Remedies for Non-Citizens under Provincial Nominee Programs: Judicial Review and Fiduciary Relationships

In Canada, more and more people get permanent residency under Provincial and Territorial Nominee Programs (PTNPs). Despite this new reality, there is today no detailed examination of the consequences of PTNPs for immigrants\u27 rights and protections. In this paper, we seek to fill this gap. As we show, PTNPs have no statutory basis and officials who administer these programs do not exercise statutory authority of any kind. An alternative would be that these programs become law ; then the decisions made under them would bejudicially reviewable for conformity with that law. However, it is unlikely to happen because flexibility is seen as the key characteristic of PTNPs. We contend that the concept of a fiduciary relationship and fiduciary obligation has evolved greatly in the last decades in Canadian law, and we suggest, as an alternative to judicial review, extending a fiduciary duty to public decision makers. As in any new subject area of research, we hope that our findings will form the basis for further study on this understudied, and yet very important topic

L'espace transmanche : un territoire transfrontalier représenté par ses résidents ?

International audienceThis contribution reports on a research work led within the framework of a PhD. Joining the field of the social and cultural geography, it grants a significant role to the analysis of interactions between the materiality –in particular the analysis of spatial practices– and the immateriality –mainly the study of representations– of space in the process of territorialisation. Representations are at the heart of the reflection because they allow the population to appro - priate the space. Its objectives are three-fold. First of all, abstract since it demonstrates why maritime cross-border territories and maritime spaces can be defined as territories of mobility. Then methodological as far as it proposes a protocol of analysis of spatial representations that is both quantitative and qualitative, by combining textual and graphic data. Finally empirical because it exposes unpublished empirical data concerning the cross-Channel space.Cette contribution rend compte d’un travail de recherche mené dans le cadre d’un doctorat. S’inscrivant dans le champ de la géographie sociale et culturelle, elle accorde une grande place à l’analyse des interactions entre la matérialité – notamment l’analyse des pratiques spatiales – et l’immatérialité – principalement l’étude des représentations – de l’espace dans le processus de territorialisation. Les représentations sont au cœur de la réflexion puisqu’elles permettent aux populations de s’approprier l’espace. L’objectif de ce travail est triple. Tout d’abord conceptuel puisqu’il démontre en quoi les territoires transfrontaliers maritimes et les espaces maritimes peuvent êtres définis comme des territoires de la mobilité. Puis méthodo - logique dans la mesure où il propose un protocole d’analyse des représentations spatiales alliant quantitatif et qualitatif en combinant données textuelles et graphiques. Enfin empirique puisqu’il expose des données empiriques inédites relatives à l’espace transmanche

A EUROPA E SUAS FRONTEIRAS, UMA QUESTÃO PROBLEMÁTICA

O artigo aborda a questão das fronteiras no interior da União Europeia reconhecendo que se trata de uma questão ao mesmo tempo sensível e problemática: sensível porque ela está ligada a escolhas políticas importantes relacionadas à sociedade (livre comércio, livre circulação ou fechamento das fronteiras à migração); problemática porque duas tendências principais e contraditórias perpassam a política fronteiriça europeia – a abertura das fronteiras internas e o fechamento das fronteiras externas. Após indagarem quais são os impactos desta dupla política fronteiriça sobre o território europeu, o artigo trata dos limites da Europa; a questão da identidade e da percepção dos limites e das descontinuidades fronteiriças; a questão do alargamento da União Europeia e a política regional com ênfase para as regiões transfronteiriças; a construção do território europeu, a contradição entre a abertura de fronteiras internas (Espaço Schengen, 1991) e o fechamento das fronteiras externas e as consequências desta política, como o número crescente de mortes de migrantes que batem às suas portas

Анаэробные неклостридиальные флегмоны таза: современный взгляд на проблемы хирургического лечения

Проанализированы современные литературные источники по проблеме хирургического лечения анаэробных неклостридиальных флегмон таза, выявлены дискуссионные и требующие дальнейшего изучения вопросы как оперативного, так и послеоперационного местного лечения патологического процесса.Проаналізовано сучасні літературні джерела з проблеми хірургічного лікування анаеробних неклостридіальних флегмон тазу, виявлено дискусійні питання як оперативного, так і післяопераційного місцевого лікування патологічного процесу, що потребують подальшого вивчення.Contemporary literature on the problem of surgical treatment of anaerobic nonclostridial cellulitis of the pelvis was analyzed. Disputable questions and those requiring research concerning both operative and postoperative topical treatment of the pathological process were revealed

