Parasitismo humano por Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (ACARI: IXODIDAE) no Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro-Oeste do Brasil

Human parasitism by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s. l.), an important parasite in medical and veterinary sciences, is only rarely reported in the American continent. The present investigation reports a R. sanguineus s. l. male tick parasitizing a human in the city of Campo Grande, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, west-central Brazil. This observation is of public health relevance, since R. sanguineus s. l. ticks are known as vectors of spotted fever group rickettsiae to dogs and humans.O parasitismo humano pelo carrapato marrom do cão, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s. l.), um importante parasita para a saúde pública e veterinária, é raramente relatado no continente americano. Este trabalho relata o registro de um macho de R. sanguineus s. l. parasitando um humano na cidade de Campo Grande, estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Essa observação é relevante para a saúde pública, uma vez que os carrapatos desse complexo são conhecidos como vetores de riquétsias do grupo da febre maculosa para cães e humanos

Global wealth disparities drive adherence to COVID-safe pathways in head and neck cancer surgery

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Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Diversity of parasites of the genus Leishmania and Trypanosoma in a wildlife conservation area and pets from their surroundings in Espírito Santo

As espécies do gênero Trypanosoma parasitam vertebrados de todas as classes (peixes, anfíbios, répteis, aves e mamíferos) e as espécies do gênero Leishmania parasitam mamíferos no Velho e Novo Mundo. Possuem ciclos de vida com alternância entre vertebrados e invertebrados. A maioria das espécies se desenvolve em artrópodes hematófagos que podem pertencer a diversas ordens e famílias. Os tripanossomas circulam no ambiente silvestre como enzootias, associados com os hospedeiros e seus respectivos ecótopos. A Leishmaniose visceral é uma importante zoonose e possui canídeos silvestres e domésticos como importantes reservatórios conhecidos. Estudos realizados com algumas espécies de tripanossomas apontam uma grande complexidade do ciclo silvestre em biomas brasileiros, incluindo a Mata Atlântica e a diversidade genética de L. (L.) infantum chagasi no Brasil ainda não é conhecida. Ressalta-se o fato que existem poucos trabalhos realizados no Estado do Espírito Santo. Até o momento, não foram avaliados os pequenos mamíferos terrestres, grandes mamíferos (Tapirus terrestris) e morcegos como reservatórios silvestres destes parasitas neste Estado. O presente estudo tem por objetivo principal, o conhecimento da diversidade de parasitas do gênero Leishmania e Trypanosoma em animais silvestres da Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado e domésticos do seu entorno na cidade de Pinheiros no estado do Espírito Santo através do isolamento, caracterização molecular e estudos filogenéticos com marcadores tradicionais utilizados para o grupo. Foram realizadas duas campanhas de captura nos meses de junho e novembro de 2012 totalizando um esforço de 28800 armadilhas/dia para os pequenos mamíferos terrestres e 12600 h/m2 com um total de 157 indivíduos, pertencentes a cinco ordens distintas, 23 