful, and early detection and treatment of human cases remains as the most important strategy to reduce case fatality. Well-designed studies evaluating diagnosis, treatment, and prevention/control interventions are scarce. The available scientific evidence reasonably supports the use of rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of human disease. Properly designed randomized controlled trials following good clinical practices are needed to inform drug policy. Routine control strategies against the canine reservoirs and insect vectors are based on weak and conflicting evidence, and vector control strategies and vaccine development should constitute research priorities

Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults.

BACKGROUND: Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. METHODS: We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5-19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5-19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity). FINDINGS: Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (-0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval -0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69-1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64-1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (-0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50-1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4-1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8-6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5-1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7-9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0-12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8-10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4-19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3-14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7-29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5-38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44-117) million girls and 117 (70-178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24-89) million girls and 74 (39-125) million boys worldwide were obese. INTERPRETATION: The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury