Remedies for Non-Citizens under Provincial Nominee Programs: Judicial Review and Fiduciary Relationships

In Canada, more and more people get permanent residency under Provincial and Territorial Nominee Programs (PTNPs). Despite this new reality, there is today no detailed examination of the consequences of PTNPs for immigrants\u27 rights and protections. In this paper, we seek to fill this gap. As we show, PTNPs have no statutory basis and officials who administer these programs do not exercise statutory authority of any kind. An alternative would be that these programs become law ; then the decisions made under them would bejudicially reviewable for conformity with that law. However, it is unlikely to happen because flexibility is seen as the key characteristic of PTNPs. We contend that the concept of a fiduciary relationship and fiduciary obligation has evolved greatly in the last decades in Canadian law, and we suggest, as an alternative to judicial review, extending a fiduciary duty to public decision makers. As in any new subject area of research, we hope that our findings will form the basis for further study on this understudied, and yet very important topic

L'espace transmanche : un territoire transfrontalier représenté par ses résidents ?

International audienceThis contribution reports on a research work led within the framework of a PhD. Joining the field of the social and cultural geography, it grants a significant role to the analysis of interactions between the materiality –in particular the analysis of spatial practices– and the immateriality –mainly the study of representations– of space in the process of territorialisation. Representations are at the heart of the reflection because they allow the population to appro - priate the space. Its objectives are three-fold. First of all, abstract since it demonstrates why maritime cross-border territories and maritime spaces can be defined as territories of mobility. Then methodological as far as it proposes a protocol of analysis of spatial representations that is both quantitative and qualitative, by combining textual and graphic data. Finally empirical because it exposes unpublished empirical data concerning the cross-Channel space.Cette contribution rend compte d’un travail de recherche mené dans le cadre d’un doctorat. S’inscrivant dans le champ de la géographie sociale et culturelle, elle accorde une grande place à l’analyse des interactions entre la matérialité – notamment l’analyse des pratiques spatiales – et l’immatérialité – principalement l’étude des représentations – de l’espace dans le processus de territorialisation. Les représentations sont au cœur de la réflexion puisqu’elles permettent aux populations de s’approprier l’espace. L’objectif de ce travail est triple. Tout d’abord conceptuel puisqu’il démontre en quoi les territoires transfrontaliers maritimes et les espaces maritimes peuvent êtres définis comme des territoires de la mobilité. Puis méthodo - logique dans la mesure où il propose un protocole d’analyse des représentations spatiales alliant quantitatif et qualitatif en combinant données textuelles et graphiques. Enfin empirique puisqu’il expose des données empiriques inédites relatives à l’espace transmanche

A EUROPA E SUAS FRONTEIRAS, UMA QUESTÃO PROBLEMÁTICA

O artigo aborda a questão das fronteiras no interior da União Europeia reconhecendo que se trata de uma questão ao mesmo tempo sensível e problemática: sensível porque ela está ligada a escolhas políticas importantes relacionadas à sociedade (livre comércio, livre circulação ou fechamento das fronteiras à migração); problemática porque duas tendências principais e contraditórias perpassam a política fronteiriça europeia – a abertura das fronteiras internas e o fechamento das fronteiras externas. Após indagarem quais são os impactos desta dupla política fronteiriça sobre o território europeu, o artigo trata dos limites da Europa; a questão da identidade e da percepção dos limites e das descontinuidades fronteiriças; a questão do alargamento da União Europeia e a política regional com ênfase para as regiões transfronteiriças; a construção do território europeu, a contradição entre a abertura de fronteiras internas (Espaço Schengen, 1991) e o fechamento das fronteiras externas e as consequências desta política, como o número crescente de mortes de migrantes que batem às suas portas

Анаэробные неклостридиальные флегмоны таза: современный взгляд на проблемы хирургического лечения

Проанализированы современные литературные источники по проблеме хирургического лечения анаэробных неклостридиальных флегмон таза, выявлены дискуссионные и требующие дальнейшего изучения вопросы как оперативного, так и послеоперационного местного лечения патологического процесса.Проаналізовано сучасні літературні джерела з проблеми хірургічного лікування анаеробних неклостридіальних флегмон тазу, виявлено дискусійні питання як оперативного, так і післяопераційного місцевого лікування патологічного процесу, що потребують подальшого вивчення.Contemporary literature on the problem of surgical treatment of anaerobic nonclostridial cellulitis of the pelvis was analyzed. Disputable questions and those requiring research concerning both operative and postoperative topical treatment of the pathological process were revealed

Spearfishing Regulation Benefits Artisanal Fisheries: The ReGS Indicator and Its Application to a Multiple-Use Mediterranean Marine Protected Area

The development of fishing efficiency coupled with an increase of fishing effort led to the overexploitation of numerous natural marine resources. In addition to this commercial pressure, the impact of recreational activities on fish assemblages remains barely known. Here we examined the impact of spearfishing limitation on resources in a marine protected area (MPA) and the benefit it provides for the local artisanal fishery through the use of a novel indicator. We analysed trends in the fish assemblage composition using artisanal fisheries data collected in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (BSNR), a Mediterranean MPA where the spearfishing activity has been forbidden over 15% of its area. Fish species were pooled into three response groups according to their target level by spearfishing. We developed the new flexible ReGS indicator reflecting shifts in species assemblages according to the relative abundance of each response group facing external pressure. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased by ca. 60% in the BSNR between 2000 and 2007, while the MPA was established in 1999. The gain of CPUE strongly depended on the considered response group: for the highly targeted group, the CPUE doubled while the CPUE of the untargeted group increased by only 15.5%. The ReGS value significantly increased from 0.31 to 0.45 (on a scale between 0 and 1) in the general perimeter of this MPA while it has reached a threshold of 0.43, considered as a reference point, in the area protected from spearfishing since 1982. Our results demonstrated that limiting recreational fishing by appropriate zoning in multiple-use MPAs represents a real benefit for artisanal fisheries. More generally we showed how our new indicator may reveal a wide range of impacts on coastal ecosystems such as global change or habitat degradation

Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19

Background: We previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15–20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in ~ 80% of cases. Methods: We report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded. Results: No gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5–528.7, P = 1.1 × 10−4) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR = 3.70[95%CI 1.3–8.2], P = 2.1 × 10−4). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR = 19.65[95%CI 2.1–2635.4], P = 3.4 × 10−3), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR = 4.40[9%CI 2.3–8.4], P = 7.7 × 10−8). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD] = 43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P = 1.68 × 10−5). Conclusions: Rare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

L'espace transmanche : un territoire transfrontalier représenté par ses résidents ?

International audienceThis contribution reports on a research work led within the framework of a PhD. Joining the field of the social and cultural geography, it grants a significant role to the analysis of interactions between the materiality –in particular the analysis of spatial practices– and the immateriality –mainly the study of representations– of space in the process of territorialisation. Representations are at the heart of the reflection because they allow the population to appro - priate the space. Its objectives are three-fold. First of all, abstract since it demonstrates why maritime cross-border territories and maritime spaces can be defined as territories of mobility. Then methodological as far as it proposes a protocol of analysis of spatial representations that is both quantitative and qualitative, by combining textual and graphic data. Finally empirical because it exposes unpublished empirical data concerning the cross-Channel space.Cette contribution rend compte d’un travail de recherche mené dans le cadre d’un doctorat. S’inscrivant dans le champ de la géographie sociale et culturelle, elle accorde une grande place à l’analyse des interactions entre la matérialité – notamment l’analyse des pratiques spatiales – et l’immatérialité – principalement l’étude des représentations – de l’espace dans le processus de territorialisation. Les représentations sont au cœur de la réflexion puisqu’elles permettent aux populations de s’approprier l’espace. L’objectif de ce travail est triple. Tout d’abord conceptuel puisqu’il démontre en quoi les territoires transfrontaliers maritimes et les espaces maritimes peuvent êtres définis comme des territoires de la mobilité. Puis méthodo - logique dans la mesure où il propose un protocole d’analyse des représentations spatiales alliant quantitatif et qualitatif en combinant données textuelles et graphiques. Enfin empirique puisqu’il expose des données empiriques inédites relatives à l’espace transmanche