gêneros e 27 espécies. Do total de animais capturados 18 (11.46%) apresentaram hemocultura positivas e 11 (7.01%) culturas foram estabelecidas e criopreservadas com morfologia compatível a parasitas do gênero Trypanosoma. Os isolados foram identificados e posicionados através de sequências da região V7V8 SSU rDNA e um isolados de T. cruzi marinkellei e oito de T. dionisii foram detectados em hospedeiros quirópteros e dois isolados de Tapirus terrestris apresentaram morfologia distinta das já descritas para o gênero Trypanosoma e a caracterização parcial através do gene 18S rDNA completo e gGAPDH apontam para uma nova espécie deste gênero e tratam-se dos primeiros isolados obtidos nestes hospedeiros. Nos cães, foram obtidas cultura de linfonodo poplíteo bilateral e todos animais foram negativos. Além disso, a análise sorológica também foi negativa para todos os animais domésticos amostrados no entorno.The species of the genus Trypanosoma parasites of all vertebrate classes (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) and the genus Leishmania parasites mammals in the New World and have life cycles with alternating between vertebrates and invertebrates. Most species develops in arthropod vectors, which may belong to different orders and families. Trypanosomes circulating in sylvatic enzootic diseases as associated with the hosts and their ecotopes. Most species are not pathogenic, Visceral Leishmaniasis is an important zoonosis and has wild and domestic canids as important reservoirs known. Studies in some species of trypanosomes show a great complexity of the sylvatic cycle in biomes, including the Atlantic and genetic diversity of L. (L.) infantum chagasi in Brazil is not known. We emphasize the fact that there are few studies in the State of Espírito Santo. So far, have not been evaluated small terrestrial mammals, large mammals (Tapirus terrestris) and wild bats as reservoirs of these parasites in this state. This study\'s main objective, knowledge of the diversity of parasites of the genus Leishmania and Trypanosoma in wild Biological Reserve Stream Deer and domestic of your surroundings in the Pinheiros city in the state of Espírito Santo through isolation, characterization and molecular studies with traditional phylogenetic markers used for the group. There were two campaigns capture in June and November 2012 totaling an effort of 28,800 trap / day for small terrestrial mammals and h.m2 12600 with a total of 157 individuals belonging to five distinct orders, 23 genera and 27 species. Of the total of 18 animals captured (11:46%) had positive blood cultures and 11 (7.1%) cultures were established and cryopreserved with morphology the parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. Isolates were identified and positioned through V7V8 region sequences of SSU rDNA and one isolate of T. cruzi marinkellei and eight T. dionisii hosts were detected in bats and two isolates showed a distinct morphology Tapirus terrestris those already described for the genus Trypanosoma and partial characterization by 18S rDNA gene gGAPDH complete and point to a new species of this genus and these are the first isolates from these hosts. In domestic animals, dogs were obtained culture of popliteal lymph node of both hind legs and all animals were negative. Furthermore, serological analysis was also negative for all dogs sampled in the vicinity of the Biological Reserve of Deer Creek

