110 research outputs found
Equilibrium and Dynamical Evolution of Self-Gravitating System Embedded in a Potential Well
Isothermal and self-gravitating systems bound by non-conducting and
conducting walls are known to be unstable if the density contrast between the
center and the boundary exceeds critical values. We investigate the equilibrium
and dynamical evolution of isothermal and self-gravitating system embedded in
potential well, which can be the situation of many astrophysical objects such
as the central parts of the galaxies, or clusters of galaxies with potential
dominated by dark matter, but is still limited to the case where the potential
well is fixed during the evolution. As the ratio between the depth of
surrounding potential well and potential of embedded system becomes large, the
potential well becomes effectively the same boundary condition as conducting
wall, which behaves like a thermal heat bath. We also use the direct N-body
simulation code, NBODY6 to simulate the dynamical evolution of stellar system
embedded in potential wells and propose the equilibrium models for this system.
In deep potential well, which is analogous to the heat bath with high
temperature, the embedded self-gravitating system is dynamically hot, and
loosely bound or can be unbound since the kinetic energy increases due to the
heating by the potential well. On the other hand, the system undergoes core
collapse by self-gravity when potential well is shallow. Binary heating can
stop the collapse and leads to the expansion, but the evolution is very slow
because the potential as a heat bath can absorb the energy generated by the
binaries. The system can be regarded as quasi-static. Density and velocity
dispersion profiles from the N-body simulations in the final quasi-equilibrium
state are similar to our equilibrium models assumed to be in thermal
equilibrium with the potential well.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, Submitted to MNRA
The Formation and Survival of Discs in a Lambda-CDM Universe
We study the formation of galaxies in a Lambda-CDM Universe using high
resolution hydrodynamical simulations with a multiphase treatment of gas,
cooling and feedback, focusing on the formation of discs. Our simulations
follow eight haloes similar in mass to the Milky Way and extracted from a large
cosmological simulation without restriction on spin parameter or merger
history. This allows us to investigate how the final properties of the
simulated galaxies correlate with the formation histories of their haloes. We
find that, at z = 0, none of our galaxies contain a disc with more than 20 per
cent of its total stellar mass. Four of the eight galaxies nevertheless have
well-formed disc components, three have dominant spheroids and very small
discs, and one is a spheroidal galaxy with no disc at all. The z = 0 spheroids
are made of old stars, while discs are younger and formed from the inside-out.
Neither the existence of a disc at z = 0 nor the final disc-to-total mass ratio
seems to depend on the spin parameter of the halo. Discs are formed in haloes
with spin parameters as low as 0.01 and as high as 0.05; galaxies with little
or no disc component span the same range in spin parameter. Except for one of
the simulated galaxies, all have significant discs at z > ~2, regardless of
their z = 0 morphologies. Major mergers and instabilities which arise when
accreting cold gas is misaligned with the stellar disc trigger a transfer of
mass from the discs to the spheroids. In some cases, discs are destroyed, while
in others, they survive or reform. This suggests that the survival probability
of discs depends on the particular formation history of each galaxy. A
realistic Lambda-CDM model will clearly require weaker star formation at high
redshift and later disc assembly than occurs in our models.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, mn2e.cls. MNRAS in press, updated to match
published versio
Building up the Stellar Halo of the Galaxy
We study numerical simulations of satellite galaxy disruption in a potential
resembling that of the Milky Way. Our goal is to assess whether a merger origin
for the stellar halo would leave observable fossil structure in the phase-space
distribution of nearby stars. We show how mixing of disrupted satellites can be
quantified using a coarse-grained entropy. Although after 10 Gyr few obvious
asymmetries remain in the distribution of particles in configuration space,
strong correlations are still present in velocity space. We give a simple
analytic description of these effects, based on a linearised treatment in
action-angle variables, which shows how the kinematic and density structure of
the debris stream changes with time. By applying this description we find that
a single satellite of current luminosity 10^8 L_\sun disrupted 10 Gyr ago
from an orbit circulating in the inner halo (mean apocentre kpc)
would contribute about kinematically cold streams with internal
velocity dispersions below 5 km/s to the local stellar halo. If the whole
stellar halo were built by disrupted satellites, it should consist locally of
300 - 500 such streams. Clear detection of all these structures would require a
sample of a few thousand stars with 3-D velocities accurate to better than 5
km/s. Even with velocity errors several times worse than this, the expected
clumpiness should be quite evident. We apply our formalism to a group of stars
detected near the North Galactic Pole, and derive an order of magnitude
estimate for the initial properties of the progenitor system.Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, minor changes, matches the version to appear in
MNRAS, Vol. 307, p.495-517 (August 1999
HAGE (DDX43) is a biomarker for poor prognosis and a predictor of chemotherapy response in breast cancer
Background: HAGE protein is a known immunogenic cancer-specific antigen. Methods: The biological, prognostic and predictive values of HAGE expression was studied using immunohistochemistry in three cohorts of patients with BC (n=2147): early primary (EP-BC; n=1676); primary oestrogen receptor-negative (PER-BC; n=275) treated with adjuvant anthracycline-combination therapies (Adjuvant-ACT); and primary locally advanced disease (PLA-BC) who received neo-adjuvant anthracycline-combination therapies (Neo-adjuvant-ACT; n=196). The relationship between HAGE expression and the tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in matched prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy samples were investigated. Results: Eight percent of patients with EP-BC exhibited high HAGE expression (HAGEþ) and was associated with aggressive clinico-pathological features (Ps<0.01). Furthermore, HAGEþexpression was associated with poor prognosis in both univariate and multivariate analysis (Ps<0.001). Patients with HAGE+ did not benefit from hormonal therapy in high-risk ER-positive disease. HAGE+ and TILs were found to be independent predictors for pathological complete response to neoadjuvant-ACT; P<0.001. A statistically significant loss of HAGE expression following neoadjuvant-ACT was found (P=0.000001), and progression-free survival was worse in those patients who had HAGE+ residual disease (P=0.0003). Conclusions: This is the first report to show HAGE to be a potential prognostic marker and a predictor of response to ACT in patients with BC
