Editorial: Dendritic cell and macrophage nomenclature and classification

10.3389/fimmu.2016.00168Frontiers in Immunology7MAY16

Mafb lineage tracing to distinguish macrophages from other immune lineages reveals dual identity of Langerhans cells

Current systems for conditional gene deletion within mouse macrophage lineages are limited by ectopic activity or low efficiency. In this study, we generated a Mafb-driven Cre strain to determine whether any dendritic cells (DCs) identified by Zbtb46-GFP expression originate from a Mafb-expressing population. Lineage tracing distinguished macrophages from classical DCs, neutrophils, and B cells in all organs examined. At steady state, Langerhans cells (LCs) were lineage traced but also expressed Zbtb46-GFP, a phenotype not observed in any other population. After exposure to house dust mite antigen, Zbtb46-negative CD64(+) inflammatory cells infiltrating the lung were substantially lineage traced, but Zbtb46-positive CD64(−) cells were not. These results provide new evidence for the unique identity of LCs and challenge the notion that some inflammatory cells are a population of monocyte-derived DCs

L’interdiction de stade

Cet article traite de la mesure de l’interdiction de stade relative à la loi sur la sécurité des manifestations sportives, dite loi Alliot Marie (1993). Dans cet article, il s’agit d’appréhender l’interdiction de stade comme un moment de rupture dans la carrière que le supporter de football ultra mène au sein d’un groupe. De quelle manière cet événement l’amène t-il à reconsidérer son engagement, ses appartenances et son identité ? Cet article propose de travailler la façon dont l’État régule les pratiques des supporters ultras, en sanctionnant certaines de leurs activités (utilisation d’engins pyrotechniques, envahissements de terrain, violences). Comment les supporters vivent-ils cette sanction ? Quelles sont les différentes conséquences sur leur carrière ? Quel est le quotidien des supporters interdits de stade ? Comment cette sanction est-elle vécue collectivement, à l’échelle du groupe et du monde social des ultras ? Cet article souhaite montrer la façon dont, au sein de ce monde, les ultras IDS constituent un micro-monde particulier, se formalisant autour d’une identité spécifique, étiquetée déviante. L’interdiction de stade des supporters ultras, et la manière dont ils la vivent, est analysée ici à partir de données ethnographiques issues d’un travail de terrain réalisé principalement par observation participante et par entretiens semi-directifs auprès de supporters ultras en France.This article deals with the stadium ban measure related to the French law for the sport events security (called Alliot Marie Law, 1993). In this article, the stadium ban will be considered as a “turning point” of the football fan’s career within a group. How this event drives him to reconsider his commitment, his memberships and his identity? This article proposes to work on the way that the Government regulates the practices of the ultra fans, by punishing some of their activities (use of pyrotechnical devices, invasion of the pitch, violence). How do the fans experience this sanction? What are the different consequences on their career? What is the particular fans’ everyday life who are stadium banned? How is this sanction collectively experienced by the ultras' group? What is its impact on the ultras’ social world? This article aims to show how, into this world, ultra fans who are stadium banned form a specific micro-world with a proper identity that is deviant labelled. The stadium ban of ultra fans, and the way they experience it, is analysed in this paper from ethnographic data of a field work, mainly realized by participant observation and semi-structured interviews with French ultra fans.Este artículo aborda la medida de prohibición de acceso a los estadios establecida en la ley francesa sobre la seguridad de los acontecimientos deportivos, llamada ley Alliot Marie (1993). En el artículo se trata de entender la prohibición de acceso a los estadios como momento de ruptura de la carrera que el hincha de fútbol ultra lleva dentro de un grupo. ¿De qué manera este hecho le lleva a reconsiderar su compromiso, sus adhesiones y su identidad? Este artículo propone estudiar la forma en la que el Estado regula las prácticas de los hinchas ultra sancionando algunas de sus actividades (utilización de bengalas, invasión del terreno de juego, violencia). ¿Cómo viven los hinchas esta sanción? ¿Qué consecuencias tiene en su carrera? ¿Cuál es el día a día de los hinchas a los que se les prohíbe el acceso a los estadios? ¿Cómo se vive esta sanción colectivamente, a nivel del grupo y del entorno social de los ultras?  Este artículo desea mostrar la forma en la que, dentro de este mundo, los ultras con esta prohibición constituyen un micromundo particular, organizándose alrededor de una identidad específica, etiquetada como marginal. La prohibición de acceso a los estadios para los hinchas ultra y la manera en la que estos la viven es analizada a partir de datos etnográficos resultantes de un trabajo de campo realizado principalmente mediante observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas con seguidores ultra en Francia

