THE INTERLANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTICLES IN ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Speakers of other languages often have trouble learning the article system in English. This study traces the development of six learners, three Arabic speakers whose first language (L1) has articles and three Chinese speakers whose L1 does not. The study follows how learners use articles and maps that usage onto Huebner's (1983) semantic wheel to see their interlanguage form-function relationships with articles. Short spontaneous speeches by two groups of learners over the course of a year were used to see if the learners' L1 affects their development (Master, 1997; Zobl, 1982). Articles are examined in the context of the noun phrase in which they appear (Liu & Gleason, 2002; Huebner, 1983; Parrish, 1987; Robertson, 2000) and the countability of the noun phrase is also considered (Hiki, 1990). It was found that the Arabic speakers were more accurate in their use of the and ¨, but the Chinese were more accurate with a(n). Overall, there are few differences between the target-like use of the two groups and this is hypothesized to be due to neither Arabic nor Chinese having an indefinite article (Kharma, 1981; Thompson-Panos & Thomas-Ruþiã, 1983; Roberston, 2000). However, because Arabic has a definite article while Chinese does not, the Arabic speakers seem to develop a more target-like representation of the earlier than the Chinese speakers. The Chinese speakers confirmed acquisition stages proposed by Thomas (1989), while the Arabic speakers seem to associate a in introductory contexts (I had a friend named Tom) before existential contexts (That is a truck) and this is hypothesized to be a result of L1 transfer. This study concludes by illustrating the development using Huebner's semantic wheel to map out both groups' form-function relationships over time (Butler, 2002; Huebner, 1983) and suggesting that the article acquisition stages proposed are not as universal as previously thought (Master, 1995; Thomas, 1989), but actually differ based on features in the learner's L1

Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)

The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer‐reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state‐of‐the‐art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.DFG, 389687267, Kompartimentalisierung, Aufrechterhaltung und Reaktivierung humaner Gedächtnis-T-Lymphozyten aus Knochenmark und peripherem BlutDFG, 80750187, SFB 841: Leberentzündungen: Infektion, Immunregulation und KonsequenzenEC/H2020/800924/EU/International Cancer Research Fellowships - 2/iCARE-2DFG, 252623821, Die Rolle von follikulären T-Helferzellen in T-Helferzell-Differenzierung, Funktion und PlastizitätDFG, 390873048, EXC 2151: ImmunoSensation2 - the immune sensory syste

A Dicarboxylic Fatty Acid Derivative of Paclitaxel for Albumin-Assisted Drug Delivery

Paclitaxel is a potent chemotherapy for many cancers but it suffers from very poor solubility. Consequently the TAXOL formulation uses copious amounts of the surfactant Cremophor EL to solubilize the drug for injection resulting in severe hypersensitivity and neutropenia. In contrast to Cremophor EL, presented is a way to solubilize paclitaxel (PTX) by conjugation of a dicarboxylic fatty acid for specific binding to the ubiquitous protein, serum albumin. The conjugation chemistry was simplified to a single step using the activated anhydride form of 3-pentadecylglutaric (PDG) acid which is reactive to a variety of nucleophiles. The PDG derivative is less cytotoxic than the parent compound and was found to slowly hydrolyze to PTX (~5% over 72 h) in serum, tumor cytosol, and tumor tissue homogenate. When injected intravenously to tumor bearing mice, [(3)H]-PTX in the TAXOL formulation was cleared rapidly with a half-life of 7 hours. In the case of the PDG derivative of PTX, the drug is quickly distributed and approximately 20% of the injected dose remained in the vasculature experiencing a 23-h half-life. These improvements from modifying PTX with the PDG fatty acid present the opportunity for PDG to become a generic modification for the improvement of many therapeutics

Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)

Cossarizza A, Chang H‐D, Radbruch A, et al. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition). European Journal of Immunology. 2021;51(12):2708-3145.The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers

Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)

The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.ISSN:0014-2980ISSN:1521-414

Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition)

The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples and respective applications of flow cytometry in the context of a variety of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers

Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies

International audienceThe classical model of hematopoiesis established in the mouse postulates that lymphoid cells originate from a founder population of common lymphoid progenitors. Here, using a modeling approach in humanized mice, we showed that human lymphoid development stemmed from distinct populations of CD127(-) and CD127(+) early lymphoid progenitors (ELPs). Combining molecular analyses with in vitro and in vivo functional assays, we demonstrated that CD127(-) and CD127(+) ELPs emerged independently from lympho-mono-dendritic progenitors, responded differently to Notch1 signals, underwent divergent modes of lineage restriction, and displayed both common and specific differentiation potentials. Whereas CD127(-) ELPs comprised precursors of T cells, marginal zone B cells, and natural killer (NK) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), CD127(+) ELPs supported production of all NK cell, ILC, and B cell populations but lacked T potential. On the basis of these results, we propose a "two-family" model of human lymphoid development that differs from the prevailing model of hematopoiesis