Design Architecture-Based on Web Server and Application Cluster in Cloud Environment

Cloud has been a computational and storage solution for many data centric organizations. The problem today those organizations are facing from the cloud is in data searching in an efficient manner. A framework is required to distribute the work of searching and fetching from thousands of computers. The data in HDFS is scattered and needs lots of time to retrieve. The major idea is to design a web server in the map phase using the jetty web server which will give a fast and efficient way of searching data in MapReduce paradigm. For real time processing on Hadoop, a searchable mechanism is implemented in HDFS by creating a multilevel index in web server with multi-level index keys. The web server uses to handle traffic throughput. By web clustering technology we can improve the application performance. To keep the work down, the load balancer should automatically be able to distribute load to the newly added nodes in the server

Influencing HIV treatment success in India : do mobile phones really work?

Background: Sustaining treatment adherence and long-term virological suppression is a global health challenge in HIV management. Mobile phone-based interventions are increasingly harnessed to enhance medication adherence in HIV infection, although supporting evidence for implementation is limited by lack of robust efficacy trials in settings such as India. The overall aim of this thesis was to assess whether customized mobile phone reminders would improve adherence to therapy and thus decrease virological failure among HIV-infected patients initiating anti-retroviral treatment (ART) within the Indian national AIDS control program, and to investigate factors related to the success of this intervention within this population. Methods: To test the feasibility and acceptability of the mobile phone-based reminder system, we conducted a 12-month single center pilot study among 150 HIV-infected ARTexperienced patients (Study I). Subsequently we conducted a two-year randomized controlled trial at three sites in southern India (Bangalore, Mysore and Chennai), where 631 eligible ART-naïve patients were enrolled (Studies II, III, IV). The intervention consisted of weekly interactive voice reminders, along with a weekly pictorial text message for two years. Patients were monitored for pill count adherence measurements, adherence barriers, drug toxicity, CD4 counts and viral load every three months. Results: The results of the pilot study indicated good acceptability and feasibility of the intervention, however a definite beneficial effect on adherence was inconclusive. (Study I). Analysis of the randomized controlled trial revealed no observed statistically significant difference in time to virological failure or sub-optimal adherence (mean adherence <95%) between the intervention and control groups, even after adjusting for potential confounders (Study II). Virological failure was associated with lower adherence levels, non-tenofovir drug regimens and primary drug resistance. Adherence levels and barriers varied significantly over time. The commonly reported barrier, ‘forgetfulness’ was not associated with virological failure. Significant determinants of optimal adherence were older age, higher level of education, greater disclosure status, and patients’ satisfaction with health status, medications and healthcare access (Study III). ART toxicity related to zidovudine and nevirapine was associated with lower levels of adherence, particularly in the first 6 months after ART initiation (Study IV). Conclusions: The results of this thesis indicate that mobile phone-based reminders alone may not improve adherence and promote treatment success among HIV-infected patients. Adherence behavior is a complex dynamic process with a multitude of diverse influencing factors. Optimal adherence and treatment success may be better sustained by minimizing drug interruptions for medical reasons, use of safer first-line ART regimens, and strengthening both patient self-efficacy and patient-health provider relationships

Synthesis and characterization of metal oxide semiconductors for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production