L’interdiction de stade

Cet article traite de la mesure de l’interdiction de stade relative à la loi sur la sécurité des manifestations sportives, dite loi Alliot Marie (1993). Dans cet article, il s’agit d’appréhender l’interdiction de stade comme un moment de rupture dans la carrière que le supporter de football ultra mène au sein d’un groupe. De quelle manière cet événement l’amène t-il à reconsidérer son engagement, ses appartenances et son identité ? Cet article propose de travailler la façon dont l’État régule les pratiques des supporters ultras, en sanctionnant certaines de leurs activités (utilisation d’engins pyrotechniques, envahissements de terrain, violences). Comment les supporters vivent-ils cette sanction ? Quelles sont les différentes conséquences sur leur carrière ? Quel est le quotidien des supporters interdits de stade ? Comment cette sanction est-elle vécue collectivement, à l’échelle du groupe et du monde social des ultras ? Cet article souhaite montrer la façon dont, au sein de ce monde, les ultras IDS constituent un micro-monde particulier, se formalisant autour d’une identité spécifique, étiquetée déviante. L’interdiction de stade des supporters ultras, et la manière dont ils la vivent, est analysée ici à partir de données ethnographiques issues d’un travail de terrain réalisé principalement par observation participante et par entretiens semi-directifs auprès de supporters ultras en France.This article deals with the stadium ban measure related to the French law for the sport events security (called Alliot Marie Law, 1993). In this article, the stadium ban will be considered as a “turning point” of the football fan’s career within a group. How this event drives him to reconsider his commitment, his memberships and his identity? This article proposes to work on the way that the Government regulates the practices of the ultra fans, by punishing some of their activities (use of pyrotechnical devices, invasion of the pitch, violence). How do the fans experience this sanction? What are the different consequences on their career? What is the particular fans’ everyday life who are stadium banned? How is this sanction collectively experienced by the ultras' group? What is its impact on the ultras’ social world? This article aims to show how, into this world, ultra fans who are stadium banned form a specific micro-world with a proper identity that is deviant labelled. The stadium ban of ultra fans, and the way they experience it, is analysed in this paper from ethnographic data of a field work, mainly realized by participant observation and semi-structured interviews with French ultra fans.Este artículo aborda la medida de prohibición de acceso a los estadios establecida en la ley francesa sobre la seguridad de los acontecimientos deportivos, llamada ley Alliot Marie (1993). En el artículo se trata de entender la prohibición de acceso a los estadios como momento de ruptura de la carrera que el hincha de fútbol ultra lleva dentro de un grupo. ¿De qué manera este hecho le lleva a reconsiderar su compromiso, sus adhesiones y su identidad? Este artículo propone estudiar la forma en la que el Estado regula las prácticas de los hinchas ultra sancionando algunas de sus actividades (utilización de bengalas, invasión del terreno de juego, violencia). ¿Cómo viven los hinchas esta sanción? ¿Qué consecuencias tiene en su carrera? ¿Cuál es el día a día de los hinchas a los que se les prohíbe el acceso a los estadios? ¿Cómo se vive esta sanción colectivamente, a nivel del grupo y del entorno social de los ultras?  Este artículo desea mostrar la forma en la que, dentro de este mundo, los ultras con esta prohibición constituyen un micromundo particular, organizándose alrededor de una identidad específica, etiquetada como marginal. La prohibición de acceso a los estadios para los hinchas ultra y la manera en la que estos la viven es analizada a partir de datos etnográficos resultantes de un trabajo de campo realizado principalmente mediante observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas con seguidores ultra en Francia

A Single-Cell Sequencing Guide for Immunologists

In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the use of single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) approaches in the field of immunology. With the wide range of technologies available, it is becoming harder for users to select the best scRNA-seq protocol/platform to address their biological questions of interest. Here, we compared the advantages and limitations of four commonly used scRNA-seq platforms in order to clarify their suitability for different experimental applications. We also address how the datasets generated by different scRNA-seq platforms can be integrated, and how to identify unknown populations of single cells using unbiased bioinformatics methods

A hitchhiker's guide to myeloid cell subsets: practical implementation of a novel mononuclear phagocyte classification system

The classification of mononuclear phagocytes as either dendritic cells or macrophages has been mainly based on morphology, the expression of surface markers, and assumed functional specialization. We have recently proposed a novel classification system of mononuclear phagocytes based on their ontogeny. Here, we discuss the practical application of such a classification system through a number of prototypical examples we have encountered while hitchhiking from one subset to another, across species and between steady-state and inflammatory settings. Finally, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of such a classification system and propose a number of improvements to move from theoretical concepts to concrete guidelines

Immature monocytes acquire antigens from other cells in the bone marrow and present them to T cells after maturing in the periphery

Monocytes are circulating precursors for tissue macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) but are not recognized to directly participate in antigen presentation. We developed techniques to label mouse monocyte subsets with particulate tracers in vivo. Gr-1lo but not Gr-1hi monocytes were stably labeled by intravenous injection of 0.5-μm microspheres. Gr-1hi monocytes could be labeled when the microspheres were injected after systemic depletion of blood monocytes and spleen macrophages. In this condition, the phagocytic tracer was transferred to immature bone marrow monocytes by neutrophils and B cells that first carried the particles to the bone marrow. Moreover, antigens from B cells or proteins conjugated to the tracer particles were processed for presentation by monocytes and could induce T cell responses in the periphery. Cell-associated antigen taken up by bone marrow monocytes was retained intracellularly for presentation of the antigen days later when monocyte-derived DCs migrated to lymph nodes or in vitro after differentiation with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. These data reveal that immature monocytes unexpectedly sample antigen from the bone marrow environment and that they can present these antigens after they leave the bone marrow

GM-CSF Mouse Bone Marrow Cultures Comprise a Heterogeneous Population of CD11c+MHCII+ Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are key players in the immune system. Much of their biology has been elucidated via culture systems in which hematopoietic precursors differentiate into DCs under the aegis of cytokines. A widely used protocol involves the culture of murine bone marrow (BM) cells with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to generate BM-derived DCs (BMDCs). BMDCs express CD11c and MHC class II (MHCII) molecules and share with DCs isolated from tissues the ability to present exogenous antigens to T cells and to respond to microbial stimuli by undergoing maturation. We demonstrate that CD11c+MHCII+ BMDCs are in fact a heterogeneous group of cells that comprises conventional DCs and monocyte-derived macrophages. DCs and macrophages in GM-CSF cultures both undergo maturation upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide but respond differentially to the stimulus and remain separable entities. These results have important implications for the interpretation of a vast array of data obtained with DC culture systems