Resarch of coccidia of the Sarcocystidae family in magellan penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) stranded in the brazilian coast

O gênero Sarcocystis é constituído por várias espécies que se diferenciam pelas características morfológicas, biológicas e moleculares. Foram relatadas mais de 196 espécies encontradas em mamíferos, aves e répteis e somente 26 dessas espécies possuem o ciclo completo conhecido. Toxoplasma gondii é um parasito intracelular obrigatório, com distribuição geográfica cosmopolita, capaz de infectar uma ampla variedade de mamíferos e aves, inclusive o homem, caracterizando seu potencial zoonótico. Nas últimas décadas, a quantidade de pinguins vindos da Patagônia argentina e chilena, região de nascimento dessas aves, para o litoral brasileiro, onde muitos encalham e são resgatados, tem aumentado significativamente. Pouco se sabe sobre as doenças causadas por protozoários nessas aves. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção por coccídios da família Sarcocystidae em pinguins-de-magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus), através de análises moleculares e sorológicas. Foram realizadas duas campanhas, uma em 2014 e outra em 2015, com a finalidade de obter amostras de sangue e tecidos dos pinguins que vieram a óbito durante reabilitação no Instituto de Pesquisa e Reabilitação de Animais Marinhos (IPRAM) localizada em Cariacica, Espírito Santo. Foram colhidas 514 amostras de tecidos (músculo=342, coração=86, cérebro=86) de 310 indivíduos. Dos tecidos de 54 pinguins foi realizado o bioensaio em camundongos para o isolamento de T. gondii, mas nenhum isolado foi obtido. Amostras de 310 indivíduos tiveram o DNA extraído para a pesquisa de coccídios da família Sarcocystidae utilizando-se os marcadores 18S rDNA, espaçador interno transcrito 1 (ITS1), codificador de proteínas de superfície (SAG)2, SAG3 e SAG4, subunidade beta da RNA polimerase (RPOB) e citocromo B (CytB). Destas, 16 (3.0%) amostras de músculo peitoral foram positivas para o gênero Sarcocystis spp., quando analisadas pelo marcador 18S, e todas com resultados idênticos. Com o ITS1, RPOB e Ctv. foram confirmadas as espécies de Sarcocystis em 12 amostras, todas idênticas a S. falcatula-like. Com os marcadores SAGs foi possível observar que as sequências não tinham variabilidade genética. Das 145 amostras de soro avaliadas para a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, pelo Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT ≥20), 18 aves foram positivas com títulos de: 20 (7 aves), 40 (9 aves) e 80 (2 aves). Este é o primeiro relato de S. falcatula-like e de anticorpos anti - T. gondii em pinguins-de-magalhães de vida livre.The genus Sarcocystis is composed of several species that are differentiated by the morphological, biological and molecular characteristics. More than 196 species found in mammals, birds and reptiles have been reported, and only 26 of these species have the complete known cycle. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with cosmopolitan geographic distribution, capable of infecting a wide variety of mammals and birds, including man, characterizing its zoonotic potential. In recent decades, the number of penguins that have come from Argentine and Chilean Patagonia, the region of birth of these birds, to the Brazilian coast, where many of them are stranded and rescued, has increased significantly. Little is known about the diseases caused by protozoa in these birds. The present study had as objective to study epidemiological aspects of coccidia infection of the family Sarcocystidae in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), through molecular and serological analyzes. Two campaigns were carried out, one in 2014 and another in 2015, in order to obtain blood and tissue samples from penguins who died during rehabilitation at the Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Marine Animals (IPRAM) in the municipality of Cariacica, Espírito Santo. Tissue samples (total = 514: muscle = 342, heart = 86, brain = 86) were collected from 310 birds. From the tissues of 54 penguins the mouse bioassay was performed for the isolation of T. gondii, but no isolates were obtained. Samples of 310 individuals had DNA extracted for coccidia from the Sarcocystidae family using the 18S rDNA, Transcribed internal spacer 1(ITS1), surface protein encoder (SAG)2, SAG3, SAG4, beta subunit of RNA polymerase (RPOB) and citocrome B (CytB) markers. Of these, 16 (3.0%) samples, of pectoral muscle, were positive and all were identical to Sarcocystis spp. when analyzed by the 18S marker. With ITS1, RPOB and CytB the Sarcocystis species were confirmed in 12 samples, all identical to S. falcatula-like. With the SAGs it was possible to observe that the sequences had no genetic variability. Of the 145 serum samples evaluated for the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies by Modified Agglutination Test (MAT ≥20), 18 were positive with titers of: 20 (7 birds), 40 (9 birds) and 80 (2 birds). This is the first report of S. falcatula-like and the presence of antibodies to T. gondii in free-living magellanic penguins

Resarch of coccidia of the Sarcocystidae family in magellan penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) stranded in the brazilian coast

