7,156 research outputs found
Will GRB 990123 Perform an Encore?
The recent gamma ray burst, GRB 990123, has an absorption redshift z_s=1.60,
implying an apparent energy , and a peak luminosity
, assuming isotropic emission. This energy is
ten times larger than hitherto measured and in excess of the rest mass of the
sun. Optical observations have revealed an associated galaxy displaced from the
line of sight by . This raises the possibility that the burst is
enhanced by gravitational lensing. We argue that existing observations probably
only allow magnifications if the galaxy is at z_d=1.60 and the burst
originates at much higher redshift. It should be possible to exclude this
possibility by examining the burst time structure. If, as we anticipate,
multiple imaging can be excluded, GRB 990123 remains the most intrinsically
luminous event yet observed in its entirety.Comment: Accepted by MNRAS: 4 pages, latex, no figure
Making Clean Energy with a Kerr Black Hole: a Tokamak Model for Gamma-Ray Bursts
In this paper we present a model for making clean energy with a Kerr black
hole. Consider a Kerr black hole with a dense plasma torus spinning around it.
A toroidal electric current flows on the surface of the torus, which generates
a poloidal magnetic field outside the torus. On the surface of the tours the
magnetic field is parallel to the surface. The closed magnetic field lines
winding around the torus compress and confine the plasma in the torus, as in
the case of tokamaks. Though it is unclear if such a model is stable, we look
into the consequences if the model is stable. If the magnetic field is strong
enough, the baryonic contamination from the plasma in the torus is greatly
suppressed by the magnetic confinement and a clean magnetosphere of
electron-positron pairs is built up around the black hole. Since there are no
open magnetic field lines threading the torus and no accretion, the power of
the torus is zero. If some magnetic field lines threading the black hole are
open and connect with loads, clean energy can be extracted from the Kerr black
hole by the Blandford-Znajek mechanism.
The model may be relevant to gamma-ray bursts. The energy in the Poynting
flux produced by the Blandford-Znajek mechanism is converted into the kinetic
energy of the electron-positron pairs in the magnetosphere around the black
hole, which generates two oppositely directed jets of electron-positron pairs
with super-high bulk Lorentz factors. The jets collide and interact with the
interstellar medium, which may produce gamma-ray bursts and the afterglows.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure, accepted by Ap
To the Lighthouse
The extreme hypothesis that essentially all types of ultrarelativistic
outflow -- specifically AGN jets, pulsar wind nebulae and GRB --are
electromagnetic, rather than gas dynamical, phenomena is considered.
Electromagnetic flows are naturally anisotropic and self-collimating so as to
produce jet-like features. The relativistic force-free description of these
flows, which is simpler than the relativistic MHD description, is explained. It
is suggested that the magnetic field associated with AGN jets and GRB is quite
extensively distributed in latitude, without necessarily increasing by much the
total power. It is also proposed that the observed emission from these sources
traces out regions of high current density where global instabilities drive a
turbulence spectrum that is ultimately responsible for the particle
acceleration and the synchrotron, inverse Compton and synchro-Compton emission.
The direct extraction of spin energy from a black hole is re-examined and an
electromagnetic model of GRB explosions is developed. It is also suggested that
some GRB ``lighthouses'' be identified with accretion-induced collapse of a
neutron star to form a black hole in a binary system.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figures. To appear in "Lighthouses of the Universe" Proc.
Symposium held in Garching, Germany (Aug 6-9 2001) ed. M. Gilfanov, R.
Sunyaev et al. Berlin:Springer. Revised version, correcting minor error
Current Issues
Cosmic explosions are observed in many astrophysical environments. They range
in scale from hydromagnetic instabilities in the terrestrial magnetotail and
solar ``nanoflares'' to cosmological gamma ray bursts, supernovae and the
protracted intervals of nuclear activity that produce the giant quasars and
radio galaxies. There are many parallels in the analyses of the explosion sites
that are highlighted at this workshop, specifically stellar coronae, accretion
disks, supernovae and compact objects. In this introductory talk, some general
issues are discussed and some more specific questions relating to the
individual sites are raised.Comment: To appear in Cosmic Explosions: Proc. 10th Maryland Conference on
Astrophysics. Ed. S. Holt and W. Zhang AI
Gravitational arcs as a perturbation of the perfect ring
The image of a point situated at the center of a circularly symmetric
potential is a perfect circle. The perturbative effect of non-symmetrical
potential terms is to displace and break the perfect circle. These 2 effects,
displacement and breaking are directly related to the Taylor expansion of the
perturbation at first order on the circle. The numerical accuracy of this
perturbative approach is tested in the case of an elliptical potential with a
core radius. The contour of the images and the caustics lines are well
re-produced by the perturbative approach. These results suggests that the
modeling of arcs, and in particular of tangential arcs may be simplified by
using a general perturbative representation on the circle. An interesting
feature of the perturbative approach, is that the equation of the caustic line
depends only on the values on the circle of the lens displacement field along
the direction.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figure
Black Holes and Relativistic Jets
There is strong observational evidence that AGN, Galactic X-ray transients
and (probably) -ray bursts are associated with black holes, and that
these sources are able to form collimated, ultrarelativistic outflows. There is
much interest in trying to understand how these prime movers are able to
release energy from accreting gas and their own spin energy. Electromagnetic
field plays a large role in many of the mechanisms under active consideration.
In this article, several of the many possible ``metabolic pathways'' through
which mass, angular momentum and energy can flow around and away from black
hole magnetospheres are discussed. Particular importance is attached to the
interactions between the inflowing disk, the outflowing wind, the black hole
and the jet. Some important unresolved questions are identified and it is
argued that large scale numerical computation will almost certainly be
necessary to address them.Comment: 21 pages Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement in pres
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