The goal of this thesis is to investigate the properties of metal-oxide thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates, prepared by using radio- frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. Metal-oxide thin films as a photoelectrode are of special interest for PEC systems to produce hydrogen in an aqueous solution by solar energy due to their low cost and potential stability. The following list represents some of the accomplishments and results of this work: Narrowing of N-incorporated ZnO (ZnO:N) was achieved by reactive sputtering in a O2/N2 mixture ambient, and ZnO:N films with various bandgaps were realized by varying N concentration, which was controlled successfully by varying the RF powers. Nitrogen incorporation narrows the bandgap of ZnO and shifts the optical absorption into the visible-light region. As a result, the ZnO:N films exhibit higher photocurrents than ZnO films. p-type ZnO thin films with significantly reduced bandgaps were synthesized by heavy Cu incorporation. ZnO thin films deposited in pure argon ambient lead to polycrystalline films. However, the presence of N2 in the deposition chamber ambient promotes the formation of aligned nanorods at temperatures above 300°C and these films exhibit enhanced photocurrents. Proper Ar/N2 ratio in the chamber ambient plays a significant role in the formation of aligned nanorods in ZnO thin films. Bandgap-reduced p-type ZnO thin films with various carrier concentrations are realized by Cu and Ga co-doping. ZnO thin films co-doped with Ga and N showed significantly enhanced crystallinity and improved N incorporation compared to ZnO doped solely with N and exhibited dramatically improved PEC response. Ga and N co-doped ZnO films exhibited enhanced N incorporation and photocurrents as the substrate temperature was increased. Controlling O2/N2 gas flow rate in the chamber ambient is critical for Ga and N co-doped ZnO thin films; otherwise, it will result in phase separation. Synthesized porous ZnO nanocoral structures demonstrated a 10-fold increase in PEC response as compared to compact ZnO films. ZnO:N, ZnO:(Ga,N), and ZnO:(Al,N) films deposited under a N2/O2 plasma showed n-type behavior due to substitutional N2 molecules that act as shallow double donors. Significantly reduced bandgaps enhanced crystallinity, and PEC responses were observed for Al and N co-doped ZnO thin films. N incorporation in the Al and N co-doped ZnO films were successfully controlled by varying the N2/O2 gas flow rate and RF powers. Bandgap-reduced solid solution of ZnO and GaN (ZnO:GaN) that exhibited improved PEC responses were synthesized. It was found that the Al and N co-doped ZnO and ZnO and GaN solid solution deposited under N2/Ar gas flow failed to incorporate the N in the films; N2/O2 gas flow succeeded in incorporating N in the films. CoAl2O4—Fe2O3 p-n nanocomposite electrodes exhibited much improved photoresponses as compared to p-type CoAl2O4 only. Ternary cobalt-based spinal oxides as PEC catalysts are limited by the poor transport properties induced by small polaron mobility. p-type Cu-Ti-oxide, Cu-W-oxide, and Cu-Sn-oxide films were synthesized

Variability in PCB Exposure of Adolescent Sexual Maturation in Published Articles

One of the most important aspects of science is replication of research studies between different labs. This capability for scientists to check their work, and that of other scientists, leads to research results of interest being well-accepted and qualified. When research studies cannot be replicated under ideal experimental conditions, people can believe results that are not consistent, and the data is not real. The main objective of this study was to examine the variability on the levels of different PCB congeners from various studies and their effects on sexual maturation in adolescent population. The detectable levels of different PCB congeners were examined from different studies and the data was analyzed to see whether these studies can be replicated. An extensive literature search was performed exclusively in humans using PubMed from 01/01/1994 to 09/12/2019 with more defined search terms on PCB congeners. A total of 98 research papers were initially identified and only 18 relevant articles were selected, and the data was analyzed. There were 50 PCB congeners detected from these publications in adolescent population. The prevalence of these congeners varied from each investigation. Of interest is the observation that a highest score of 16 out of 18 was observed for PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180. A total score of 6 out of 18 was detected for PCB 74, PCB 87, PCB 105 and PCB 149. The variability in different levels of PCB congeners may be due to many factors such as different exposure, duration, doses and methods employed for analysis. Further investigation is needed to generate a database on more relevant and prominent PCB congeners in different gender, age groups, ethnic groups and duration of exposure, etc. This will enable us to create awareness, minimize or completely avoid the exposure to more toxic PCB congeners and help to develop novel drugs to overcome their toxicity in humans

Characterizing blood microparticles: Technical aspects and challenges

Although long considered to be cellular debris, microparticles (MPs) are more recently considered reflective of cellular stimulation, activation, and degeneration/apoptosis. MPs that arise from the cellular components of blood and the endothelial lining of blood vessels are referred to as blood MPs and by general consensus are small (≤1.5 μm), expose the anionic phospholipid (PL) phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer leaflet of their membrane, and bear surface membrane antigens reflecting their cellular origin. This brief review summarizes the different approaches used by several groups to study blood MPs. The aim of this article is to review the technical aspects of characterizing the morphological and functional properties of blood MPs with emphasis on the preanalytical and analytical variables involved in these studies