Spearfishing Regulation Benefits Artisanal Fisheries: The ReGS Indicator and Its Application to a Multiple-Use Mediterranean Marine Protected Area

The development of fishing efficiency coupled with an increase of fishing effort led to the overexploitation of numerous natural marine resources. In addition to this commercial pressure, the impact of recreational activities on fish assemblages remains barely known. Here we examined the impact of spearfishing limitation on resources in a marine protected area (MPA) and the benefit it provides for the local artisanal fishery through the use of a novel indicator. We analysed trends in the fish assemblage composition using artisanal fisheries data collected in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (BSNR), a Mediterranean MPA where the spearfishing activity has been forbidden over 15% of its area. Fish species were pooled into three response groups according to their target level by spearfishing. We developed the new flexible ReGS indicator reflecting shifts in species assemblages according to the relative abundance of each response group facing external pressure. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased by ca. 60% in the BSNR between 2000 and 2007, while the MPA was established in 1999. The gain of CPUE strongly depended on the considered response group: for the highly targeted group, the CPUE doubled while the CPUE of the untargeted group increased by only 15.5%. The ReGS value significantly increased from 0.31 to 0.45 (on a scale between 0 and 1) in the general perimeter of this MPA while it has reached a threshold of 0.43, considered as a reference point, in the area protected from spearfishing since 1982. Our results demonstrated that limiting recreational fishing by appropriate zoning in multiple-use MPAs represents a real benefit for artisanal fisheries. More generally we showed how our new indicator may reveal a wide range of impacts on coastal ecosystems such as global change or habitat degradation

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

L'espace transmanche : un territoire transfrontalier représenté par ses résidents ?

International audienceThis contribution reports on a research work led within the framework of a PhD. Joining the field of the social and cultural geography, it grants a significant role to the analysis of interactions between the materiality –in particular the analysis of spatial practices– and the immateriality –mainly the study of representations– of space in the process of territorialisation. Representations are at the heart of the reflection because they allow the population to appro - priate the space. Its objectives are three-fold. First of all, abstract since it demonstrates why maritime cross-border territories and maritime spaces can be defined as territories of mobility. Then methodological as far as it proposes a protocol of analysis of spatial representations that is both quantitative and qualitative, by combining textual and graphic data. Finally empirical because it exposes unpublished empirical data concerning the cross-Channel space.Cette contribution rend compte d’un travail de recherche mené dans le cadre d’un doctorat. S’inscrivant dans le champ de la géographie sociale et culturelle, elle accorde une grande place à l’analyse des interactions entre la matérialité – notamment l’analyse des pratiques spatiales – et l’immatérialité – principalement l’étude des représentations – de l’espace dans le processus de territorialisation. Les représentations sont au cœur de la réflexion puisqu’elles permettent aux populations de s’approprier l’espace. L’objectif de ce travail est triple. Tout d’abord conceptuel puisqu’il démontre en quoi les territoires transfrontaliers maritimes et les espaces maritimes peuvent êtres définis comme des territoires de la mobilité. Puis méthodo - logique dans la mesure où il propose un protocole d’analyse des représentations spatiales alliant quantitatif et qualitatif en combinant données textuelles et graphiques. Enfin empirique puisqu’il expose des données empiriques inédites relatives à l’espace transmanche

L'espace transmanche : un territoire transfrontalier maritime ?

This PHD has for objective to define a new concept: that of The maritime Cross-border Territory (MCBT) who differs from the concept of ground cross-border territory by the presence of the sea which modifies the dialectic opening/closure appropriate to these territories, the concept of "inter-coastal" territory because the border dialectic comes to overlap at the distance established by the sea and the concepts of Mediterranean as far as the maritime cross-border territories define themselves by their closeness on the border while the Mediterranean include distant spaces of more than thousands of kilometers of the border.To reach there the first part of the PHD decomposes into three chapters. The first one is dedicated to a reflection around the territorialisation of the sea because the MCBT is centered so geographically as humanely on the sea. Yet if this sea is similar to a no-man's-land it seems inconceivable to speak about MCBT. The second chapter returns to the definition of this concept and the questions which it lifts. A reflection around the association of the terms "sea and closeness" is led there : does the sea take away or does it move closer to the waterside populations? Finally the third chapter presents the cross-Channel, reserved space because it allows to produce new empirical data while testing the hypotheses. It also reveals the methodological protocol developed for the analysis of the MCBT, inspired by DI MÉO'S FSS and adapted to the specificities of these territories.The second part exposes the results obtained within the framework of the ground while keeping a comparative approach to differentiate well conceptually the MCBT of the concepts quoted previously. The fourth chapter is in connection with the practices of the space: observe Tone of specificities in these practices? Does closeness explains them? In what the motives for these flows contribute to the territorialisation of the space. The fifth chapter analyzes the representations of the space because the PHD positions itself in the field of the social and cultural geography. We question the otherness of the cross-Channel residents: have the French and English residents of this space seen in common a shared space? Finally the last chapter is dedicated to the institutionalization of the space. Indeed, the MCBT having no politico-administrative existence it is necessary that their actors cooperate and share a common vision of the space. So the concepts of cross-border cooperation and maritime cross-border governance were mobilized. A particular study was led around the cross-border twinnings and the relations which they maintain with the territorialisation of spaces.Throughout our work, the study of the interactions between the materiality, the immateriality and the institutionalization of the space was in the center of the reflection. The general questioning of the PHD also integrates the incidence of the maritimity on the constitution of a MCBT. Finally because of our territory of study it is important to think about the concept of insularityCette thèse a pour objectif de définir un nouveau concept : celui de Territoire Transfrontalier Maritime (TTM) qui se différencie du concept de territoire transfrontalier terrestre par la présence de la mer qui modifie la dialectique ouverture/fermeture propre à ces territoires, du concept de territoire « inter-côtier » puisque la dialectique frontalière vient se superposer à la distance instaurée par la mer et des concepts de méditerranée dans la mesure où les territoires transfrontaliers maritimes se définissent par leur proximité à la frontière alors que les méditerranées comprennent des espaces distants de plusieurs milliers de kilomètres de la frontière.Pour y parvenir, la première partie de la thèse se décompose en trois chapitres. Le premier mène une réflexion autour de la territorialisation de la mer puisque les TTM sont centrés tant géographiquement qu’humainement sur la mer. Or si cette mer s’apparente à un no man’s land il semble inconcevable de parler de TTM. Le second chapitre revient sur la définition de ce concept et les questions qu’il soulève. Une réflexion autour de l’association des termes « mer et proximité » y est conduite : la mer éloigne-t-elle ou rapproche-t-elle les populations riveraines ? Enfin le troisième chapitre présente l’espace transmanche, retenu car il permet de produire des données empiriques inédites tout en testant les hypothèses. Il dévoile aussi le protocole méthodologique élaboré pour l’analyse des TTM, inspiré de la FSS de Di Méo et adapté aux spécificités de ces territoires. La seconde partie expose les résultats obtenus dans le cadre du terrain tout en conservant une démarche comparative afin de bien différencier conceptuellement les TTM des concepts cités précédemment. Le quatrième chapitre est en lien avec les pratiques de l’espace : Observe-t-on des spécificités dans ces pratiques ? La proximité les explique-t-elle ? En quoi les motifs de ces flux contribuent-ils à la territorialisation de l’espace ? Le cinquième chapitre analyse les représentations de l’espace puisque la thèse se positionne dans le champ de la géographie sociale et culturelle. Nous questionnons l’altérité des résidents transmanche : les résidents français et anglais de cet espace ont-ils des visions communes d’un espace partagé ? Enfin le dernier chapitre est dédié à l’institutionnalisation de l’espace. En effet les TTM n’ayant pas d’existence politico-administrative il est nécessaire que leurs acteurs coopèrent et partagent une vision commune de l’espace. Ainsi les concepts de coopération transfrontalière et de gouvernance transfrontalière maritime sont mobilisés. Une étude particulière est menée autour des jumelages transfrontaliers et des relations qu’ils entretiennent avec la territorialisation des espaces. Tout au long de notre travail, l’étude des interactions entre la matérialité, l’immatérialité et l’institutionnalisation de l’espace est au centre de la réflexion. Le questionnement général de la thèse intègre aussi l’incidence de la maritimité sur la constitution d’un TTM. Enfin en raison de notre territoire d’étude il est important de réfléchir sur le concept d’insularité