Nanosecond UV laser-induced fatigue effects in the bulk of synthetic fused silica: a multi-parameter study

International audienceMultiple-pulse S-on-1 laser damage experiments were carried out in the bulk of synthetic fused silica at 355 nm and 266 nm. Two beam sizes were used for each wavelength and the pulse duration was 8 ns. The results showed a fatigue effect that is due to cumulative material modifications. The modifications have a long lifetime and the fatigue dynamics are independent of the used beam sizes but differ for the two wavelengths. Based on the fact that, in the context of material-modification induced damage, the damage thresholds for smaller beams are higher than for larger beams, we discuss possible mechanisms of damage initiation

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Etude des phénomènes d'endommagement laser dans les composants optiques

Ce travail traite principalement de la compréhension des phénomènes d'endommagement laser dans les composants pour l'optique (silice, couches minces...). Afin d'appréhender ces phénomènes, un dispositif expérimental original pour le test de tenue au flux laser de l'UV à l' IR en régime nano-seconde a été développé. Il combine l'utilisation de faisceaux focalisés et d'une métrologie fine; ces deux points permettent d'une part, de réaliser une étude de l'endommagement de manière localisée, et d'autre part, d'accéder aux paramètres de tirs et à l'image de la zone irradiée en temps réel, affinant ainsi la détection des dommages.L'utilisation de ce dispositif a permis de mettre en évidence, grâce au tracé précis de courbes de probabilité d'endommagement, l'existence de sites précurseurs à l'endommagement laser. Un modèle statistique a été proposé pour permettre d'accéder aux densités de ces sites et aux différents types de défauts mis en jeux dans le processus de claquage. L'évolution de ces précurseurs sous irradiations multiples est également étudiée avec ce même modèle. Cette observation sous tirs cumulés permet d'aborder les mécanismes de conditionnement laser et également d'évaluer la durée de vie des optiques en fonction des paramètres de tirs.Un deuxième volet du travail a consisté à mettre en évidence de manière non destructive le rôle des centres initiateurs de l'endommagement. Pour cela deux méthodes photothermiques ont été mises en œuvre: la diffusion induite sous flux laser ainsi que la microscopie photothermique haute résolution couplée au dispositif d'endommagement.Enfin, des échantillons modèles comportant des inclusions métalliques de tailles nanométriques ont été utilisés pour simuler la présence de sites précurseurs. L'utilisation du microscope photothermique sur ces échantillons a permis pour la première fois de révéler non seulement le rôle des précurseurs artificiels, mais également l'existence d'une étape de « pré-endommagement » dans le matériau irradié. Des comparaisons entre simulation numérique et expériences permettent de proposer des hypothèses sur les mécanismes initiateurs conduisant au claquage

Analysis of laser-induced fatigue effects under multiple nanosecond laser irradiations in optical materials

International audienc

Contrasted material responses to nanosecond multiple-pulse laser damage: from statistical behavior to material modification

International audienc