Cosmological Galaxy Formation Simulations Using SPH
We present the McMaster Unbiased Galaxy Simulations (MUGS), the first 9
galaxies of an unbiased selection ranging in total mass from 5
M to 2 M simulated using n-body smoothed
particle hydrodynamics (SPH) at high resolution. The simulations include a
treatment of low temperature metal cooling, UV background radiation, star
formation, and physically motivated stellar feedback. Mock images of the
simulations show that the simulations lie within the observed range of
relations such as that between color and magnitude and that between brightness
and circular velocity (Tully-Fisher). The greatest discrepancy between the
simulated galaxies and observed galaxies is the high concentration of material
at the center of the galaxies as represented by the centrally peaked rotation
curves and the high bulge-to-total ratios of the simulations determined both
kinematically and photometrically. This central concentration represents the
excess of low angular momentum material that long has plagued morphological
studies of simulated galaxies and suggests that higher resolutions and a more
accurate description of feedback will be required to simulate more realistic
galaxies. Even with the excess central mass concentrations, the simulations
suggest the important role merger history and halo spin play in the formation
of disks.Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures, submitted to MNRAS, movies available at
http://mugs.mcmaster.ca . Comments welcome
The origin of the light distribution in spiral galaxies
We analyse a high-resolution, fully cosmological, hydrodynamical disc galaxy simulation, to study the source of the double-exponential light profiles seen in many stellar discs, and the effects of stellar radial migration upon the spatiotemporal evolution of both the disc age and metallicity distributions. We find a ‘break’ in the pure exponential stellar surface brightness profile, and trace its origin to a sharp decrease in the star formation per unit surface area, itself produced by a decrease in the gas volume density due to a warping of the gas disc. Star formation in the disc continues well beyond the break. We find that the break is more pronounced in bluer wavebands. By contrast, we find little or no break in the mass density profile. This is, in part, due to the net radial migration of stars towards the external parts of the disc. Beyond the break radius, we find that ∼60 per cent of the resident stars migrated from the inner disc, while ∼25 per cent formed in situ. Our simulated galaxy also has a minimum in the age profile at the break radius but, in disagreement with some previous studies, migration is not the main mechanism producing this shape. In our simulation, the disc metallicity gradient flattens with time, consistent with an ‘inside-out’ formation scenario. We do not find any difference in the intensity or the position of the break with inclination, suggesting that perhaps the differences found in empirical studies are driven by dust extinction
In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe
The formation of the first stars and quasars marks the transformation of the
universe from its smooth initial state to its clumpy current state. In popular
cosmological models, the first sources of light began to form at redshift 30
and reionized most of the hydrogen in the universe by redshift 7. Current
observations are at the threshold of probing the hydrogen reionization epoch.
The study of high-redshift sources is likely to attract major attention in
observational and theoretical cosmology over the next decade.Comment: Final revision: 136 pages, including 42 figures; to be published in
Physics Reports 2001. References updated, and a few minor corrections made.
In this submission, several figures were compressed, resulting in just a
slight reduction in quality; a postscript file with the full figures is
available at http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~barkana/review.htm
Galaxy Formation Theory
We review the current theory of how galaxies form within the cosmological
framework provided by the cold dark matter paradigm for structure formation.
Beginning with the pre-galactic evolution of baryonic material we describe the
analytical and numerical understanding of how baryons condense into galaxies,
what determines the structure of those galaxies and how internal and external
processes (including star formation, merging, active galactic nuclei etc.)
determine their gross properties and evolution. Throughout, we highlight
successes and failings of current galaxy formation theory. We include a review
of computational implementations of galaxy formation theory and assess their
ability to provide reliable modelling of this complex phenomenon. We finish
with a discussion of several "hot topics" in contemporary galaxy formation
theory and assess future directions for this field.Comment: 58 pages, to appear in Physics Reports. This version includes minor
corrections and a handful of additional reference
Expression, purification and biological characterization of the extracellular domain of CD40 from Pichia pastoris
3D Spectroscopy with VLT/GIRAFFE - IV: Angular Momentum and Dynamical Support of Intermediate Redshift Galaxies
[Abridged] One of the most outstanding problems related to numerical models
of galaxy formation is the so-called ``angular momentum catastrophe''. We study
the evolution of the angular momentum from z~0.6 to z=0 to further our
understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the large angular momenta of
disk galaxies observed today. This study is based on a complete sample of 32,
0.4<z<0.75 galaxies observed with FLAMES/GIRAFFE at the VLT. Their kinematics
had been classified as rotating disks, perturbed rotators, or complex
kinematics .We have computed the specific angular momentum of disks (j_disk)
and the dynamical support of rotating disks through the V/sigma ratio. To study
how angular momentum can be acquired dynamically, we have compared the
properties of distant and local galaxies. We find that distant rotating disks
have essentially the same properties (j_disk and R_d) as local disks, while
distant galaxies with more complex kinematics have a significantly higher
scatter in the j_disk--V_max and R_d--V_max planes. On average, distant
galaxies show lower values of V/sigma than local galaxies. We found
observational evidence for a non-linear random walk evolution of the angular
momentum in galaxies during the last 8 Gyr. The evolution related to galaxies
with complex kinematics can be attributed to mergers. If galaxies observed at
intermediate redshift are related to present-day spirals, then our results fit
quite well with the ``spiral rebuilding'' scenario proposed by Hammer et al.
(2005)Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in A&
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