O gênero Sarcocystis é constituído por várias espécies que se diferenciam pelas características morfológicas, biológicas e moleculares. Foram relatadas mais de 196 espécies encontradas em mamíferos, aves e répteis e somente 26 dessas espécies possuem o ciclo completo conhecido. Toxoplasma gondii é um parasito intracelular obrigatório, com distribuição geográfica cosmopolita, capaz de infectar uma ampla variedade de mamíferos e aves, inclusive o homem, caracterizando seu potencial zoonótico. Nas últimas décadas, a quantidade de pinguins vindos da Patagônia argentina e chilena, região de nascimento dessas aves, para o litoral brasileiro, onde muitos encalham e são resgatados, tem aumentado significativamente. Pouco se sabe sobre as doenças causadas por protozoários nessas aves. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção por coccídios da família Sarcocystidae em pinguins-de-magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus), através de análises moleculares e sorológicas. Foram realizadas duas campanhas, uma em 2014 e outra em 2015, com a finalidade de obter amostras de sangue e tecidos dos pinguins que vieram a óbito durante reabilitação no Instituto de Pesquisa e Reabilitação de Animais Marinhos (IPRAM) localizada em Cariacica, Espírito Santo. Foram colhidas 514 amostras de tecidos (músculo=342, coração=86, cérebro=86) de 310 indivíduos. Dos tecidos de 54 pinguins foi realizado o bioensaio em camundongos para o isolamento de T. gondii, mas nenhum isolado foi obtido. Amostras de 310 indivíduos tiveram o DNA extraído para a pesquisa de coccídios da família Sarcocystidae utilizando-se os marcadores 18S rDNA, espaçador interno transcrito 1 (ITS1), codificador de proteínas de superfície (SAG)2, SAG3 e SAG4, subunidade beta da RNA polimerase (RPOB) e citocromo B (CytB). Destas, 16 (3.0%) amostras de músculo peitoral foram positivas para o gênero Sarcocystis spp., quando analisadas pelo marcador 18S, e todas com resultados idênticos. Com o ITS1, RPOB e Ctv. foram confirmadas as espécies de Sarcocystis em 12 amostras, todas idênticas a S. falcatula-like. Com os marcadores SAGs foi possível observar que as sequências não tinham variabilidade genética. Das 145 amostras de soro avaliadas para a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, pelo Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT ≥20), 18 aves foram positivas com títulos de: 20 (7 aves), 40 (9 aves) e 80 (2 aves). Este é o primeiro relato de S. falcatula-like e de anticorpos anti - T. gondii em pinguins-de-magalhães de vida livre.The genus Sarcocystis is composed of several species that are differentiated by the morphological, biological and molecular characteristics. More than 196 species found in mammals, birds and reptiles have been reported, and only 26 of these species have the complete known cycle. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with cosmopolitan geographic distribution, capable of infecting a wide variety of mammals and birds, including man, characterizing its zoonotic potential. In recent decades, the number of penguins that have come from Argentine and Chilean Patagonia, the region of birth of these birds, to the Brazilian coast, where many of them are stranded and rescued, has increased significantly. Little is known about the diseases caused by protozoa in these birds. The present study had as objective to study epidemiological aspects of coccidia infection of the family Sarcocystidae in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), through molecular and serological analyzes. Two campaigns were carried out, one in 2014 and another in 2015, in order to obtain blood and tissue samples from penguins who died during rehabilitation at the Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Marine Animals (IPRAM) in the municipality of Cariacica, Espírito Santo. Tissue samples (total = 514: muscle = 342, heart = 86, brain = 86) were collected from 310 birds. From the tissues of 54 penguins the mouse bioassay was performed for the isolation of T. gondii, but no isolates were obtained. Samples of 310 individuals had DNA extracted for coccidia from the Sarcocystidae family using the 18S rDNA, Transcribed internal spacer 1(ITS1), surface protein encoder (SAG)2, SAG3, SAG4, beta subunit of RNA polymerase (RPOB) and citocrome B (CytB) markers. Of these, 16 (3.0%) samples, of pectoral muscle, were positive and all were identical to Sarcocystis spp. when analyzed by the 18S marker. With ITS1, RPOB and CytB the Sarcocystis species were confirmed in 12 samples, all identical to S. falcatula-like. With the SAGs it was possible to observe that the sequences had no genetic variability. Of the 145 serum samples evaluated for the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies by Modified Agglutination Test (MAT ≥20), 18 were positive with titers of: 20 (7 birds), 40 (9 birds) and 80 (2 birds). This is the first report of S. falcatula-like and the presence of antibodies to T. gondii in free-living magellanic penguins

Survey of Trypanosoma and Leishmania in wild and domestic animals in an atlantic rainforest fragment and surroundings in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Trypanosoma and Leishmania infections affect wild and domestic animals and human populations. The growing process of deforestation and urbanization of Atlantic Rainforest areas has given rise to introduction of humans and domestic animals to the sylvatic cycles of Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. Serological, parasitological, and molecular surveys among wild and domestic animals in the Corrego do Veado Biological Reserve, which is an Atlantic Rainforest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, were evaluated. In total, 154 wild animals of 25 species and 67 domestic animals (47 dogs and 20 horses) were sampled. All the domestic animals were serologically negative for anti-Leishmania infantum chagasi antibodies and negative in parasitological approaches. Only the Order Chiroptera presented positive blood cultures and cryopreserved isolates. The phylogenetic trees based on SSU rDNA and gGAPDH genes confirmed the occurrence of Trypanosoma dionisii and provided the first record of Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei in southeastern Brazil. The studies conducted in Atlantic Rainforest remaining trees provide the knowledge of parasite diversity or detect parasites that can accelerate the loss of hosts diversityFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Correction: Occurrence of tissue cyst forming coccidia in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) rescued on the coast of Brazil.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209007.]